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| Preface | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Overview | p. 2 |
| Definitions of Law | p. 8 |
| Types of Law | p. 11 |
| Major Legal Systems | p. 12 |
| Romano-Germanic System | p. 13 |
| Common-Law System | p. 13 |
| Socialist Legal System | p. 13 |
| Islamic Legal System | p. 17 |
| Functions of Law | p. 19 |
| Social Cont... MORE | p. 19 |
| Dispute Settlement | p. 20 |
| Social Change | p. 21 |
| Dysfunctions of Law | p. 22 |
| Paradigms of Society | p. 23 |
| The Consensus Perspective | p. 24 |
| The Conflict Perspective | p. 25 |
| Options for Sociologists | p. 27 |
| Summary | p. 28 |
| Suggested Further Readings | p. 30 |
| References | p. 32 |
| Theoretical Perspectives | p. 39 |
| Evolution of Legal Systems | p. 40 |
| Primitive Legal Systems | p. 42 |
| Transitional Legal Systems | p. 43 |
| Modern Legal Systems | p. 45 |
| Theories of Law and Society | p. 46 |
| The European Pioneers | p. 47 |
| Classical Sociological Theorists | p. 50 |
| Sociolegal Theorists | p. 55 |
| Contemporary Law and Society Theorists | p. 59 |
| Current Intellectual Movements in Law | p. 63 |
| The Functionalist Approach | p. 63 |
| Conflict and Marxist Approaches | p. 66 |
| Critical Legal Studies Movement | p. 68 |
| Feminist Legal Theory | p. 69 |
| Critical Race Theory | p. 73 |
| Summary | p. 75 |
| Suggested Further Readings | p. 77 |
| References | p. 80 |
| The Organization of Law | p. 89 |
| Courts | p. 89 |
| Dispute Categories | p. 90 |
| The Organization of Courts | p. 92 |
| Participants in Court Processes | p. 94 |
| The Flow of Litigation | p. 113 |
| Criminal Cases | p. 113 |
| Civil Proceedings | p. 120 |
| Legislatures | p. 120 |
| Conflict-Management Functions | p. 121 |
| Integrative Functions | p. 121 |
| The Organization of Legislatures | p. 122 |
| Participants in the Legislative Process | p. 123 |
| Administrative Agencies | p. 128 |
| The Organization of Administrative Agencies | p. 130 |
| The Administrative Process | p. 132 |
| Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 135 |
| The Organization of Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 139 |
| Police Discretion | p. 143 |
| Summary | p. 146 |
| Suggested Further Readings | p. 148 |
| References | p. 151 |
| Lawmaking | p. 163 |
| Perspectives on Lawmaking | p. 163 |
| Legislation | p. 166 |
| Administrative Lawmaking | p. 168 |
| Administrative Rulemaking | p. 168 |
| Administrative Adjudication | p. 170 |
| Judicial Lawmaking | p. 170 |
| Lawmaking by Precedents | p. 172 |
| The Interpretation of Statutes | p. 173 |
| The Interpretation of Constitutions | p. 174 |
| Influences on the Lawmaking Process | p. 175 |
| Interest Groups | p. 175 |
| Public Opinion | p. 178 |
| Lawmaking and Social Science | p. 181 |
| Sources of Impetus for Law | p. 184 |
| Detached Scholarly Diagnosis | p. 184 |
| A Voice from the Wilderness | p. 186 |
| Protest Activity | p. 187 |
| Social Movements | p. 188 |
| Public-Interest Groups | p. 189 |
| The Mass Media | p. 191 |
| Summary | p. 194 |
| Suggested Further Readings | p. 195 |
| References | p. 197 |
| Law and Social Control | p. 203 |
| Informal Social Controls | p. 204 |
| Formal Social Controls | p. 207 |
| Criminal Sanctions | p. 208 |
| Discord over the Death Penalty | p. 213 |
| Civil Commitment | p. 224 |
| Crimes Without Victims | p. 227 |
| Drug Addiction | p. 228 |
| Prostitution | p. 234 |
| Gambling | p. 236 |
| White-Collar Crime | p. 241 |
| Social Control of Dissent | p. 246 |
| Administrative Law and Social Control | p. 251 |
| Licensing | p. 252 |
| Inspection | p. 253 |
| Threat of Publicity | p. 254 |
| Summary | p. 255 |
| Suggested Further Readings | p. 257 |
| References | p. 261 |
| Law and Dispute Resolution | p. 271 |
| A Note on Terminology | p. 271 |
| Methods of Dispute Resolution | p. 273 |
| Primary Resolution Processes | p. 275 |
| Hybrid Resolution Processes | p. 280 |
| Demands for Court Services in Dispute Resolution | p. 284 |
| Variations in Litigation Rates | p. 289 |
| Prerequisites for the Use of Courts in Dispute Resolution | p. 296 |
| A Typology of Litigants | p. 298 |
| Disputes Between Individuals | p. 299 |
| Disputes Between Individuals and Organizations | p. 305 |
| Law as a Method of Dispute Resolution in Academe | p. 307 |
| The Courts as Collection Agencies | p. 311 |
| Disputes Between Organizations | p. 314 |
| Public-Interest Law Firms in Environmental Disputes | p. 316 |
| Summary | p. 318 |
| Suggested Further Readings | p. 320 |
| References | p. 322 |
| Law and Social Change | p. 331 |
| Reciprocity Between Law and Social Change | p. 332 |
| Social Changes as Causes of Legal Changes | p. 334 |
| Law as an Instrument of Social Change | p. 337 |
| The Efficacy of Law as an Instrument of Social Change | p. 341 |
| Advantages of Law in Creating Social Change | p. 342 |
| Legitimate Authority | p. 343 |
| The Binding Force of Law | p. 345 |
| Sanctions | p. 346 |
| Limitations of Law in Creating Social Change | p. 348 |
| Law as a Policy Instrument | p. 350 |
| Morality and Values | p. 351 |
| Resistance to Change | p. 354 |
| Social Factors | p. 355 |
| Psychological Factors | p. 357 |
| Cultural Factors | p. 360 |
| Economic Factors | p. 361 |
| Summary | p. 362 |
| Suggested Further Readings | p. 363 |
| References | p. 364 |
| The Legal Profession | p. 370 |
| Background | p. 370 |
| The Professionalization of Lawyers | p. 371 |
| The Evolution of the American Legal Profession | p. 375 |
| The Profession Today | p. 381 |
| Where the Lawyers Are | p. 385 |
| Private Practice | p. 385 |
| Government | p. 390 |
| Private Employment | p. 391 |
| Judiciary | p. 392 |
| Lawyers and Money | p. 393 |
| Competition for Business | p. 401 |
| Legal Services for the Poor and the Not So Poor | p. 406 |
| Law Schools | p. 410 |
| Socialization into the Profession | p. 418 |
| Bar Admission | p. 422 |
| Bar Associations as Interest Groups | p. 425 |
| Professional Discipline | p. 428 |
| Summary | p. 432 |
| Suggested Further Readings | p. 434 |
| References | p. 437 |
| Researching Law in Society | p. 447 |
| Methods of Inquiry | p. 447 |
| Historical Methods | p. 449 |
| Observational Methods | p. 451 |
| Experimental Methods | p. 453 |
| Survey Methods | p. 456 |
| The Impact of Sociology on Social Policy | p. 458 |
| Contributions of Sociology to Policy Recommendations | p. 459 |
| Contributions of Sociology to Enacted Policy | p. 463 |
| Evaluation Research and Impact Studies | p. 465 |
| Summary | p. 470 |
| Suggested Further Readings | p. 472 |
| References | p. 473 |
| Index | p. 479 |
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