Arising from current scientific publications and on-going investigations by leading researchers this book is an essential resource to anyone needing to better understand the interdisciplinary relationship between mathematics and biology. The book is organized by research topic of interest and introduces mathematical models and methods specifically to that topic. The book lays the groundwork for understanding in simplistic terms how to apply mathematics in the context of contemporary problems in biology in order to solve problems. Features self-contained chapters using real biological research examples using freely available computational tools Presents important mathematical concepts and methods in the context of essential questions raised in modern biology, introducing new mathematical tools in the context of engaging problems in biology Spans a wide range of mathematical techniques at basic to advanced level instrumental in the search for answers Offers broad perspective on the uses for algebraic geometry/polynomial algebra in molecular systems biology