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| Background | p. iii |
| Words and Perspectives | p. v |
| Note from Editor and Dedication | p. xi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
| Foreword | p. xv |
| About the Editor | p. xxiii |
| About the Contributors | p. xxv |
| Combatants | p. 1 |
| Afghanistan | p. 6 |
| Interim History: The British Colonial Period | p. 7 |
| Was the Taliban Entitle... MORE | p. 12 |
| Combatant and Prisoner of War Status and the Taliban and Al-Qaeda | p. 15 |
| The Martens Clause | p. 19 |
| World War II | p. 20 |
| Geneva Diplomatic Conference | p. 21 |
| Al-Qaeda | p. 24 |
| The Taliban | p. 25 |
| Article 4A(1) | p. 25 |
| Article 4A(2) | p. 27 |
| Article 4A(3) | p. 27 |
| Article 4A(6) | p. 29 |
| Special Operations Forces in Non-Standard Uniforms | p. 29 |
| President Bush's Decision | p. 32 |
| Conclusions and Lessons to Be Learned | p. 38 |
| NYPD: On the Front Line | p. 61 |
| Application of the Advice of Counsel Defense in Controversial Cases | p. 69 |
| Introduction | p. 69 |
| Difficult Legal Issues Involving Uncertain Areas of the Law | p. 71 |
| DOJ Torture Memo-Yes, and Then No | p. 72 |
| Yes | p. 72 |
| Then No | p. 74 |
| Congressional Response-The Military Commissions Act and Wholesale Immunity | p. 75 |
| Theories of the Defenses | p. 77 |
| Advice of Counsel | p. 77 |
| Entrapment-by-Estoppel and Public Authority | p. 79 |
| Applying the Advice-of-Counsel Defense to the War on Terrorism | p. 80 |
| Intent vs. Reasonable Difference of Opinion | p. 80 |
| Liability | p. 81 |
| Judgment Calls on the Battlefield | p. 82 |
| Interrogation and Treatment of Detainees | p. 82 |
| Conclusion-The Lesson Learned | p. 83 |
| The Revolution of Substantive Criminal Counterterrorism Law: "Material Support" and Its Philosophical Underpinnings | p. 91 |
| Philosophy of American Terrorism Crimes-Generally | p. 92 |
| Criminalizing Terrorism | p. 93 |
| The Narcotics Analogy | p. 93 |
| The Counterterrorism Crime Challenge | p. 95 |
| Preventive Prosecution-Inchoate Offenses | p. 97 |
| The Money-Laundering Paradigm: "Material Support" | p. 98 |
| The Underpinnings of the United States Enforcement Program | p. 99 |
| Section 2339B and the Designation of Terrorist Groups | p. 101 |
| The Overinclusiveness Argument | p. 102 |
| Conduct Criminalized by Section 2339B | p. 103 |
| "Material Support or Resources" | p. 104 |
| Conclusion: The Efficacy of "Material Support" | p. 105 |
| Detention and Interrogation | p. 107 |
| Detention Authority | p. 108 |
| Who May Be Detained-"Unlawful Combatants" | p. 109 |
| Interrogation and Treatment of Detainees | p. 112 |
| Other Treatment Issues | p. 119 |
| What Process Is Due? | p. 121 |
| Conclusion | p. 126 |
| Military Commissions | p. 135 |
| War Crimes Jurisdiction | p. 137 |
| Global War Crimes Tribunals | p. 139 |
| U.S. Military Tribunals | p. 139 |
| U.S. Military Commissions-Historical Context | p. 140 |
| U.S. Military Commissions-2011 | p. 142 |
| Comparison of Trial Procedures | p. 145 |
| Conclusion | p. 149 |
| The 9/11 Commission: "This Is a New Type of War" | p. 153 |
| The Commissions Functioning | p. 153 |
| The Commissions Narrative of the 9/11 Attacks | p. 156 |
| The Commission's Analysis and Findings | p. 159 |
| Whether the 9/11 Plot Could Have Been Detected | p. 159 |
| Larger U.S. Government Failures vis-à-vis al Qaeda | p. 160 |
| The Commissions Recommendations | p. 162 |
| The Effect of the Commissions Work | p. 164 |
| Intelligence and the Law: Introduction to the Legal and Policy Framework Governing Intelligence Community Counterterrorism Efforts | p. 167 |
| Introduction | p. 167 |
| Background: Underlying National Security Principles | p. 169 |
| Modern Intelligence Era-Statutory and Policy Framework | p. 172 |
| Intelligence Community Organization | p. 172 |
| Legislation-The National Security Act and IC Reform | p. 172 |
| National Counterterrorism Center | p. 175 |
| Intelligence Organization and Structure: Governing through Executive Directives | p. 176 |
| Intelligence Community Directives | p. 177 |
| Operational Responsibilities and Authorities | p. 177 |
| Legislative Framework for Operations of the IC | p. 177 |
| General | p. 177 |
| Central Intelligence Agency | p. 177 |
| Defense Elements | p. 180 |
| Non-Defense Elements of the Intelligence Community | p. 181 |
| Executive Order 12333: Selected Authorities and Constraints | p. 182 |
| Intelligence and Law Enforcement Collaboration | p. 185 |
| Statutory and Policy Barriers | p. 185 |
| Post-9/11 Actions to Remove Barriers to Counterterrorism Collaboration | p. 187 |
| Challenges in Sharing Intelligence with Law Enforcement | p. 189 |
| Information Sharing and Protection of Sources and Methods | p. 191 |
| Legislation | p. 191 |
| Executive Directives Relevant to Sharing and Protecting Intelligence | p. 192 |
| Leaks | p. 195 |
| Protecting Classified Information in Court | p. 196 |
| Covert Action | p. 197 |
| Intelligence Oversight | p. 201 |
| Executive Oversight | p. 201 |
| Judicial Oversight | p. 203 |
| Legislative Oversight | p. 204 |
| Conclusion | p. 206 |
| National Security Reform | p. 219 |
| 21st-century National Security Threats Require Seamless Integration of Executive Branch Departments and Agencies | p. 218 |
| The National Security Council System | p. 220 |
| The National Security Council System's Inadequacy for 21st-century Threats | p. 222 |
| Options for Reforming the National Security Council System in Light of the Separation of Powers | p. 225 |
| Updating the Counterterrorism Toolkit: A Brief Sampling of Post-9/11 Surveillance Laws and Authorities | p. 233 |
| General Procedural Requirements for Criminal Surveillance | p. 233 |
| Procedural Requirements to Conduct Criminal Surveillance Have Evolved to Balance Public Safety and Individual Liberty | p. 233 |
| Government Surveillance Laws Prior to 1978 | p. 234 |
| Communications Act of 1934 | p. 235 |
| Title III of the Omnibus Crime and Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 | p. 235 |
| Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 | p. 236 |
| Background | p. 236 |
| FISA Surveillance: 1978-2001 | p. 237 |
| Expansion of FISA Surveillance Post-2001: The PATRIOT Act and IRTPA | p. 238 |
| Expansion to Permit Roving Wiretaps (PATRIOT Act) | p. 238 |
| Expansion to Permit Surveillance of "Lone Wolf" Terrorists (IRTPA) | p. 240 |
| Expansion to Permit Collection of "Any Tangible Thing" (PATRIOT Act) | p. 241 |
| Expansion of FISA Surveillance Post-2001: The Protect America Act of 2007 and the FISA Amendment Act of 2008 | p. 242 |
| The Protect America Act of 2007 | p. 243 |
| The FISA Amendments Act of 2008 | p. 245 |
| National Security Letters | p. 246 |
| Expansion of NSLs under the PATRIOT Act (Section 505) | p. 246 |
| Controversy over PATRIOT Act Expansion of NSLs | p. 247 |
| Solutions and Amendments to NSL Provisions | p. 247 |
| NSL Procedures and Problems | p. 248 |
| Conclusion | p. 249 |
| Index | p. 273 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |