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| Managing in Contemporary Organizations | p. 1 |
| The Role of Communication in Contemporary Organizations | p. 3 |
| A Brief Historical Overview of Managerial Communication | p. 4 |
| Management Communication in Ancient Times | p. 5 |
| The Industrial Revolution and Scientific Management | p. 5 |
| The Administrative Approach | p. 7 |
| The Human Relations Approach | p. 8 |
| The Behavioral Approach... MORE | p. 11 |
| Empowerment | p. 12 |
| The Contingency Approach to Management Communication | p. 13 |
| Contemporary Dynamics Affecting Communication Contingencies | p. 14 |
| Diversity | p. 14 |
| Competition and the Drive for Quality | p. 17 |
| Ethics | p. 18 |
| The Transition | p. 20 |
| Summary | p. 21 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 21 |
| Endnotes | p. 24 |
| The Managerial Communication Process | p. 27 |
| Levels of Managerial Communication | p. 28 |
| A Strategic Approach | p. 28 |
| The First Layer | p. 29 |
| The Second Layer | p. 30 |
| The Third Layer | p. 33 |
| Feedback and Measures of Effectiveness | p. 38 |
| Critical Errors in Communication | p. 39 |
| The Assumption-Observation Error | p. 39 |
| The Failure to Discriminate | p. 40 |
| Allness and the Process of Abstraction | p. 41 |
| Summary | p. 42 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 43 |
| Endnotes | p. 46 |
| Technologically Mediated Communication | p. 48 |
| A Framework for Using Technologically Mediated Communication | p. 49 |
| Bandwidth | p. 49 |
| Perceived Personal Closeness | p. 51 |
| Feedback | p. 52 |
| A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective | p. 53 |
| Matching Technology and the Message | p. 53 |
| Message Sensitivity | p. 54 |
| Message Negativity | p. 54 |
| Message Complexity | p. 55 |
| Message Persuasiveness | p. 55 |
| A Look to the Future | p. 57 |
| Technology Proliferation | p. 57 |
| Decision Making | p. 58 |
| Job and Organizational Design | p. 59 |
| Collaboration | p. 60 |
| The Management Challenge | p. 61 |
| Summary | p. 62 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 63 |
| Endnotes | p. 65 |
| Managerial Writing Strategies | p. 67 |
| Contemporary Managerial Writing | p. 69 |
| Collaborative Writing | p. 70 |
| Advantages of Collaborative Writing | p. 70 |
| Disadvantages of Collaborative Writing | p. 71 |
| Guidelines for Effective Collaborative Writing | p. 71 |
| The Unique Role of Managerial Writing | p. 72 |
| Planning | p. 73 |
| What? | p. 73 |
| Why? | p. 74 |
| Who? | p. 74 |
| When? | p. 75 |
| Where? | p. 75 |
| How? | p. 75 |
| Composing | p. 76 |
| Selecting Words | p. 76 |
| Organizing Words for Effect | p. 85 |
| Revising | p. 90 |
| Summary | p. 91 |
| Case for Small Group Discussion | p. 92 |
| Exercises for Small Groups | p. 92 |
| Endnotes | p. 94 |
| Routine Messages | p. 97 |
| Audience Adaptation | p. 98 |
| Basis of the You Attitude | p. 98 |
| Anticipating Questions | p. 98 |
| Stressing Reader Benefits | p. 99 |
| Avoiding Negatives | p. 99 |
| Nonverbal Elements and the You Attitude | p. 99 |
| Diction | p. 99 |
| Strategies | p. 100 |
| Direct Strategy | p. 100 |
| Indirect Strategy | p. 100 |
| Specific Types: Direct Messages | p. 103 |
| Inquiries and Requests | p. 104 |
| Positive Responses to Inquiries and Requests | p. 105 |
| Claim Letters | p. 106 |
| Positive Responses to Claims | p. 108 |
| Specific Types: Indirect Messages | p. 109 |
| Negative Responses to Inquiries | p. 109 |
| Refused Claims | p. 111 |
| Persuasive Messages | p. 113 |
| Letter Formats | p. 114 |
| Internal Correspondence | p. 115 |
| Memo Format | p. 115 |
| Uses | p. 117 |
| Types of Memorandums | p. 118 |
| Political Uses in Business | p. 119 |
| Summary | p. 119 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 120 |
| Endnotes | p. 122 |
| Management Reports and Proposals | p. 123 |
| The Report Writing Process | p. 124 |
| Groundwork | p. 124 |
| Classification of Reports | p. 125 |
| Strategic Considerations | p. 125 |
| Format | p. 125 |
| Arrangement of Points | p. 127 |
| Organization of the Body | p. 127 |
| Headings | p. 128 |
| Transitions | p. 130 |
| Memo and Letter Reports | p. 130 |
| Memo Reports | p. 130 |
| Letter Reports | p. 131 |
| Elements of the Formal Report | p. 132 |
| Front Matter | p. 133 |
| The Report Proper | p. 134 |
| Back Matter | p. 137 |
| Visual Aids | p. 138 |
| General Rules | p. 138 |
| Pie Charts | p. 139 |
| Bar Charts | p. 140 |
| Line Graphs | p. 140 |
| Tables | p. 142 |
| Summary | p. 142 |
| Communication Audit Report | p. 144 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 150 |
| Endnotes | p. 151 |
| Strategies for Understanding Messages | p. 153 |
| Managerial Listening | p. 155 |
| Benefits of Listening | p. 155 |
| Barriers to Listening | p. 156 |
| General Techniques for Listening | p. 158 |
| Specific Techniques for Active Listening | p. 161 |
| Identify the Main and Supporting Points | p. 161 |
| Organize the Message | p. 162 |
| Summarize the Message | p. 162 |
| Visualize the Message | p. 162 |
| Personalize the Message | p. 163 |
| Take Notes | p. 163 |
| Specific Techniques for Interactive Listening | p. 164 |
| Open-Closed Questions | p. 164 |
| Primary-Secondary Questions | p. 164 |
| Neutral-Directed Questions | p. 165 |
| Listening to Informal Communication | p. 165 |
| Listening to the Total Environment | p. 167 |
| Developing a Listening Climate | p. 168 |
| The Micro Listening Climate | p. 168 |
| The Macro Listening Climate | p. 169 |
| Summary | p. 171 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 171 |
| Endnotes | p. 173 |
| Nonverbal Communication | p. 175 |
| The Importance of Nonverbal Communication | p. 176 |
| The Functions of Nonverbal Cues | p. 177 |
| Movement | p. 179 |
| Spatial Messages | p. 182 |
| Spatial Zones | p. 182 |
| Spatial Differences | p. 183 |
| Strategic Use of Space | p. 184 |
| Personal Appearance | p. 185 |
| Voice | p. 186 |
| Nonverbal Signs of Deception | p. 187 |
| Baseline | p. 188 |
| Movement | p. 188 |
| Dress | p. 189 |
| Personal Space | p. 189 |
| Voice | p. 189 |
| Summary | p. 190 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 190 |
| Endnotes | p. 192 |
| Intercultural Managerial Communication | p. 194 |
| What Is Culture? | p. 196 |
| Intercultural Myths | p. 196 |
| Some of the Ways in Which We Differ | p. 198 |
| Should You Learn the Language? | p. 200 |
| Nonverbal Sensitivity | p. 201 |
| Greetings | p. 202 |
| Dress | p. 202 |
| Space, Touch, and Posture | p. 202 |
| Gestures | p. 203 |
| Food | p. 203 |
| Gifts | p. 203 |
| What Is a Good Intercultural Communicator? | p. 204 |
| Developing Interculturally Sensitive Managers | p. 206 |
| Summary | p. 207 |
| Case for Small Group Discussion | p. 208 |
| Endnotes | p. 209 |
| Interpersonal Communication Strategies | p. 211 |
| Conflict Management | p. 213 |
| Benefits of Conflict | p. 214 |
| The Relationship Between Communication and Conflict | p. 214 |
| Sources of Conflict | p. 216 |
| Conflict and Perception | p. 217 |
| Strategies in Conflict Resolution | p. 218 |
| Avoiding | p. 219 |
| Accommodating | p. 220 |
| Forcing | p. 220 |
| Compromising | p. 221 |
| Problem Solving: The Win-Win Strategy | p. 221 |
| Description of the Strategy | p. 221 |
| Beliefs Necessary to Implement the Strategy | p. 222 |
| Implementing the Strategy | p. 224 |
| Conflict and Management Success | p. 226 |
| Summary | p. 226 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 227 |
| Endnotes | p. 228 |
| Managerial Negotiation | p. 230 |
| A Strategic Model for Negotiations | p. 231 |
| Culture and Climate | p. 232 |
| Sender, Receiver, and Purpose | p. 232 |
| Purpose | p. 233 |
| Time, Environment, Content, and Channel | p. 236 |
| Time | p. 236 |
| Environment | p. 237 |
| Message Content | p. 239 |
| Channel | p. 242 |
| Core Strategies | p. 243 |
| Surprise | p. 244 |
| Bluff | p. 244 |
| Stacking | p. 244 |
| Fait Accompli | p. 244 |
| Take It or Leave It | p. 245 |
| Screen | p. 245 |
| Summary | p. 245 |
| Role Play Scenario | p. 246 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 247 |
| Endnotes | p. 250 |
| Conducting Interviews | p. 252 |
| Barriers to Effective Interviews | p. 252 |
| Differing Intentions | p. 252 |
| Bias | p. 253 |
| Confusing Facts with Inferences | p. 254 |
| Nonverbal Communication | p. 254 |
| Effects of First Impressions | p. 255 |
| Organizational Status | p. 255 |
| Questions That Lead to Effective Interviews | p. 256 |
| What Is the Interview Objective? | p. 256 |
| Where Is the Best Place to Conduct the Interview? | p. 256 |
| What Is the Best Way to Begin the Interview? | p. 256 |
| What Is the Best Questioning Strategy? | p. 257 |
| What Is the Best Sequence for the Questions? | p. 257 |
| What Are the Best Types of Questions? | p. 258 |
| What Is the Best Way to Close the Interview? | p. 260 |
| Employment Interviews | p. 261 |
| Planning | p. 261 |
| Legal Concerns | p. 262 |
| The Employment Interview Process | p. 264 |
| Performance Review Interviews | p. 266 |
| Purpose | p. 266 |
| Planning | p. 267 |
| Process | p. 268 |
| Supportive Environment | p. 269 |
| Providing Feedback | p. 272 |
| Establishing Goals | p. 273 |
| Summary | p. 274 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 275 |
| Endnotes | p. 277 |
| Group Communication Strategies | p. 281 |
| Managing Meetings and Teams | p. 283 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Working in Teams | p. 284 |
| Advantages of the Team | p. 284 |
| Disadvantages of the Team | p. 285 |
| Groupthink | p. 286 |
| Strategic Considerations for Meetings | p. 287 |
| Should We Meet? | p. 287 |
| Premeeting Arrangements | p. 287 |
| Leadership Style | p. 292 |
| Decision-Making Format | p. 293 |
| Managing Disruptions | p. 296 |
| Follow-Up | p. 297 |
| Summary | p. 300 |
| Cases for Small Group Discussion | p. 300 |
| Endnotes | p. 302 |
| Making Formal Presentations | p. 304 |
| Plan Your Presentation | p. 304 |
| Purpose | p. 304 |
| Length of the Presentation | p. 306 |
| Audience Analysis | p. 306 |
| Organize Your Presentation | p. 307 |
| Introduction | p. 307 |
| Persuasive Presentations | p. 309 |
| Informative Presentations | p. 312 |
| Evidence | p. 314 |
| Closing | p. 315 |
| Questions | p. 316 |
| Prepare Your Visual Aids | p. 317 |
| Criteria | p. 317 |
| Types | p. 318 |
| Deliver Your Presentation | p. 319 |
| Speaking Anxiety | p. 319 |
| Speaker Notes | p. 320 |
| Nonverbal Aspects | p. 321 |
| Voice Quality | p. 321 |
| Practice | p. 322 |
| Use Electronic Media Effectively | p. 323 |
| Summary | p. 325 |
| Audience Analysis Guide Sheet | p. 326 |
| Exercises for Small Groups | p. 327 |
| Endnotes | p. 329 |
| Index | p. 330 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |