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Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric : The Use of Reason in Everyday Life

by:
ISBN: 9780534524708 | 0534524702
Edition: 8th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
Pub. Date: 8/13/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
Intended for the undergraduate course in Critical Thinking, Critical Reasoning, or Introduction to Logic.
Prefaceviii
CHAPTER 1 GOOD AND BAD REASONING
1(22)
1 Reasoning and Arguments
1(5)
... MORE
2 Cogent Reasoning
6(2)
3 Two Basic Kinds of Valid Arguments
8(2)
4 Deductive Validity and Invalidity
10(3)
5 Inductive Validity (Correctness) and Invalidity (Incorrectness)
13(5)
6 Fallacious Reasoning: How Reasoning Goes Wrong
18(2)
Summary of Chapter 1
20(3)
CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND BELIEFS AND WORLD VIEWS
23(16)
1 Kinds of Background Beliefs
24(2)
2 Insufficiently Grounded Beliefs
26(1)
3 Are Unexamined World Views Worth Having?
27(3)
4 Reading Between the Lines
30(1)
5 Two Vital Kinds of Background Beliefs
31(1)
6 Science to the Rescue
32(4)
Summary of Chapter 2
36(3)
CHAPTER 3 FALLACIOUS REASONING -- 1
39(24)
1 Appeal to Authority
40(5)
2 Inconsistency
45(6)
3 Straw Man
51(1)
4 False Dilemma and the Either-Or Fallacy
51(1)
5 Begging the Question
52(2)
6 Questionable Premise--Questionable Statement
54(1)
7 Suppressed (Overlooked) Evidence
54(2)
8 Tokenism
56(1)
Summary of Chapter 3
57(6)
CHAPTER 4 FALLACIOUS REASONING -- 2
63(16)
1 Ad Hominem Argument
63(3)
2 Two Wrongs Make a Right
66(2)
3 Irrelevant Reason (Non Sequitur)
68(1)
4 Equivocation
69(2)
5 Appeal to Ignorance
71(1)
6 Composition and Division
72(1)
7 Slippery Slope
73(1)
Summary of Chapter 4
73(6)
CHAPTER 5 FALLACIOUS REASONING -- 3
79(30)
1 Hasty Conclusion
79(1)
2 Small Sample
80(1)
3 Unrepresentative Sample
80(1)
4 Questionable Cause
81(3)
5 Questionable Analogy
84(2)
6 Questionable Statistics
86(2)
7 Questionable Uses of Statistics
88(2)
8 Polls: An Important Special Case
90(4)
9 False Charge of Fallacy
94(2)
Summary of Chapter 5
96(13)
CHAPTER 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPEDIMENTS TO COGENT REASONING: SHOOTING OURSELVES IN THE FOOT
109(24)
1 Loyalty, Provincialism, and the Herd Instinct
110(2)
2 Prejudice, Stereotypes, Scapegoats, and Partisan Mind Sets
112(2)
3 Superstitious Beliefs
114(2)
4 Wishful Thinking and Self-Deception
116(1)
5 Rationalization, Denial, and Procrastination
117(2)
6 The Benefits of Self-Deception and Wishful Thinking
119(2)
7 The Pull of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
121(4)
8 Lack of a Good Sense of Proportion
125(2)
Summary of Chapter 6
127(6)
CHAPTER 7 LANGUAGE
133(28)
1 Cognitive and Emotive Meanings
133(1)
2 Emotive Meaning and Persuasive Uses of Language
134(6)
3 Other Common Rhetorical Devices
140(5)
4 Those Who Control the Definitions
145(4)
5 The Reform of Sexist Language
149(3)
6 PC (Politically Correct) Terminology
152(3)
Summary of Chapter 7
155(6)
CHAPTER 8 EVALUATING EXTENDED ARGUMENTS
161(28)
1 The Basic Tasks of Essay Evaluation
162(7)
2 Quick Appraisals
169(3)
3 The Margin Note and Summary Method
172(5)
4 Dealing with Value Claims
177(6)
5 Evaluating Ironic Works
183(3)
Summary of Chapter 8
186(3)
CHAPTER 9 WRITING COGENT (AND PERSUASIVE) ESSAYS
189(24)
1 The Writing Process
189(1)
2 Preparing to Write
190(1)
3 Writing Essays
191(5)
4 Some Hints for Effective Writing
196(15)
Summary of Chapter 9
211(2)
CHAPTER 10 ADVERTISING: SELLING THE PRODUCT
213(30)
1 Promise and Identification Advertisements
215(1)
2 Things to Watch Out for in Advertisements
216(9)
3 New Marketing Wrinkles
225(3)
4 Political Advertising
228(10)
Summary of Chapter 10
238(5)
CHAPTER 11 MANAGING THE NEWS
243(48)
1 The Media and the Power of Money
243(13)
2 News-Gathering Methods Are Designed to Save Money
256(5)
3 Misdirection and Lack of Proportion
261(1)
4 News Reporting: Theory and Practice
261(7)
5 Devices Used to Slant the News
268(5)
6 Television: The Only Truly Mass Medium (So Far)
273(2)
7 The Non-Mass Media to the Rescue
275(1)
8 Recent Developments
276(7)
Summary of Chapter 11
283(8)
CHAPTER 12 TEXTBOOKS: MANAGING WORLD VIEWS
291(34)
1 History and Social Studies Textbooks
292(2)
2 Textbooks and Indoctrination
294(2)
3 Textbooks and Politics
296(4)
4 Censorship
300(7)
5 Textbooks Distort History
307(4)
6 Textbooks Minimize the Great Gulf Between Theory and Practice
311(5)
7 Textbooks Fail to Give Students Genuine Understanding
316(2)
8 Postscript on College Texts
318(1)
Summary of Chapter 12
319(6)
APPENDIX MORE ON COGENT REASONING
325(14)
1 Deductive Validity: A Review
325(1)
2 Syllogisms
326(2)
3 Indirect (Reductio Ad Absurdum) Proofs
328(1)
4 Tautologies, Contradictions, and Contingent Statements
329(1)
6 Possibilities, Impossibilities, and Necessities
330(1)
7 Reasoning Cogently versus Being Right in Fact
330(1)
8 More on Cause and Effect
331(1)
9 Calculating Probabilities and Fair Odds
332(3)
10 Scientific Method
335(4)
Answers to Starred Exercise Items339(8)
Bibliography347(5)
Selected List of Periodicals352(6)
Indexes358

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