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Learning Disabilities Foundations, Characteristics, and Effective Teaching

by: Hallahan, Daniel P.; Lloyd, John W.; Kauffman, James M.; Weiss, Margaret P.; Martinez, Elizabeth A.

Learning Disabilities Foundations, Characteristics, and Effective Teaching

by: Hallahan, Daniel P.; Lloyd, John W.; Kauffman, James M.; Weiss, Margaret P.; Martinez, Elizabeth A.

ISBN 13:
9780205388677
ISBN 10:
0205388671
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 04/21/2004
Publisher: Pearson

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Summary

This text includes the latest information on the characteristics of persons with learning disabilities, the causes of learning disabilities, and the most reliable educational interventions for students with LD.This clearly written, well-organized text strikes a perfect balance between foundational information and practical tools that educators can readily use with students.For teachers, therapists, students, parents, and anyone working with children with learning disabilities.

Preface

xiii

Basic Concepts

(42)

What Are Individuals with Learning Disabilities Like?

(3)

Jamal

(2)

Shannon

(1)

Why Is It Important to Understand Learning Disabilities?

(3)

Most Teachers Will Have Students with Learning Disabilities

(2)

Understanding Learning Disabilities Helps Us Understand Learning

(1)

Many Students with Learning Disabilities Can Contribute Valuably to Society

(1)

Why Are Learning Disabilities Controversial?

(20)

Defining Learning Disabilities Has Been Difficult

(6)

Discrepancy between Ability and Achievement Is Controversial

(5)

Criteria Used to Determine Eligibility for Special Education Vary

(4)

Learning Disability as a Construct

(1)

How Many People Have Learning Disabilities?

(8)

Demographics of People with Learning Disabilities

(4)

Association with Other Disabilities

(1)

Who Works with People Who Have Learning Disabilities?

(1)

Can Learning Disabilities Be Overcome?

(4)

A Critical Need for Effective Teaching

(2)

Learning Disabilities Are Life-Span Problems

(2)

Summary

(2)

Causes of Learning Disabilities

(22)

What Causes Learning Disabilities?

(2)

Historical Context

(1)

Reluctance to Accept Neurological Causes

(2)

Toward an Acceptance of Neurological Causes

(1)

How Does the Brain Function?

(8)

Neurons Send and Receive Messages

(2)

Different Parts of the Brain Have Different Functions

(4)

Left and Right Hemispheres

(2)

How Can We Infer Neurological Dysfunction?

(2)

Postmortem Studies

(1)

Neuroimaging Studies

(1)

Right-Hemisphere Brain Dysfunction

(1)

What Factors Contribute to Neurological Dysfunction?

(5)

Hereditary Factors

(3)

Teratogenic Factors

(1)

Medical Factors

(1)

Environmental Factors

(1)

What Should Educators Keep in Mind Regarding Causes?

(1)

Summary

(3)

Eligibility for Special Education Services

(44)

What Laws Govern the Delivery of Special Education?

(1)

How Is Special Education Defined?

(4)

Definition and Practice of Special Education

(2)

Other Components of Special Education

(1)

How Is a Learning Disability Defined in IDEA?

(3)

What Is the Traditional Eligibility Process?

(15)

Prereferral Strategies

(1)

Referral for Special Education Evaluation

(1)

Evaluation

(12)

Eligibility Decision

(6)

What Is an Alternative Eligibility Process?

(2)

How Does Response-to-Treatment Work?

(1)

Issues around the Response-to-Treatment Process

(1)

What Is an Individualized Education Program?

(11)

Components of the Individualized Education Program

(3)

Special Education Service Delivery

101

(6)

Summary

107

(2)

Parents and Families

109

(34)

How Have Professionals' Views of Parents Changed?

109

(2)

Reciprocal Effects

110

(1)

Passage of Federal Laws

111

(1)

What Treatment Models Are Used with Families?

111

(5)

Family Systems Approach

113

(2)

Social Support Systems Approach

115

(1)

What Are Some Current Trends in American Family Life?

116

(1)

The Family Unit

116

(1)

Race, Ethnicity, and Language

116

(1)

Socioeconomic Status

117

(1)

What Is the Family's Role?

117

(9)

Family Adjustment

118

(3)

Family Values and Attitudes toward Learning

121

(1)

Parents and Homework

122

(4)

Parents as Advocates

126

(1)

How Can Communication Be Enhanced between the Family and Professionals?

126

(11)

Parent-Teacher Conferences

130

(5)

School-Home Note Programs

135

(2)

Summary

137

(6)

Prevention and Intervention in Early Childhood

143

(24)

How Can Learning Disabilities Be Prevented?

144

(5)

Addressing Risk Factors in Infancy and Early Childhood

146

(1)

Distinguishing Disabilities from Cultural Differences and Normal Variations

147

(2)

How Are Learning Disabilities Identified in Infancy and Early Childhood?

149

(3)

Two Approaches to Early Identification

150

(1)

Promises and Pitfalls of Early Identification

151

(1)

How Is Early Childhood Intervention Provided?

152

(4)

Popular Early Intervention Programs

152

(2)

Legal Requirements of Early Intervention

154

(1)

Evaluating Early Childhood Program Quality

155

(1)

What Are Some Trends in Early Childhood Special Education?

156

(8)

Inclusive Education

156

(2)

Developmentally Appropriate Practices (DAP)

158

(1)

Education for Transition

159

(1)

Family-Based Education

159

(1)

Assessment

160

(1)

Self-Determination

161

(1)

Technology

161

(3)

Summary

164

(3)

Transition Programming in Adolescence and Adulthood

167

(28)

What Are Learning Disability Outcomes across the Life Span?

168

(1)

Higher Dropout Rates

168

(1)

Higher Underemployment

168

(1)

Greater Dependency on Others

169

(1)

What Transition Programs and Services Are Available?

169

(6)

Federal Initiatives

169

(1)

Interagency Collaboration and Service Delivery

170

(2)

Social Skills and Self-Advocacy Training

172

(2)

Parental Involvement

174

(1)

Vocational Training and College Preparation

175

(1)

How Are Students with Learning Disabilities Prepared for College?

175

(1)

Programming Goals for College Preparation

176

(1)

How Can Students with Learning Disabilities Succeed in College?

176

(5)

Guidelines for Choosing a College

177

(2)

Predictors of Success in College

179

(1)

Instructional Accommodations

180

(1)

How Can Students with Learning Disabilities Prepare for the Work World?

181

(2)

Programming Goals for Vocational Training

182

(1)

School-Business Partnerships

182

(1)

How Can Employers Encourage Success for Adults with Learning Disabilities?

183

(2)

Workplace Accommodations

184

(1)

How Can Employees with Learning Disabilities Succeed in the Workplace?

185

(7)

Choose a Job That Is a Good Match

186

(1)

Use Personal Contacts to Find a Job

186

(1)

Become a Self-Advocate

186

(1)

Develop Compensatory Strategies

187

(1)

Take Advantage of Technology

188

(2)

Gain Control over One's Life

190

(2)

Summary

192

(3)

Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems

195

(28)

What Is the Link between Learning Disabilities and Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems?

195

(4)

Social Competence

196

(2)

Conduct Problems

198

(1)

Other Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems

199

(1)

What Are the Major Causes of Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems?

199

(3)

Schooling as a Possible Cause

200

(2)

How Should We Assess the Characteristics of Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems?

202

(6)

Screening

203

(1)

Prereferral Interventions

204

(1)

Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems in IEP Development

204

(1)

Functional Behavioral Assessment and Behavior Intervention Plans

204

(2)

Other Possible Legal Aspects of Dealing with Behavior

206

(2)

What Are the Main Educational Methods Used for Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems?

208

(12)

Modifying the Learning Environment for Proactive Management

208

(3)

Teaching Desired Behavior

211

(6)

Discouraging Undesired Behavior

217

(3)

Summary

220

(3)

Cognition, Metacognition, and Memory in Students with Learning Disabilities

223

(36)

How Can We Explain Learning and Memory?

224

(2)

Information-Processing Theory

224

(2)

What Do We Know about the Learning and Memory of Students with Learning Disabilities?

226

(12)

Learning Styles

227

(3)

Cognitive Styles

230

(1)

Memory Abilities

231

(3)

Metacognitive or Executive Control Abilities

234

(2)

Motivation

236

(2)

How Can Learning, Memory, and Motivation Needs Be Addressed?

238

(13)

Self-Instruction

238

(4)

Self-Monitoring of Academic Performance

242

(1)

Self-Determination

242

(2)

Mnemonic Strategies

244

(3)

Attribution Training

247

(1)

Cognitive Strategies

248

(3)

General Teaching Practices to Activate Learning and Memory

251

(3)

Summary

254

(5)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

259

(36)

What Are the Links between Learning Disabilities and Attention Problems?

259

(1)

What Are the Historical Origins of ADHD?

260

(3)

Early Observations of ADHD Symptoms

260

(1)

The Strauss Syndrome

261

(1)

The Bridge from Mental Retardation to Normal Intelligence

262

(1)

Minimal Brain Injury and the Hyperactive Child Syndrome

262

(1)

What Is Today's Definition of ADHD?

263

(2)

What Is the Prevalence of ADHD?

265

(2)

How Is ADHD Assessed?

267

(3)

Medical Exam

267

(1)

Clinical Interview

267

(1)

Rating Scales

268

(1)

Using Technology to Assess ADHD

268

(1)

Issues Related to Identification for Special Education Services

268

(2)

What Are the Causes of ADHD?

270

(7)

Neurological Factors

271

(4)

Hereditary Factors

275

(1)

Factors That Don't Cause ADHD

275

(2)

What Are the Behavioral Characteristics of Persons with ADHD?

277

(3)

Barkley's Model of ADHD: Behavioral Inhibition and Time Awareness and Management

277

(3)

What Educational Methods Are Used with Students with ADHD?

280

(6)

Stimulus Reduction

280

(1)

Structure

281

(1)

Functional Behavioral Assessment

281

(1)

Contingency-Based Self-Management

282

(1)

Self-Monitoring of Attention

282

(4)

What Is the Role of Medication for Persons with ADHD?

286

(3)

Side Effects

286

(1)

Negative Publicity Regarding Ritalin

287

(1)

Research on the Effectiveness of Medication

287

(1)

Cautions Regarding Ritalin

287

(2)

Summary

289

(6)

Educational Approaches

295

(30)

What Conceptual Models and Educational Approaches Have Been Described?

296

(17)

Medical Model

297

(1)

Diagnostic-Remedial Model

298

(2)

Behavioral Model

300

(7)

Cognitive Model

307

(2)

Constructivist Model

309

(4)

Why Is It Important for Teachers to Know What Research Says about Effective Practices?

313

(4)

Research Syntheses: Meta-Analysis and Effect Size

315

(2)

Cautions about Research Syntheses

317

(1)

How Are Educational Approaches Different, and How Are They Similar?

317

(5)

How Approaches Differ

317

(3)

How Approaches Are Similar

320

(2)

Summary

322

(3)

Students Who Experience Difficulties with Spoken Language

325

(36)

What Is Language?

325

(1)

Are Language Problems Common in Learning Disabilities?

326

(2)

What Are the Elements of Spoken Language and the Characteristics of Students with Learning Disabilities in Spoken Language?

328

(13)

Receptive Language

329

(1)

Expressive Language

329

(1)

Difficulties of Students with Learning Disabilities in Receptive and Expressive Language

329

(1)

Phonology

330

(2)

Syntax

332

(2)

Morphology

334

(2)

Semantics

336

(1)

Pragmatics

337

(2)

Metalinguistic Awareness

339

(2)

How Are Spoken Language Abilities Assessed?

341

(6)

Standardized Assessment

341

(3)

Informal Language Assessment Methods

344

(2)

Methods of Monitoring Progress

346

(1)

How Can Spoken Language Problems Be Addressed?

347

(10)

General Principles and Accommodations

349

(1)

Semantic Feature Analysis

350

(1)

Keyword Mnemonics

351

(2)

Teaching in Context and Conversation

353

(1)

Phonemic Awareness

353

(2)

Statement Repetition

355

(2)

Summary

357

(4)

Students Who Experience Difficulties with Reading

361

(46)

What Is Reading?

362

(2)

What Are the Major Elements of Reading?

364

(3)

What Problems Do Students with Learning Disabilities Have in Reading?

367

(8)

Problems with Phonology

368

(1)

Problems with Decoding

369

(1)

Problems with Fluency

370

(1)

Problems with Comprehension

371

(4)

How Is Reading Performance Assessed?

375

(7)

Screening

376

(1)

Diagnosing Problems and Planning Instruction

377

(1)

Monitoring Student Progress

378

(4)

How Common Are Reading Problems in Learning Disabilities?

382

(1)

How Can Instruction Help Prevent Reading Disabilities?

383

(6)

Teaching Phonemic Awareness

385

(1)

Teaching Phonics

386

(2)

Teaching Other Aspects of Early Reading

388

(1)

Putting It All Together

388

(1)

How Can Instruction Help Remediate Learning Disabilities in Reading?

389

(12)

Historical Approaches

389

(3)

Contemporary Approaches

392

(3)

Instructional Tactics

395

(6)

Summary

401

(6)

Students Who Experience Difficulties with Writing

407

(44)

What Handwriting Problems Do Students Experience?

407

(2)

Problems with Letter Formation

408

(1)

Problems with Fluency

409

(1)

Causes and Effects of Handwriting Problems

409

(1)

How Is Handwriting Performance Assessed?

409

(4)

Planning Handwriting Instruction

409

(2)

Monitoring Handwriting Progress

411

(2)

What Interventions Can Help with Handwriting Difficulties?

413

(1)

Teacher Modeling and Student Practice

413

(1)

Reinforcement

414

(1)

Self-Instruction Training

414

(1)

What Spelling Problems Do Students Experience?

414

(4)

Spelling Errors

416

(2)

Effects of Spelling Problems

418

(1)

How Is Spelling Performance Assessed?

418

(4)

Standardized Assessment

418

(2)

Planning Spelling Instruction

420

(1)

Monitoring Progress in Spelling

421

(1)

What Interventions Help Students' Spelling Difficulties?

422

(5)

Developmental Interventions

423

(1)

Remedial Interventions

424

(1)

Effective Teaching Procedures

425

(2)

What Composition Problems Do Students Experience?

427

(3)

How Is Composition Performance Assessed?

430

(3)

Screening

430

(1)

Planning Composition Instruction

430

(1)

Monitoring Progress in Composition

431

(2)

What Interventions Help Students with Composition Difficulties?

433

(12)

Developmental Interventions

433

(3)

Remedial Interventions

436

(1)

Effective Teaching Procedures

437

(8)

Summary

445

(6)

Students Who Experience Difficulties with Mathematics

451

(38)

How Does Mathematical Knowledge Develop Normally?

452

(5)

What Problems in Mathematics Do Students Experience?

457

(3)

Problems in Cognitive Development

457

(1)

Problems in Arithmetic Performance

458

(2)

How Are Mathematics Abilities Assessed?

460

(10)

Achievement Tests

462

(1)

Formal Diagnostic Testing

463

(1)

Informal Inventories

464

(1)

Error Analysis

465

(4)

Monitoring Progress

469

(1)

What Interventions Help Students with Mathematics Difficulties?

470

(14)

Developmental Interventions

473

(1)

Remedial Interventions

474

(1)

Technology

475

(3)

Effective Teaching Procedures

478

(6)

Summary

484

(5)

Participation in General Education Classrooms for Students with Learning Disabilities

489

(36)

What Are the Legal Mandates for Placement?

490

(2)

Idea

491

(1)

No Child Left Behind Act

491

(1)

How Do Students with Learning Disabilities Receive Special Education Services in General Education Classrooms?

492

(4)

Co-Teaching

492

(4)

Resource Rooms

496

(1)

How Can Placement and Instructional Decisions Be Made?

496

(6)

Assessing the Instructional Ecology

496

(2)

Monitoring Student Progress

498

(4)

What Are Modifications for Students with Learning Disabilities in General Education Classrooms?

502

(5)

Modifications Defined

503

(1)

Instructional Accommodations

503

(2)

Instructional Adaptations

505

(2)

What Are Effective Instructional Practices for Students with Learning Disabilities in General Education Classrooms?

507

(15)

A Few Notes before We Begin

507

(2)

Synthesis of Instructional Interventions

509

(2)

Graphic Organizers

511

(3)

Peer-Mediated Instruction

514

(2)

Note-Taking

516

(3)

General Recommendations for Science Instruction

519

(1)

General Recommendations for Social Studies Instruction

520

(2)

Summary

522

(3)

Appendix

525

(13)

References

538

(38)

Name Index

576

(6)

Subject Index

582

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Learning Disabilities Foundations, Characteristics, and Effective Teaching

Learning Disabilities Foundations, Characteristics, and Effective Teaching

9780205388677

0205388671

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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