In this definitive historical investigation of the formation of liberalism from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, Domenico Losurdo overturns complacent and self-congratulatory accounts by showing that, from its very origins, liberalism and its main thinkers'”Locke, Burke, Tocqueville, Constant, Bentham, Sieyès and others'”have been bound up with the defense of the thoroughly illiberal policies of slavery, colonialism, genocide, racism and elitism. Losurdo probes the inner contradictions of liberalism, also focusing on minority currents that moved to more radical positions, and provides an authoritative account of the relationship between the domestic and colonial spheres in the constitution of a liberal order. 'œ The triumph of the liberal ideal of the self-government of civil society'”waving the flag of freedom, fighting against despotism'”at the same time feeds the development of the slave trade, digging an insurmountable and unprecedented gap between the different races. ''”Domenico Losurdo