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Invitation to Psychology

ISBN: 9780321060464 | 0321060466
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Publisher: PRENTICE HALL
Pub. Date: 6/1/1999

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SummaryTable of Contents
Log onto www.prenhall.com/wade where you will have FREE access to an online and interactive study guide. At this text-specific Companion Website, psychology comes alive with full-color visuals, animations, interactive exercises, Flash Cards, and much more! All designed to help you increase your understanding of Introductory Psychology. Book jacket.
To the Instructorxiii
To the Studentxxiii
About the Authorsxxv
What is Psychology?
2(36)
... MOREThe Science of Psychology
4(4)
Psychology, Pseudoscience, and Common Sense
4(1)
The Birth of Modern Psychology
5(1)
Psychology's Present
6(2)
What Psychologists Do
8(4)
Psychological Research
8(1)
Psychological Practice
9(2)
Psychology in the Community
11(1)
Critical and Scientific Thinking in Psychology
12(5)
Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts
17(5)
Case Studies
18(1)
Observational Studies
18(1)
Tests
19(1)
Surveys
20(2)
Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships
22(2)
The Experiment: Hunting for Causes
24(5)
Experimental Variables
24(2)
Experimental and Control Conditions
26(1)
Experimenter Effects
27(1)
Advantages and Limitations of Experiments
28(1)
Evaluating the Findings
29(4)
Why Psychologists Use Statistics
29(2)
From the Laboratory to the Real World
31(1)
Choosing the Best Explanation
31(1)
Judging the Result's Importance
32(1)
Taking Psychology with You: What Psychology Can Do for You---and What It Can't
33(5)
PART ONE YOURSELF
Theories of Personality
38(34)
The Elements of Personality
40(2)
The Biological Tradition
42(5)
Heredity and Temperament
42(2)
Heredity and Traits
44(1)
Computing Heritability
45(1)
How Heritable Are Personality Traits?
46(1)
Evaluating Genetic Theories
46(1)
The Learning Tradition
47(5)
The Behavioral School
48(1)
The Cognitive Social-Learning School
48(1)
Habits, Beliefs, and Behavior
49(1)
Perceptions of Control
49(1)
Evaluating Learning Theories
50(2)
The Cultural Tradition
52(3)
Culture and Personality
52(2)
Evaluating Cultural Theories
54(1)
The Psychodynamic Tradition
55(9)
Freud and Psychoanalysis
56(1)
The Structure of Personality
56(2)
The Development of Personality
58(2)
Two Other Psychodynamic Approaches
60(1)
Jungian Theory
60(1)
The Object-Relations School
60(2)
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories
62(2)
The Humanist Tradition
64(4)
The Inner Experience
64(2)
Evaluating Humanist Theories
66(2)
Taking Psychology with You: How to Avoid the Barnum Effect
68(4)
Development over the Life Span
72(40)
From Conception to the First Year
74(6)
Prenatal Development
74(2)
The Infant's World
76(1)
Physical Abilities
76(1)
Attachment
77(3)
Cognitive Development
80(8)
The Ability to Think
80(1)
Piaget's Cognitive Stages
81(1)
Evaluating Piaget
82(3)
The Ability to Speak
85(3)
Gender Development
88(4)
Gender and Biology
88(1)
Gender and Learning
89(1)
Gender and Cognition
90(2)
Moral Development
92(5)
Moral Judgments: Reasoning About Morality
92(2)
Moral Behavior: Rearing a Moral Child
94(3)
Adolescence
97(4)
The Physiology of Adolescence
98(1)
The Psychology of Adolescence
99(2)
Adulthood
101(6)
The Biological Clock
101(1)
Menopause and Midlife
101(1)
The Coming of Age
102(2)
The Social Clock
104(1)
Stages and Ages
104(1)
The Transitions of Life
105(2)
Taking Psychology with You: Bringing Up Baby
107(5)
PART TWO YOUR BODY
Neurons, Hormones, and the Brain
112(36)
The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint
114(3)
The Central Nervous System
114(1)
The Peripheral Nervous System
115(2)
Communication in the Nervous System
117(8)
The Structure of the Neuron
118(2)
How Neurons Communicate
120(2)
Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System
122(1)
Neurotransmitters: Versatile Couriers
122(1)
Endorphins: The Brain's Natural Opiates
123(1)
Hormones: Long-Distance Messengers
124(1)
Mapping the Brain
125(3)
A Tour Through the Brain
128(6)
The Brain Stem
128(1)
The Cerebellum
129(1)
The Thalamus
129(1)
The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
129(1)
The Limbic System
129(1)
The Amygdala
130(1)
The Hippocampus
130(1)
The Cerebrum
131(1)
The Cerebral Cortex
131(1)
Lobes of the Cortex
132(2)
The Two Hemispheres of the Brain
134(4)
Split Brains: A House Divided
134(2)
A Question of Dominance
136(2)
Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research
138(6)
Why Do We Dream?
138(3)
Are There ``His'' and ``Hers'' Brains?
141(3)
Taking Psychology with You: Food for Thought: Diet and Neurotransmitters
144(4)
Sensation and Perception
148(38)
Our Sensational Senses
150(5)
The Riddle of Separate Sensations
150(1)
Measuring the Senses
151(1)
Absolute Thresholds
151(1)
Difference Thresholds
151(2)
Signal-Detection Theory
153(1)
Sensory Adaptation
153(1)
Sensory Overload
154(1)
Vision
155(12)
What We See
155(1)
An Eye on the World
156(2)
Why the Visual System Is Not a Camera
158(1)
How We See Colors
159(2)
Constructing the Visual World
161(1)
Form Perception
161(1)
Depth and Distance Perception
162(2)
Visual Constances: When Seeing Is Believing
164(1)
Visual Illusions: When Seeing Is Misleading
165(2)
Hearing
167(3)
What We Hear
167(1)
An Ear on the World
167(2)
Constructing the Auditory World
169(1)
Other Senses
170(5)
Taste: Savory Sensations
170(2)
Smell: The Sense of Scents
172(1)
Senses of the Skin
173(1)
The Environment Within
174(1)
Perceptual Powers: Origins and Influences
175(3)
Inborn Abilities and Perceptual Lessons
176(1)
Psychological and Cultural Influences on Perception
176(2)
Puzzles of Perception
178(4)
Conscious and Nonconscious Perception
178(2)
Extrasensory Perception: Reality or Illusion?
180(1)
Evidence or Coincidence?
180(1)
Lessons from a Magician
181(1)
Taking Psychology with You: Living with Pain
182(4)
PART THREE YOUR MIND
Thinking and Intelligence
186(40)
Thought: Using What We Know
188(3)
The Elements of Cognition
188(1)
How Conscious Is Thought?
189(2)
Reasoning Rationally
191(5)
Formal Reasoning: Algorithms and Logic
191(1)
Informal Reasoning: Heuristics and Dialectical Thinking
192(1)
Reflective Judgment
193(3)
Barriers to Reasoning Rationally
196(6)
Exaggerating the Improbable
196(1)
Avoiding Loss
197(1)
The Confirmation Bias
197(2)
Biases Due to Mental Sets
199(1)
The Hindsight Bias
199(1)
Cognitive-Dissonance Reduction
200(2)
Intelligence
202(8)
Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach
203(1)
Binet's Brainstorm
203(1)
Culture-Free and Culture-Fair Tests
204(3)
Beyond the IQ Test
207(1)
Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach
207(1)
The Triarchic Theory
208(1)
Domains of Intelligence
208(2)
The Origins of Intelligence
210(6)
Genes and Intelligence
210(2)
The Environment and Intelligence
212(3)
Attitudes, Motivation, and Intelligence
215(1)
Animal Minds
216(4)
Animal Intelligence
217(1)
Animals and Language
217(3)
Taking Psychology with you: Becoming More Creative
220(6)
Memory
226(34)
Reconstructing the Past
228(7)
The Conditions of Confabulation
229(2)
Hypnosis and Memory
231(1)
The Fading Flashbulb
232(1)
The Eyewitness on Trial
232(3)
Measuring Memory
235(2)
The Three-Box Model of Memory
237(7)
Memory as Information Processing
237(2)
Sensory Memory: Fleeting Impressions
239(1)
Short-term Memory: Memory's Work Area
239(2)
Long-term Memory: Final Destination
241(1)
Organization in Long-term Memory
241(2)
The Contents of Long-term Memory
243(1)
From Short-term to Long-term Memory: A Riddle
243(1)
How We Remember
244(4)
Effective Encoding
245(1)
Rehearsal
245(2)
Mnemonics
247(1)
Why We Forget
248(4)
The Decay Theory
248(1)
New Memories for Old
249(1)
Interference
250(1)
Motivated Forgetting
251(1)
Cue-dependent Forgetting
251(1)
Autobiographical Memories
252(4)
Childhood Amnesia: The Missing Years
252(2)
Memory and Narrative: The Stories of Our Lives
254(2)
Taking Psychology with You: How to... Uh... Remember
256(4)
PART FOUR YOUR ENVIRONMENT
Learning
260(36)
Classical Conditioning
262(4)
New Reflexes from Old
263(1)
What's Really Learned in Classical Conditioning?
264(1)
Principles of Classical Conditioning
265(1)
Extinction
265(1)
Higher-order Conditioning
266(1)
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
266(1)
Classical Conditioning in Real Life
266(4)
Accounting for Taste
267(1)
Learning to Like
267(1)
Learning to Fear
268(1)
Reacting to Drugs
269(1)
Operant Conditioning
270(9)
Reinforcement and Punishment: The Carrot and the Stick
272(1)
Positive and Negative Reinforcers and Punishers
273(1)
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers and Punishers
274(1)
Principles of Operant Conditioning
275(1)
Extinction
276(1)
Immediate Versus Delayed Consequences
276(1)
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
276(1)
Learning on Schedule
276(1)
Shaping
277(1)
Superstition
278(1)
Operant Conditioning in Real Life
279(6)
The Problem with Punishment
280(3)
The Problem with Reward
283(2)
Social-Learning Theories
285(4)
Observational Learning: The Copycat Syndrome
286(1)
Cognitive Processes: Peering into the ``Black Box''
287(2)
Behavior and the Mind: The Question of Insight
289(2)
Taking Psychology with You: Shape Up!
291(5)
Behavior in Social and Cultural Context
296(36)
Roles and Rules
298(6)
The Obedience Study
299(2)
The Prison Study
301(1)
The Power of Roles
302(2)
Identity, Attributions, and Attitudes
304(7)
Self-identity
304(2)
Attributions
306(1)
Attitudes
307(1)
Where Do Attitudes Come From?
307(1)
Friendly Persuasion
308(1)
Coercive Persuasion
309(2)
Individuals in Groups
311(6)
Conformity
312(1)
Groupthink
313(1)
The Anonymous Crowd
314(1)
Courage and Nonconformity
315(2)
Cross-cultural Relations
317(11)
Stereotypes
319(1)
Prejudice
320(1)
The Origins of Prejudice
321(1)
Varieties of Prejudice
322(1)
Can Cultures Get Along?
323(5)
Taking Psychology with You: Travels Across the Cultural Divide
328(4)
PART FIVE YOUR MENTAL HEALTH
Psychological Disorders
332(36)
Defining and Diagnosing Disorder
334(6)
Assessing Mental Disorders
335(2)
Diagnosis: Art or Science?
337(3)
Anxiety Disorders
340(4)
Anxiety States
340(1)
Fears and Phobias
341(1)
Obsessions and Compulsions
342(2)
Mood Disorders
344(4)
Depression and Mania
344(1)
Theories of Depression
345(3)
Personality Disorders
348(3)
Problem Personalities
348(1)
The Antisocial Personality
349(2)
Dissociative Disorders
351(2)
Amnesia and Fugue
351(1)
Dissociative Identity Disorder (``Multiple Personality'')
352(1)
Drug Abuse and Addiction
353(6)
The Biological Model
354(1)
The Learning Model
355(2)
Debating Theories of Addiction
357(2)
Schizophrenia
359(5)
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
359(2)
Theories of Schizophrenia
361(3)
Taking Psychology with You: When a Friend Is Suicidal
364(4)
Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
368(30)
Biological Treatments
370(5)
The Question of Drugs
370(3)
Surgery and Electroshock
373(2)
Kinds of Psychotherapy
375(9)
Psychodynamic Therapy
376(1)
Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy
377(1)
Behavioral Techniques
377(1)
Cognitive Techniques
378(2)
Humanist and Existential Therapy
380(1)
Family Therapy
381(1)
Psychotherapy in Practice
382(2)
Alternatives to Psychotherapy
384(2)
The Community and Rehabilitation Movements
384(1)
The Self-help Movement
385(1)
Evaluating Psychotherapy and Its Alternatives
386(8)
The Scientist--Practitioner Gap
387(1)
When Therapy Helps
388(1)
Successful Clients and Therapists
388(1)
Cultural and Group Differences
389(1)
Which Therapy for Which Problem?
390(1)
When Therapy Harms
391(3)
Taking Psychology with You: How to Evaluate a Self-help Book
394(4)
PART SIX YOUR LIFE
Emotion, Stress, and Health
398(32)
The Nature of Emotion
400(7)
Emotion and the Body
400(1)
The Face of Emotion
400(3)
Emotion and the Brain
403(1)
The Energy of Emotion
404(1)
Emotion and the Mind
405(2)
Emotion and Culture
407(5)
The Varieties of Emotion
408(1)
Communicating Emotions
408(4)
The Nature of Stress
412(6)
Stress and the Body
412(1)
Stressors Affecting the Body
413(1)
The Stress-Illness Mystery
414(1)
Stress and the Mind
415(1)
Optimism and Pessimism
415(1)
The Sense of Control
416(2)
Stress and Emotion
418(3)
Hostility and Depression
418(1)
Emotional Inhibition
419(2)
Emotions, Stress, and Health: How to Cope
421(5)
Cooling Off
421(1)
Solving the Problem
422(1)
Rethinking the Problem
423(1)
Looking Outward
423(3)
Taking Psychology with You: The Dilemma of Anger: ``Let It Out'' or ``Bottle It Up''?
426(4)
The Major Motives of Life: Love, Sex, Food, and Work
430(34)
The Social Animal: Motives for Love
432(4)
The Varieties of Love
432(3)
Gender, Culture, and Love
435(1)
The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex
436(10)
The Biology of Desire
437(1)
Hormones, Anatomy, and Sexual Response
437(1)
The Evolutionary View
438(2)
The Psychology of Desire
440(2)
The Culture of Desire
442(1)
Cultural Variations in Sexuality
442(1)
Sexual Scripts
442(1)
The Origins of Sexual Attitudes
443(1)
The Riddle of Sexual Orientation
444(2)
The Hungry Animal: Motives to Eat
446(5)
The Genetics of Weight
446(2)
Culture, Psychology, and Weight
448(1)
Dilemmas of Dieting
449(2)
The Competent Animal: Motives to Work
451(7)
The Effects of Motivation on Work
451(1)
Expectations and Values
451(1)
Goals and Aspirations
452(1)
Competence and Self-efficacy
453(1)
Needs for Achievement and Power
453(3)
The Effects of Work on Motivation
456(1)
Working Conditions
456(1)
Opportunities to Achieve
456(2)
When Motives Conflict
458(2)
Taking Psychology with You: Improving Your Motivation
460(4)
Appendix: Statistical Methods464
GlossaryG-1
BibliographyB-1
CreditsC-1
Author IndexAI-1
Subject IndexSI-1

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