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Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law

by: Deakin, Simon; Johnston, Angus; Markesinis, Basil

Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law

by: Deakin, Simon; Johnston, Angus; Markesinis, Basil

ISBN 13:
9780199257119
ISBN 10:
0199257116
Edition: 5th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/04/2003
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Summary

This title includes the following features: A stimulating dynamic approach ideal for tort courses taught over a whole year (or for advanced tort courses) - encourages reflection and analysis; Fully updated to include all recent developments, including the Protection from Harassment Act 1997,the Human Rights Act, R vs. Ireland, and R vs. Burstow ; Provides comprehensive commentary on important current issues, such as the impact of the Human Rights Act and its principles upon tort law and the developing principles concerning the liability of public authorities in tort; Provides a variety of comparative and economic perspectives upon the law of tort and its likely development; Markesinis and Deakin are leading academics and accomplished authors in the area of tort law ; Full discussion of academic debate on major topics throughout; Well-referenced - bibliography and footnotes

Preface to the Fifth Edition

Abbreviations

xxv

Table of United Kingdom Cases

xxxi

Table of Cases from Other Jurisdictions

xlvii

Table of United Kingdom Legislation

lxxix

Table of Legislation from Other Jurisdictions

lxxxvii

Table of International Instruments

lxxxix

Introduction

(73)

Tort at the Crossroads

(6)

Tort and Contract

(12)

The Division between Contract and Tort

(4)

The Escape `Into' Tort Prompted by a Rigidly Conceived Law of Contract

(5)

The Escape `Out' of Contract into the Domain of Tort

(2)

Elements of Wrongdoing and the Role of Policy

(5)

Economic Analysis of Tort Law

(13)

Some General Remarks

(2)

The `Coase Theorem' and the Concept of Transaction Costs

(3)

Accident Compensation and Internalisation

(1)

The Theory of the Inherent Efficiency of the Common Law

(2)

Empirical Studies of the Effects of Tort Law

(1)

Economic Analysis in the Context of One Tort Case: The Norsk Decision

(1)

The Facts of Norsk

(1)

The Majority and Concurring Opinions

(2)

The Minority

(2)

Functions of Tort

(4)

Fault as the Basis of Tortious Liability

(3)

Alternative Systems of Compensation

(11)

First Level

(1)

Second Level

(1)

Criminal Injuries Compensation Schemes

(2)

Compensation Orders

(2)

Third Level

(3)

Some General Warnings to the Novice Tort Lawyer

(19)

What Interests Academic Lawyers is not Always of Similar Importance to Practitioners and Litigants

(3)

Ivory Tower Neatness v. Untidiness and Contradiction in the Real World

(2)

Tort Law is Using Old Tools to Meet Social Needs of a New and Different Era

(1)

Tort Law Needs Reforming but Reform does not Appear to be Around the Corner

(1)

Are Liability Rules Restricted because the Damages Rules have been Left Un-reformed or the Relationship between the Two Neglected?

(3)

Tort Law is, in Practice, Often Inaccessible to the Ordinary Victim

(2)

The Language of Human Rights is Set to Play a Growing Role in Tort Law, but its Influence is Likely to be Gradual and Indirect

(3)

Miscellaneous Matters

(3)

General Principles of Negligence

(187)

The Elements of Negligence

(11)

The Conceptual Structure of Negligence

(3)

The Duty Concept

(2)

Duty, Foreseeability, and Fault

(2)

Causation and Damage

(2)

The Utility of Existing Concepts

(2)

Duty of Care

(82)

Formulating the Duty of Care

(1)

Before and After Anns

(2)

The Three-stage Test

(4)

The Impact of Human Rights Law

(4)

Kinds of Damage

(1)

Physical (Bodily) Harm and Damage to Property

(1)

Psychiatric Injury and Illness

(1)

Defining Psychiatric Harm

(1)

Primary Victims

(1)

Secondary Victims

(2)

The Claimant must Not have been Abnormally Susceptible to Psychiatric Illness

100

(1)

The Psychiatric Harm must have Occurred through `Shock'

101

(1)

The Claimant must have been in Physical Proximity to the Accident or its Aftermath

101

(4)

The Claimant must have had a Close Personal or Familial Relationship with the Accident Victim

105

(2)

An `Assumption of Responsibility' with Regard to Psychiatric Wellbeing

107

(3)

Employees

110

(2)

`Pure' Economic Loss

112

(2)

Liability for Negligent Misstatements

114

(10)

Negligence in the Performance of a Service

124

(7)

Economic Loss Arising from Defects in Buildings and Products

131

(5)

Relational Economic Loss Arising from Damage to the Property of a Third Party

136

(3)

Overlapping and Concurrent Duties in Contract and Tort

139

(5)

Insurance Considerations and Related Aspects of Policy

144

(3)

The Respective Roles of Parliament and the Courts

147

(1)

Economic Loss: A Summary and Conclusion

148

(1)

The Manner of Infliction

149

(1)

Acts and Omissions

149

(1)

A Duty to Rescue?

150

(2)

Failure to Warn

152

(1)

Failure to Take Adequate Precautions

153

(1)

Liability for the Acts of Third Parties

153

(1)

Parents and Children

153

(1)

Custodial Authorities

154

(1)

Landowners

154

(2)

The Social or Commercial `Host'

156

(1)

Parties

156

(1)

Protected Defendants

156

(1)

Public Bodies

156

(4)

Persons Involved in the Administration of Justice

160

(2)

Other Professionals

162

(1)

Regulatory Bodies

162

(1)

The Armed Forces

163

(1)

Protected Claimants

163

(1)

Injuries Sustained by the Embryo in the Womb

163

(2)

Rescuers

165

(2)

Breach of Duty

167

(18)

Negligence as Fault

167

(3)

The Objective Standard

170

(1)

The Standard of the Reasonable Person

170

(1)

Negligence Distinguished From `Mere Errors'

170

(2)

General or Variable?

172

(2)

Professional Standards

174

(3)

Weighing the Risk of Harm Against the Cost of Prevention

177

(1)

Risk and Foreseeability of Damage

178

(2)

Assessing the Costs of Prevention

180

(2)

Proof of Carelessness

182

(3)

Causation of Damage

185

(29)

The Nature of the Causal Inquiry

185

(4)

But-for Cause

189

(1)

Probabilistic Cause: Questions of Risk and Proof

189

(2)

Multiple Defendants: Indeterminate and Cumulative Causes

191

(3)

Supervening or Overtaking Causes

194

(4)

Loss of a Chance

198

(3)

Remoteness of Damage

201

(1)

Intervening Acts of Third Parties

201

(2)

Act of the Claimant

203

(3)

Foreseeability of the Extent of Damage

206

(2)

Foreseeability of the Causal Sequence

208

(2)

Remoteness and Damage to Property

210

(1)

Remoteness and Pure Economic Loss

211

(1)

Remoteness of Damage in Contract and Tort

212

(2)

Negligence: A Summary and Conclusion

214

(1)

An American Perspective on Negligence Law

215

(46)

Fundamental Differences in Legal Culture

215

(2)

The Quest for Conceptual Clarity: the Traditional Model

217

(5)

Recent Efforts Towards Radical Revision of the Traditional Model

222

(2)

Pure Economic Damage

224

(1)

The Pure Economic Loss Problem Viewed Generally

225

(1)

Economic Loss Caused by Negligent Injury to the Person or Property of Another

226

(1)

Economic Loss Caused by Negligence in the Performance of a Service

227

(1)

Economic Loss Caused by Defects in Buildings and Products

228

(2)

Nervous Shock

230

(1)

The Big Picture

231

(4)

The Supreme Court's Recent Interest in the Area

235

(1)

Liability for Others' Crimes and Intentional Harms

235

(1)

A Taxonomic Choice

236

(2)

The Legal Causation Issue

238

(2)

The No-Duty-To-Act Issue

240

(1)

Liability Based on Affirmative Negligent Conduct (`Misfeasance')

240

(2)

Liability Based on the Defendant's Failure to Take Reasonable Steps to Alleviate Dangers Created by the Defendant's Prior Conduct

242

(3)

Liability Based on the Defendant's Failure to Carry Through after Volunteering Assistance

245

(1)

Liability Based on a Pre-existing Relationship between the Defendant and X

246

(1)

Liability Based on a Pre-existing Relationship between the Defendant and the Plaintiff

247

(1)

Recurrent Problems of Factual Causation and Damages

248

(1)

Factual Causation in General

248

(1)

The Market Share Theory

249

(1)

`Probabilistic Causation' and `Lost Opportunity' Theories

250

(1)

Multiple Tortfeasors Generally

251

(2)

Joint and Several Liability

253

(2)

Pre-existing Conditions and Looming Threats

255

(2)

Three Postscripts

257

(1)

The Relationship Between Intentional Torts and Negligence

257

(1)

The Elusive (Illusive?) Pursuit of Progress

257

(1)

The Socio-political Role of Negligence Law

258

(3)

Special Forms of Negligence

261

(153)

Problems of Medical Law

261

(68)

Medical Negligence and Medical Law

261

(1)

Medical Law and Tort

261

(1)

Beyond Tort

262

(3)

Enter Human Rights

265

(2)

Medical Law and Ethics

267

(1)

The Beginning of Life

268

(1)

Abortion

269

(3)

Assisted Conception

272

(4)

The End of Life

276

(1)

Treatment Decisions

276

(1)

Refusal of Treatment

276

(3)

Active Killing

279

(2)

Withholding and Withdrawing Treatment

281

(3)

Alive or Dead?

284

(1)

The Human Body and Donation

285

(2)

The Doctor--Patient Relationship and Civil Actions

287

(1)

Introduction

287

(3)

Tort, Fiduciary, and Equitable Duties

290

(2)

Consent

292

(1)

Battery

293

(2)

Negligence

295

(5)

Negligence

300

(1)

Duty of Care

300

(1)

Psychiatric Injury and Financial Loss

301

(1)

Pre-natal Injury and Birth

302

(8)

Duties to Third Parties

310

(2)

Doctors Engaged by Others

312

(2)

Breach of Duty and the Standard of Care

314

(1)

The Standard of the Reasonable Doctor

315

(1)

Proving the Standard

315

(3)

Causation and Remoteness

318

(6)

A Comparative Epilogue

324

(5)

Liability of Occupiers and Builders

329

(29)

Introductory Remarks

329

(1)

The Occupiers' Liability Acts 1957 and 1984

330

(1)

The Scope of the Acts

330

(1)

Occupier

331

(2)

Lawful Visitor under the 1957 Act

333

(4)

Common Duty of Care

337

(7)

Liability for Independent Contractors

344

(3)

Protected Entrants under the 1984 Act

347

(1)

The Development of the Common Law

347

(2)

The Intervention of the Legislator: the 1984 Act

349

(2)

Liability of Non-occupiers: Vendors, Landlords, Builders, Local Authorities

351

(1)

Vendors and Landlords

351

(3)

Builders

354

(3)

Local Authorities

357

(1)

Breach of Statutory Duty

358

(16)

The Nature of the Action

358

(5)

The Components of Liability

363

(1)

The Availability of a Civil Remedy

363

(5)

The Scope of the Civil Remedy

368

(3)

Causation and Defences

371

(1)

A Wider Principle of Civil Liability?

372

(2)

Liability for Breach of Obligations arising under European Community Law

374

(1)

Liability of Public and Statutory Bodies

374

(40)

The Distinctive Nature of the Liability of the Government, Public Authorities, and Statutory Bodies

374

(1)

Historical Development

374

(2)

Reasons for the Distinctive Nature of Governmental Liability

376

(5)

The Liability of Statutory Bodies in Negligence

381

(1)

The Recognition of a Common Law Action

381

(1)

A Qualified Protection from Liability?

382

(5)

The Statutory Context

387

(1)

Statute as the Source of the Private Law Action

387

(1)

Aligning Public Law and Private Law Tests for Determining the Legitimate Exercise of Statutory Powers

388

(1)

Statute as Framing the Common Law Duty of Care

389

(3)

Justiciability and Public Policy

392

(3)

New Approaches to Policy and Justiciability: a Closer Look at Phelps

395

(2)

Liability for Breach of Statutory Duty

397

(1)

Public Law as a Source of Liability

398

(1)

Damages for Ultra Vires Acts?

398

(1)

The Tort of Misfeasance in a Public Office

399

(1)

Public Law as a Source of Immunity

400

(1)

Validity of Administrative Action as a Private-law Defence

400

(1)

Procedural Immunity under CPR Part 54

401

(2)

Crown Proceedings in Tort

403

(1)

Liability for Breaches of European Community Law

404

(2)

Liabilities Arising under the Human Rights Act 1998

406

(5)

Towards a Synthesis of the Law Relating to Governmental Liability?

411

(3)

Interference with the Person

414

(22)

Intentional Physical Interference

414

(17)

Introduction: The Meaning of Intentional Interference

414

(1)

Assault

415

(1)

Battery

416

(1)

Unlawful Contact

416

(2)

Defences

418

(6)

False Imprisonment

424

(5)

Residuary Trespass and Harassment: The Rule in Wilkinson v. Downton and the Protection from Harassment Act 1997

429

(2)

Malicious Prosecution

431

(5)

The Defendant Initiated a Prosecution

432

(2)

The Prosecution Failed

434

(1)

Absence of Reasonable and Probable Cause

434

(1)

Malice

435

(1)

Interference with Property and Economic Interests

436

(96)

Chattels

436

(8)

Introduction

436

(1)

Trespass to Goods

436

(2)

Conversion

438

(5)

Negligence

443

(1)

Land

444

(11)

Trespass to Land Quaere Clausum Fregit

444

(8)

Defences

452

(3)

Nuisance

455

(46)

Definition

455

(1)

Basis of Liability

455

(3)

Unreasonable Interference

458

(1)

Material Damage to Property

458

(5)

Interference with Use or Enjoyment of Land

463

(2)

Duration of Interference

465

(1)

Sensitivity

466

(1)

Character of the Neighbourhood

467

(1)

Fault

468

(2)

Malice

470

(1)

Who Can Sue and Who Can be Sued?

471

(1)

Who Can Sue

471

(5)

Who Can be Sued

476

(3)

Defences

479

(5)

Remedies

484

(1)

Injunction

484

(4)

Abatement

488

(1)

Public Nuisance

489

(5)

Nuisance and Other Forms of Liability

494

(2)

Nuisance and Protection of the Environment

496

(1)

Efficiency of the Action in Nuisance

497

(2)

Statutory Nuisances

499

(2)

Deceit

501

(5)

A False Statement

502

(1)

A Statement of Existing Fact

502

(1)

The Defendant's State of Mind

503

(1)

Causation

504

(1)

Damage, Damages, and Defences

505

(1)

The Economic Torts

506

(26)

The Framework of the Economic Torts

506

(4)

Wrongful Interference with the Claimant's Pre-existing Rights

510

(1)

Inducing Breach of Contract

510

(4)

Other Forms of Interference with Contract

514

(1)

`Indirect' Interference with Contract

514

(1)

`Bare' Interference with Contractual Performance

515

(2)

Making a Contract Less Valuable

517

(1)

Inducing Breach of Fiduciary Duty

517

(1)

Inducing Breach of Statutory Duty

517

(2)

Interference with the Claimant's Trade or Business by Unlawful Means

519

(1)

Categories of Unlawful Means

519

(1)

Physical Threats

519

(1)

Fraud and Misrepresentation

519

(1)

Breach of Contract and Inducing Breach of Contract

520

(1)

Crime

521

(2)

Interference with Statutory Obligations

523

(1)

Other Categories

524

(1)

Economic Duress

524

(1)

Defences

524

(1)

Conspiracy

525

(1)

Conspiracy to Injure

525

(1)

Conspiracy Using Unlawful Means

526

(1)

The Trade-Dispute Immunity

527

(3)

The Future of the Economic Torts

530

(2)

Stricter Forms of Liability

532

(113)

The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher

532

(16)

General Observations

532

(3)

The Requirements of Liability

535

(1)

The Thing Must be Brought on to the Defendant's Land (i.e. `Accumulated')

535

(1)

Escape

535

(2)

Controlling Mechanisms

537

(1)

`Non-natural Use' of Land

537

(2)

Foreseeability

539

(1)

Defences

539

(1)

Statutory Authority

540

(1)

Consent of the Claimant

540

(1)

Act of Third Party

540

(1)

Act of God

541

(1)

Default of the Claimant

541

(1)

Who is Protected and For What?

542

(1)

Rylands v. Fletcher and Nuisance

543

(1)

Rylands v. Fletcher and the Future of Strict Liability in General

544

(4)

Liability for Animals

548

(11)

Application of the General Law

548

(2)

Liability for Straying Livestock

550

(3)

Liability for `Dangerous Animals'

553

(1)

Liability for Non-dangerous Animals

554

(2)

Defences

556

(2)

Remoteness of Damage and Strict Liability

558

(1)

Liability for Dogs

558

(1)

Employers' Liability

559

(12)

Introduction

559

(1)

The Employer's Liability to his Employees

560

(1)

Social Security

560

(1)

Tort Law Systems

561

(6)

Competent Staff

567

(1)

Adequate Materials

567

(1)

Safe Place of Work

568

(1)

Proper System

569

(1)

Statutory Duties

570

(1)

Vicarious Liability

571

(32)

Who is an `Employee'?

572

(10)

The Employee Must Commit a Tort

582

(1)

Course of Employment

583

(1)

Policy Factors

583

(1)

Tests Based on Implied Authority

584

(2)

Distinguishing between `Authorised Acts' and `Unauthorised Modes'

586

(3)

Road Traffic Cases: Detour, Deviation, and Travel to and from Work

589

(2)

Intentional Torts and the Test of `Sufficient Connection'

591

(1)

Theft

591

(1)

Deceit

592

(1)

Sexual Assaults

593

(2)

Contribution between Employer and Employee

595

(2)

Liability for the Torts of Independent Contractors

597

(1)

The Changing Contours of Employers' Liability: An Epilogue

598

(1)

The Gradual and Unsystematic Expansion of the Non-delegable Duties

599

(1)

Extending the Notion of Employee Status

599

(1)

Imposing Additional Affirmative Duties on Employers

600

(1)

Purposive Extension of the Vicarious Liability Rules

600

(1)

Synthesis of the Employer's Vicarious and Personal Duties?

601

(2)

Product Liability

603

(42)

Introduction

603

(1)

The Evolution of Product Liability Law in England and America

604

(1)

The Rejection of the `Privity of Contract Fallacy'

604

(4)

From Negligence to Strict Liability

608

(1)

Liability for Breach of Warranty

608

(1)

Strict Liability in Tort

609

(4)

Directive 85/374/EEC and the Consumer Protection Act 1987

613

(5)

Return to Negligence?

618

(3)

The Causes of Action and Components of Liability

621

(1)

The Parties to the Action

621

(7)

The `Products' Covered

628

(1)

The Scope and Standard of Responsibility

629

(1)

The Concept of Defect

630

(3)

Special Duties: Duty to Warn and Post-sale Duties

633

(2)

The Producer's Defences

635

(2)

Causation and Remoteness

637

(1)

The Categories of Recoverable `Damage'

638

(2)

Exclusion and Limitation of Liability

640

(1)

Limitation of Actions

641

(1)

Choice of Law

641

(1)

Conclusion

642

(3)

Protection of Reputation and Privacy

645

(95)

Defamation

645

(50)

Introduction

645

(1)

The Meaning of `Defamatory'

645

(3)

Libel and Slander

648

(3)

Elements of Liability

651

(1)

The Allegation Must be Defamatory

651

(5)

The Defamatory Statement Must Refer to the Claimant

656

(4)

Publication

660

(6)

Defences

666

(1)

Unintentional Defamation

666

(2)

Consent

668

(1)

Justification or Truth

668

(3)

Fair Comment

671

(1)

Public Interest

671

(1)

True Facts

672

(1)

Fairness

673

(2)

Absence of Malice

675

(1)

Privilege

675

(1)

Absolute Privilege

675

(1)

Parliamentary Privilege

676

(1)

Judicial Privileges

676

(1)

Executive Privileges

677

(1)

Qualified Privilege

678

(1)

Publication in the Public Interest

678

(5)

Matters of Public Interest

683

(1)

Matters of Interest to the Publisher

684

(1)

Matters of Interest to Others

684

(1)

Common Interest

685

(1)

Qualified Privilege is Defeated by Malice

686

(1)

Damages

687

(3)

Mitigation of Damages

690

(1)

Apology

690

(1)

Claimant's Reputation

690

(2)

Epilogue

692

(3)

Injurious Falsehoods and Passing Off

695

(1)

Privacy

696

(25)

Definitional Difficulties and Other Objections Against Recognising a Wider Protection of Privacy

697

(4)

The Protection Afforded by English Law

701

(1)

Intrusions

701

(2)

Appropriation of Personality

703

(1)

Public Disclosure of True Private Facts

704

(3)

Solving Privacy Problems in a Casuistic Manner

707

(6)

The Human Rights Act 1998

713

(8)

An American Perspective

721

(19)

English and American Defamation Law Compared

721

(2)

Public Officials

723

(2)

Public Figures

725

(2)

Private Plaintiffs

727

(3)

Truth and Falsity

730

(1)

Opinion and Rhetoric

731

(1)

The Law in Practice

732

(3)

Invasion of Privacy

735

(5)

Defences and Remedies

740

(119)

Defences

740

(42)

The Role of Defences in the Law of Torts

740

(1)

Contributory Negligence

741

(1)

Causation and Contributory Negligence

741

(4)

Claimant's Fault

745

(2)

Apportionment

747

(2)

Identification

749

(1)

The Scope of the Defence and of the Contributory Negligence Act 1945

749

(4)

Consent

753

(1)

Consent as a Defence to Negligence and Strict Liability

753

(1)

Consent as Assumption of Risk

753

(3)

The Scope of the Modern Defence

756

(4)

Consent as a Defence to Torts of Intentional Interference

760

(1)

Exclusion and Limitation of Liability

760

(1)

The Nature of the Defence

760

(1)

The Application of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977

761

(5)

Extending the Effect of Exemption Clauses to Third Parties

766

(2)

Illegality

768

(3)

Necessity

771

(1)

Inevitable Accident, Act of God

772

(1)

Authorisation

772

(1)

Limitation of Action

772

(1)

The Accrual of the Cause of Action

773

(2)

The Discoverability Tests under the Limitation Act 1980

775

(1)

Limitation and Concurrent Duties in Contract and Tort

776

(4)

The Disapplication of the Normal Limitation Rules

780

(1)

The Effect of Limitation: Procedural or Substantive?

781

(1)

Reform of the Law Relating to Limitation of Actions

781

(1)

Damages

782

(65)

The Notions of Damage and Damages

782

(1)

Types of Damages

783

(1)

General and Special Damages

783

(1)

Nominal and Substantial Damages

784

(1)

Contemptuous and Aggravated Damages

784

(2)

Punitive (or Exemplary) Damages

786

(6)

Compensatory Damages

792

(1)

The Principle of Full Compensation

792

(3)

The Interrelationship of Tort and Other Compensation Systems

795

(1)

Benefits not Covered by the Statutory Regime

796

(4)

Benefits Subject to the Statutory Regime

800

(4)

Miscellaneous Matters

804

(1)

Lump Sums (and Alternative Options)

804

(1)

Postponed or Split Trials

805

(1)

Interim Damages

806

(1)

Provisional Damages

806

(2)

Structured Settlements

808

(4)

Duty to Mitigate

812

(1)

Itemisation of Awards

812

(2)

Pecuniary Losses

814

(1)

Medical (and Other) Expenses

814

(2)

Third Parties Taking Care of Claimant's Needs

816

(4)

Loss of Earnings: Actual and Prospective

820

(6)

Reduction of Expectation of Life

826

(1)

Non-pecuniary Losses

827

(1)

Pain and Suffering

827

(1)

Loss of Amenities

828

(2)

Damages for Bereavement

830

(1)

Damages for Injury Itself

831

(1)

Death in Relation to Tort

831

(1)

Survival of Causes of Action

831

(2)

Death as Creating a Cause of Action

833

(1)

Introduction

833

(1)

Who Brings the Action

834

(4)

The Assessment of the Award

838

(2)

Pecuniary Gains and Other Deductions and the Question of Duplication of Damages

840

(2)

Damage to Property

842

(5)

Other Remedies

847

(3)

Injunctions

847

(1)

Prohibitory Injunctions

847

(1)

Mandatory Injunctions

848

(1)

Quia Timet Injunctions

848

(1)

Interlocutory (or Interim) Injunctions

849

(1)

Damages in Lieu of an Injunction

850

(1)

Joint and Concurrent Liability

850

(9)

Joint and Concurrent Liability Distinguished

850

(1)

Successive Actions

851

(1)

Contribution and Apportionment

852

(4)

Indemnity

856

(1)

Secondary Civil Liability

856

(3)

Index

859

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Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law

Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law

9780199257119

0199257116

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law

Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law

9780199257119

0199257116

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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