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| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| About the Authors | p. xvii |
| About the Technical Editor | p. xxi |
| Introduction | p. xxiii |
| Malware Incident Response | |
| Introduction | p. 2 |
| Local versus Remote Collection | p. 3 |
| Volatile Data Collection Methodology | p. 4 |
| Preservation of Volatile Data | p. 4 |
| Physical Memory Acquisition on a Live Windows Sy... MORE | p. 5 |
| Acquiring Physical Memory Locally | p. 6 |
| GUI-based Memory Dumping Tools | p. 7 |
| Remote Physical Memory Acquisition | p. 8 |
| Collecting Subject System Details | p. 11 |
| Identifying Users Logged into the System | p. 13 |
| Collecting Process Information | p. 18 |
| Process Name and Process Identification | p. 18 |
| Process to Executable Program Mapping: Full System Path to Executable File | p. 19 |
| Process to User Mapping | p. 20 |
| Child Processes | p. 20 |
| Dependencies Loaded by Running Processes | p. 21 |
| Correlate Open Ports with Running Processes and Programs | p. 22 |
| Identifying Services and Drivers | p. 23 |
| Examining Running Services | p. 24 |
| Examining Installed Drivers | p. 24 |
| Determining Open Files | p. 25 |
| Identifying Files Opened Locally | p. 25 |
| Identifying Files Opened Remotely | p. 25 |
| Collecting Command History | p. 26 |
| Identifying Shares | p. 26 |
| Determining Scheduled Tasks | p. 27 |
| Collecting Clipboard Contents | p. 27 |
| Non-Volatile Data Collection from a Live Windows System | p. 28 |
| Forensic Duplication of Storage Media on a Live Windows System | p. 29 |
| Forensic Preservation of Select Data on a Live Windows System | p. 29 |
| Assess Security Configuration | p. 30 |
| Assess Trusted Host Relationships | p. 30 |
| Inspect Prefetch Files | p. 31 |
| Inspect Auto-starting Locations | p. 31 |
| Collect Event Logs | p. 32 |
| Logon and Logoff Events | p. 33 |
| Review User Account and Group Policy Information | p. 33 |
| Examine the File System | p. 33 |
| Dumping and Parsing Registry Contents | p. 34 |
| Remote Registry Analysis | p. 35 |
| Examine Web Browsing Activities | p. 37 |
| Examine Cookie Files | p. 38 |
| Inspect Protected Storage | p. 38 |
| Malware Artifact Discovery and Extraction from a Live Windows System | p. 39 |
| Extracting Suspicious Files | p. 39 |
| Extracting Suspicious Files with F-Response | p. 41 |
| Conclusions | p. 42 |
| Pitfalls to Avoid | p. 43 |
| Incident Response Tool Suites | p. 62 |
| Remote Collection Tools | p. 68 |
| Volatile Data Collection and Analysis Tools | p. 71 |
| Physical Memory Acquisition | p. 71 |
| Collecting Subject System Details | p. 75 |
| Identifying Users Logged into the System | p. 75 |
| Network Connections and Activity | p. 76 |
| Process Analysis | p. 79 |
| Handles | p. 80 |
| Loaded DLLs | p. 80 |
| Correlate Open Ports with Running Processes and Programs | p. 81 |
| Command-line Arguments | p. 81 |
| Services | p. 81 |
| Drivers | p. 82 |
| Opened Files | p. 82 |
| Determining Scheduled Tasks | p. 83 |
| Clipboard Contents | p. 83 |
| Non-Volatile Data Collection and Analysis Tools | p. 84 |
| System Security Configuration | p. 84 |
| Prefetch File Analysis | p. 84 |
| Auto-Start Locations | p. 85 |
| Event Logs | p. 85 |
| Group Policies | p. 86 |
| File System: Hidden Files and Alternate Data Streams | p. 86 |
| Dumping and Parsing Registry Contents | p. 88 |
| Web History | p. 88 |
| Malware Extraction | p. 89 |
| Selected Readings | p. 91 |
| Books | p. 91 |
| Papers | p. 91 |
| Jurisprudence/RFCs/Technical Specifications | p. 91 |
| Memory Forensics | |
| Introduction | p. 93 |
| Investigative Considerations | p. 94 |
| Memory Forensics Overview | p. 94 |
| Old School Memory Analysis | p. 96 |
| How Windows Memory Forensic Tools Work | p. 98 |
| Windows Memory Forensic Tools | p. 98 |
| Processes and Threads | p. 99 |
| Modules and Libraries | p. 106 |
| Open Files and Sockets | p. 109 |
| Various Data Structures | p. 112 |
| Dumping Windows Process Memory | p. 118 |
| Recovering Executable Files | p. 118 |
| Recovering Process Memory | p. 119 |
| Extracting Process Memory on Live Systems | p. 120 |
| Dissecting Windows Process Memory | p. 121 |
| Conclusions | p. 126 |
| Pitfalls to Avoid | p. 127 |
| Memory Forensics: Field Notes | p. 128 |
| Selected Readings | p. 154 |
| Books | p. 154 |
| Papers | p. 154 |
| Jurisprudence/RFCs/Technical Specifications | p. 154 |
| Post-Mortem Forensics | |
| Introduction | p. 155 |
| Windows Forensic Analysis Overview | p. 156 |
| Malware Discovery and Extraction from Windows Systems | p. 159 |
| Search for Known Malware | p. 159 |
| Survey Installed Programs | p. 161 |
| Examine Prefetch Files | p. 163 |
| Inspect Executables | p. 164 |
| Inspect Services, Drivers, Auto-starting Locations, and | |
| Scheduled Jobs | p. 165 |
| Examine Logs | p. 166 |
| Review User Accounts and Logon Activities | p. 168 |
| Examine Windows File System | p. 169 |
| Examine Windows Registry | p. 170 |
| Restore Points | p. 171 |
| Keyword Searching | p. 172 |
| Forensic Reconstruction of Compromised Windows Systems | p. 173 |
| Advanced Malware Discovery and Extraction from a Windows System | p. 174 |
| Conclusions | p. 175 |
| Pitfalls to Avoid | p. 176 |
| Windows System Examination: Field Notes | p. 177 |
| Mounting Forensic Duplicates | p. 185 |
| Forensic Examination of Window Systems | p. 187 |
| Timeline Generation | p. 190 |
| Forensic Examination of Common Sources of Information on Windows Systems | p. 192 |
| Selected Readings | p. 202 |
| Books | p. 202 |
| Papers | p. 202 |
| Legal Considerations | |
| Framing The Issues | p. 204 |
| General Considerations | p. 204 |
| The Legal Landscape | p. 204 |
| Sources of Investigative Authority | p. 205 |
| Jurisdictional Authority | p. 205 |
| Private Authority | p. 208 |
| Statutory/Public Authority | p. 209 |
| Statutory Limits on Authority | p. 210 |
| Stored Data | p. 210 |
| Real-time Data | p. 211 |
| Protected Data | p. 213 |
| Tools for Acquiring Data | p. 218 |
| Business Use | p. 219 |
| Investigative Use | p. 219 |
| Dual Use | p. 220 |
| Acquiring Data across Borders | p. 222 |
| Workplace Data in Private or Civil Inquiries | p. 222 |
| Workplace Data in Government or Criminal Inquiries | p. 224 |
| Involving Law Enforcement | p. 226 |
| Victim Reluctance | p. 226 |
| Victim Misperception | p. 227 |
| The Law Enforcement Perspective | p. 227 |
| Walking the Line | p. 228 |
| Improving Chances for Admissibility | p. 229 |
| Documentation | p. 229 |
| Preservation | p. 229 |
| Chain of Custody | p. 230 |
| State Private Investigator and Breach Notification Statutes | p. 231 |
| International Resources | p. 233 |
| Cross-Border Investigations | p. 233 |
| The Federal Rules: Evidence for Digital Investigators | p. 234 |
| Relevance | p. 234 |
| Authentication | p. 234 |
| Best Evidence | p. 234 |
| Expert Testimony | p. 235 |
| Limitations on Waiver of the Attorney-Client Privilege | p. 235 |
| File Identification and Profiling | |
| Introduction | p. 237 |
| Overview of the File Profiling Process | p. 238 |
| Profiling a Suspicious File | p. 240 |
| Command-Line Interface MD5 Tools | p. 243 |
| GUI MD5 Tools | p. 243 |
| File Similarity Indexing | p. 245 |
| File Visualization | p. 246 |
| File Signature Identification and Classification | p. 247 |
| File Types | p. 247 |
| File Signature Identification and Classification Tools | p. 248 |
| Anti-virus Signatures | p. 251 |
| Web-based Malware Scanning Services | p. 252 |
| Embedded Artifact Extraction: Strings, Symbolic Information, and File Metadata | p. 255 |
| Strings | p. 255 |
| Inspecting File Dependencies: Dynamic or Static Linking | p. 259 |
| Symbolic and Debug Information | p. 261 |
| Embedded File Metadata | p. 261 |
| File Obfuscation: Packing and Encryption Identification | p. 267 |
| Packers | p. 267 |
| Cryptors | p. 269 |
| Binders, Joiners, and Wrappers | p. 272 |
| Embedded Artifact Extraction Revisited | p. 272 |
| Windows Portable Executable File Format | p. 272 |
| Profiling Suspect Document Files | p. 281 |
| Profiling Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) Files | p. 282 |
| PDF File Format | p. 282 |
| PDF Profiling Process: CLI Tools | p. 285 |
| PDF Profiling Process: GUI Tools | p. 292 |
| Profiling Microsoft (MS) Office Files | p. 295 |
| Microsoft Office Documents: Word, PowerPoint, Excel | p. 295 |
| MS Office Documents: File Format | p. 295 |
| MS Office Documents: Vulnerabilities and Exploits | p. 298 |
| MS Office Document Profiling Process | p. 298 |
| Deeper Profiling with OfficeMalScanner | p. 301 |
| Profiling Microsoft Compiled HTML Help Files (CHM) | p. 308 |
| CHM Profiling Process | p. 308 |
| Conclusion | p. 311 |
| Pitfalls to Avoid | p. 313 |
| Selected Readings | p. 317 |
| Papers | p. 317 |
| Online Resources | p. 317 |
| Technical Specifications | p. 318 |
| Analysis of a Malware Specimen | |
| Introduction | p. 363 |
| Coals | p. 364 |
| Guidelines for Examining a Malicious File Specimen | p. 365 |
| Establishing the Environment Baseline | p. 365 |
| System "Snapshots" | p. 366 |
| Host Integrity Monitors | p. 366 |
| Installation Monitors | p. 367 |
| Pre-Execution Preparation: System and Network Monitoring | p. 369 |
| Passive System and Network Monitoring | p. 370 |
| Active System and Network Monitoring | p. 371 |
| Execution Artifact Capture: Digital Impression and Trace Evidence | p. 380 |
| Impression Evidence | p. 380 |
| Trace Evidence | p. 380 |
| Digital Impression Evidence | p. 380 |
| Digital Trace Evidence | p. 381 |
| Executing the Malicious Code Specimen | p. 385 |
| Execution Trajectory Analysis: Observing Network, Process, Api, File System, and Registry Activity | p. 386 |
| Network Activity: Network Trajectory, Impression, and Trace Evidence | p. 386 |
| Environment Emulation and Adjustment: Network Trajectory Reconstruction | p. 388 |
| Network Trajectory Reconstruction: Chaining | p. 389 |
| Network Impression and Trace Evidence | p. 390 |
| Using a Netcat Listener | p. 391 |
| Examining Process Activity | p. 393 |
| Process Spying: Monitoring API Calls | p. 394 |
| "Peeping Tom": Window Spying | p. 395 |
| Examining File System Activity | p. 396 |
| Examining Registry Activity | p. 397 |
| Automated Malware Analysis Frameworks | p. 397 |
| Online Malware Analysis Sandboxes | p. 400 |
| Defeating Obfuscation | p. 402 |
| Custom Unpacking Tools | p. 403 |
| Dumping a Suspect Process from Memory | p. 404 |
| Locating the OEP and Extracting with OllyDump | p. 406 |
| Reconstructing the Imports | p. 411 |
| Embedded Artifact Extraction Revisited | p. 412 |
| Examining the Suspect Program in a Disassembler | p. 413 |
| Advanced PE Analysis: Examining PE Resources and Dependencies | p. 416 |
| Interacting with and Manipulating the Malware Specimen: Exploring and Verifying Functionality and Purpose API Hooking | p. 424 |
| Prompting Trigger Events | p. 424 |
| Client Applications | p. 425 |
| Event Reconstruction and Artifact Review: Post-Run Data Analysis | p. 426 |
| Passive Monitoring Artifacts | p. 427 |
| Active Monitoring Artifacts | p. 429 |
| Analyzing Captured Network Traffic | p. 430 |
| Analyzing API Calls | p. 431 |
| Physical Memory Artifacts | p. 432 |
| Digital Virology: Advanced Profiling Through Malware Taxonomy and Phylogeny | p. 432 |
| Context Triggered Piecewise Hashing | p. 435 |
| Textual and Binary Indicators of Likeness | p. 435 |
| Function Flowgraphs | p. 439 |
| Process Memory Trajectory Analysis | p. 442 |
| Visualization | p. 444 |
| Behavioral Profiling and Classification | p. 446 |
| Conclusion | p. 449 |
| Pitfalls to Avoid | p. 450 |
| Selected Readings | p. 454 |
| Books | p. 454 |
| Papers | p. 454 |
| Index | p. 505 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |