Rent 9780131470583 | Introductory Chemistry | Tro, Nivaldo J. @knetbooks.com

Summary Table of Contents

Open Tro to See The Difference from other Intro/Prep Chemistry books. The innovative problem-solving pedagogy (eg., multi-column worked examples), relevant molecular art, and outstanding media program (including PH GradeAssist, our customizable online homework system) drove Tro to the number 2 spot in the market in only its first edition. The organization allows optimum flexibility for instructors on topics such as electronic structure and chemical bonding.

To the Student

xvi

To the Instructor

xvii

Preface

xix

The Chemical World

(10)

... MORE

(2)

Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things

(1)

All Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules

(1)

The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think

(3)

Combustion and the Scientific Method

(1)

A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed

(4)

Chapter in Review

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Exercises

(3)

Measurement and Problem Solving

(40)

Measuring Global Temperatures

(1)

Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers

(2)

Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision

(4)

Counting Significant Figures

(1)

Exact Numbers

(1)

The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate Our Cosmic Past

(1)

Significant Figures in Calculations

(4)

Multiplication and Division

(1)

Rounding

(1)

Addition and Subtraction

(1)

Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division and Addition/Subtraction

(2)

The Basic Units of Measurement

(3)

The Standard Units

(1)

Prefix Multipliers

(1)

Derived Units

(1)

Converting from One Unit to Another

(3)

Solving Unit Conversion Problems

(1)

Solving Multistep Conversion Problems

(3)

Drug Dosage

(1)

Units Raised to a Power

(1)

Density

(4)

Calculating Density

(1)

Density as a Conversion Factor

(1)

Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease

(1)

Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map

(15)

Solving Numerical Problems

(2)

Chapter in Review

(3)

Key Terms

(1)

Exercises

(9)

Matter and Energy

(34)

In Your Room

(1)

What Is Matter?

(1)

Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas

(1)

Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

(3)

How We Tell Different Kinds of Matter Apart: Physical and Chemical Properties

(1)

How Matter Changes: Physical and Chemical Changes

(2)

Separating Mixtures through Physical Changes

(1)

Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter

(1)

Energy

(2)

Units of Energy

(1)

Perpetual Motion

(1)

Temperature: Random Molecular and Atomic Motion

(3)

Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity

(2)

Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water

(1)

Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations

(17)

Chapter in Review

(4)

Key Terms

(1)

Exercises

(9)

Atoms and Elements

(32)

Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon

(1)

Indivisible: The Atomic Theory

(1)

Atoms and Humans

(1)

The Nuclear Atom

(2)

The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

(2)

Solid Matter?

(2)

Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons

(2)

Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table

(5)

Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons

(3)

Ions and the Periodic Table

(2)

Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies

101

(2)

Atomic Mass

103

(14)

Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington

104

(1)

Chapter in Review

105

(3)

Key Terms

108

(1)

Exercises

108

(9)

Molecules and Compounds

117

(36)

Sugar and Salt

117

(1)

Compounds Display Constant Composition

118

(2)

Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds

120

(2)

A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds

122

(3)

Atomic Elements

123

(1)

Molecular Elements

123

(1)

Molecular Compounds

124

(1)

Ionic Compounds

124

(1)

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

125

(2)

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

126

(1)

Nomenclature: Naming Compounds

127

(1)

Naming Ionic Compounds

127

(5)

Naming Type I Binary Ionic Compounds

128

(1)

Naming Type II Binary Ionic Compounds

129

(1)

Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion

130

(2)

Polyatomic Ions

132

(1)

Naming Molecular Compounds

132

(2)

Naming Acids

134

(2)

Naming Binary Acids

134

(1)

Naming Oxyacids

135

(1)

Nomenclature Summary

136

(2)

Ionic Compounds

137

(1)

Molecular Compounds

137

(1)

Acids

137

(1)

Acid Rain

138

(1)

Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit

138

(15)

Chapter in Review

140

(3)

Key Terms

143

(1)

Exercises

144

(9)

Chemical Composition

153

(36)

How Much Sodium?

153

(1)

Counting Nails by the Pound

154

(1)

Counting Atoms by the Gram

155

(4)

Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms

155

(1)

Converting between Grams and Moles of an Element

156

(2)

Converting between Grams of an Element and Number of Atoms

158

(1)

Counting Molecules by the Gram

159

(3)

Converting between Grams and Moles of a Compound

159

(2)

Converting between Grams of a Compound and Number of Molecules

161

(1)

Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors

162

(3)

Converting between Moles of a Compound and Moles of a Constituent Element

163

(1)

Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element

164

(1)

Mass Percent Composition of Compounds

165

(3)

Chlorine in Chlorofluorocarbons

166

(2)

Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula

168

(2)

Fluoridation of Drinking Water

169

(1)

Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds

170

(3)

Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data

171

(1)

Obtaining an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data

172

(1)

Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds

173

(16)

Chapter in Review

175

(5)

Key Terms

180

(1)

Exercises

180

(9)

Chemical Reactions

189

(44)

Kindergarten Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents

189

(1)

Evidence of a Chemical Reaction

190

(3)

The Chemical Equation

193

(2)

How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations

195

(4)

Writing Balanced Chemical Equations

196

(3)

Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water

199

(2)

Solubility

200

(1)

Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid

201

(4)

Predicting Precipitation Reactions

202

(1)

Writing Equations for Precipitation Reactions

203

(2)

Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations

205

(1)

Acid--Base and Gas Evolution Reactions

206

(4)

Acid--Base (Neutralization) Reactions

207

(1)

Gas Evolution Reactions

208

(2)

Neutralizing Excess Stomach Acid

210

(1)

Oxidation--Reduction Reactions

210

(2)

Combustion Reactions

211

(1)

Classifying Chemical Reactions

212

(21)

Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do

213

(2)

Classification Flow Chart

215

(2)

The Reactions Involved in Ozone Depletion

217

(1)

Chapter in Review

217

(5)

Key Terms

222

(1)

Exercises

222

(11)

Quantities in Chemical Reactions

233

(30)

Global Warming: Too Much Carbon Dioxide

233

(1)

Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients

234

(1)

Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions

235

(3)

The Controversy over Oxygenated Fuels

237

(1)

Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions

238

(3)

More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield

241

(3)

Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants

244

(19)

Bunsen Burners

248

(1)

Chapter in Review

248

(4)

Key Terms

252

(1)

Exercises

252

(11)

Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table

263

(42)

Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom

263

(2)

Light: Electromagnetic Radiation

265

(1)

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

266

(3)

Radiation Treatment for Cancer

268

(1)

The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits

269

(3)

The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals

272

(2)

Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps

273

(1)

From Orbits to Orbitals

274

(1)

Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals

274

(8)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

276

(1)

Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals

277

(5)

Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

282

(3)

Valence Electrons

282

(3)

The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model

285

(2)

Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character

287

(18)

Atomic Size

287

(2)

Pumping Ions: Atomic Size and Nerve Impulses

289

(1)

Ionization Energy

289

(2)

Metallic Character

291

(2)

Chapter in Review

293

(3)

Key Terms

296

(1)

Exercises

296

(9)

Chemical Bonding

305

(36)

Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs

305

(1)

Representing Valence Electrons with Dots

306

(1)

Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred

307

(1)

Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared

308

(2)

Double and Triple Bonds

309

(1)

Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds

310

(4)

Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds

311

(1)

Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions

312

(1)

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

313

(1)

Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule

314

(2)

The Lewis Structure of Ozone

316

(1)

Predicting the Shapes of Molecules

316

(5)

Predicting Geometry Using VSEPR

319

(1)

Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper

320

(1)

Fooled by Molecular Shape

321

(1)

Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don't Mix

321

(20)

Electronegativity

322

(2)

Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules

324

(4)

How Soap Works

328

(1)

Chapter in Review

328

(4)

Key Terms

332

(1)

Exercises

332

(9)

Gases

341

(54)

Extralong Straws

341

(2)

Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases

343

(2)

Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions

345

(4)

Pressure Units

346

(1)

Pressure Unit Conversion

347

(1)

Airplane Cabin Pressurization

348

(1)

Boyle's Law: Pressure and Volume

349

(5)

Extralong Snorkels

354

(1)

Charles's Law: Volume and Temperature

354

(4)

The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature

358

(2)

Avogadro's Law: Volume and Moles

360

(2)

The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles

362

(7)

Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law

366

(3)

Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen

369

(4)

Deep-Sea Diving and Partial Pressure

370

(2)

Collecting Gases over Water

372

(1)

Gases in Chemical Reactions

373

(22)

Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure

376

(2)

Air Pollution

378

(1)

Chapter in Review

379

(5)

Key Terms

384

(1)

Exercises

384

(11)

Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces

395

(34)

Interactions between Molecules

395

(1)

Properties of Liquids and Solids

396

(2)

Properties of Liquids

396

(1)

Properties of Solids

396

(2)

Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity

398

(1)

Surface Tension

398

(1)

Viscosity

398

(1)

Why Are Water Drops Spherical?

399

(1)

Evaporation and Condensation

399

(5)

Boiling

401

(1)

Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation

402

(1)

Heat of Vaporization

402

(2)

Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation

404

(3)

Energetics of Melting and Freezing

405

(1)

Heat of Fusion

405

(2)

Sublimation

407

(1)

Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole--Dipole, and Hydrogen Bonding

407

(6)

Dispersion Force

407

(1)

Dipole--Dipole Force

408

(3)

Hydrogen Bonding

411

(2)

Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic

413

(4)

Hydrogen Bonding in DNA

414

(1)

Molecular Solids

414

(1)

Ionic Solids

415

(1)

Atomic Solids

416

(1)

Water: A Remarkable Molecule

417

(12)

Water Pollution

418

(1)

Chapter in Review

418

(4)

Key Terms

422

(1)

Exercises

422

(7)

Solutions

429

(40)

Tragedy in Cameroon

429

(1)

Solutions: Homogenous Mixtures

430

(1)

Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy

431

(4)

Solubility and Saturation

433

(1)

Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids

433

(1)

How Solubility Varies with Temperature

434

(1)

Rock Candy

434

(1)

Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz

435

(1)

Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent

436

(4)

Mass Percent

436

(2)

Using Mass Percent in Calculations

438

(2)

The Dirty Dozen

440

(1)

Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity

440

(4)

Using Molarity in Calculations

442

(2)

Ion Concentrations

444

(1)

Solution Dilution

444

(2)

Solution Stoichiometry

446

(2)

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter

448

(5)

Freezing Point Depression

449

(2)

Boiling Point Elevation

451

(1)

Antifreeze in Frogs

452

(1)

Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration

453

(16)

Solutions in Medicine

454

(1)

Chapter in Review

455

(5)

Key Terms

460

(1)

Exercises

460

(9)

Acids and Bases

469

(44)

Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies

469

(1)

Acids: Properties and Examples

470

(2)

Bases: Properties and Examples

472

(1)

Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases

473

(3)

The Arrhenius Definition

473

(1)

The Bronsted--Lowry Definition

474

(2)

Reactions of Acids and Bases

476

(3)

Neutralization Reactions

476

(1)

Acid Reactions

477

(1)

Base Reactions

478

(1)

What Is in My Antacid?

479

(1)

Acid--Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution

479

(3)

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

482

(6)

Strong Acids

482

(1)

Weak Acids

483

(3)

Strong Bases

486

(1)

Weak Bases

486

(2)

Water: Acid and Base in One

488

(2)

The pH Scale: A Way to Express Acidity and Basicity

490

(4)

Calculating pH from [H3O+]

492

(1)

Calculating [H3O+] from pH

493

(1)

Ulcers

494

(1)

Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change

494

(2)

The Danger of Antifreeze

496

(1)

Acid Rain: An Environmental Problem Related to Fossil Fuel Combustion

496

(17)

Acid Rain Damage

497

(1)

Acid Rain Legislation

498

(1)

Chapter in Review

498

(6)

Key Terms

504

(1)

Exercises

504

(9)

Chemical Equilibrium

513

(46)

Life: Controlled Disequilibrium

513

(1)

The Rate of a Chemical Reaction

514

(4)

Collision Theory

514

(2)

How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction

516

(1)

How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction

517

(1)

The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium

518

(3)

The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes

521

(3)

Writing Equilibrium Expressions for Chemical Reactions

522

(1)

The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant

522

(2)

Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid

524

(1)

Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants

525

(3)

Calculating Equilibrium Constants

525

(2)

Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations

527

(1)

Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Chatelier's Principle

528

(2)

The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium

530

(2)

How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen from Its Mother

532

(1)

The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium

532

(2)

The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium

534

(2)

The Solubility-Product Constant

536

(4)

Using Ksp to Determine Molar Solubility

538

(1)

Hard Water

538

(2)

The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst

540

(19)

How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates

540

(2)

Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy

542

(1)

Enzymes: Biological Catalysts

543

(1)

Chapter in Review

544

(4)

Key Terms

548

(1)

Exercises

548

(11)

Oxidation and Reduction

559

(36)

The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?

559

(1)

Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions

560

(3)

Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping

563

(4)

The Bleaching of Hair

566

(1)

Balancing Redox Equations

567

(4)

Balancing Redox Equations Using the Half-Reaction Method

568

(2)

Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy for Life

570

(1)

The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions

571

(3)

Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid

573

(1)

Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity

574

(5)

Dry-Cell Batteries

577

(1)

Lead-Acid Storage Batteries

578

(1)

Fuel Cells

578

(1)

Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry

579

(1)

Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions

580

(15)

The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer

581

(1)

Chapter in Review

582

(3)

Key Terms

585

(1)

Exercises

585

(10)

Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

595

(30)

Diagnosing Appendicitis

595

(1)

The Discovery of Radioactivity

596

(1)

Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay

597

(7)

Alpha (α) Radiation

598

(2)

Beta (β) Radiation

600

(2)

Gamma (γ) Radiation

602

(1)

Positron Emission

602

(2)

Detecting Radioactivity

604

(1)

Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life

605

(3)

A Natural Radioactive Decay Series

606

(2)

Environmental Radon

608

(1)

Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts

608

(2)

The Shroud of Turin

610

(1)

The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb

610

(2)

Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity

612

(2)

Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun

614

(1)

The Effects of Radiation on Life

614

(1)

Acute Radiation Damage

614

(1)

Increased Cancer Risk

615

(1)

Genetic Defects

615

(1)

Measuring Radiation Exposure

615

(1)

Radioactivity in Medicine

615

(10)

Isotope Scanning

616

(1)

Radiotherapy

616

(1)

Chapter in Review

617

(2)

Key Terms

619

(1)

Exercises

619

(6)

Organic Chemistry

625

(52)

What Do I Smell?

625

(2)

Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic

627

(1)

The Origin of Life

628

(1)

Carbon: A Versatile Atom

628

(2)

Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen

630

(2)

Environmental Problems Associated with Hydrocarbon Combustion

631

(1)

Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons

632

(4)

Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure

636

(1)

Naming Alkanes

637

(2)

Naming Alkanes

638

(1)

Alkenes and Alkynes

639

(4)

Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

641

(2)

Hydrocarbon Reactions

643

(2)

Alkanes

643

(1)

Alkenes and Alkynes

644

(1)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

645

(3)

Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons

646

(2)

Functional Groups

648

(1)

Alcohols

649

(1)

Naming Alcohols

649

(1)

About Alcohols

649

(1)

Ethers

650

(1)

Naming Ethers

650

(1)

About Ethers

650

(1)

Aldehydes and Ketones

651

(2)

Naming Aldehydes and Ketones

651

(1)

About Aldehydes and Ketones

652

(1)

Carboxylic Acids and Esters

653

(3)

Naming Carboxylic Acids and Esters

654

(1)

About Carboxylic Acids and Esters

654

(2)

Amines

656

(1)

Polymers

656

(21)

Kevlar: Stronger Than Steel

659

(1)

Chapter in Review

660

(3)

Key Terms

663

(1)

Exercises

664

(13)

Biochemistry

677

The Human Genome Project

677

(1)

The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components

678

(1)

Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber

678

(5)

Monosaccharides

679

(1)

Disaccharides

680

(1)

Polysaccharides

681

(2)

Lipids

683

(7)

Fatty Acids

683

(1)

Fats and Oils

684

(2)

Other Lipids

686

(2)

Dietary Fats

688

(2)

Proteins

690

(3)

Protein Structure

693

(5)

Primary Structure

694

(1)

Secondary Structure

695

(1)

Why Hair Gets Longer When It Is Wet

696

(1)

Tertiary Structure

697

(1)

Quaternary Structure

697

(1)

Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints

698

(2)

DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis

700

DNA Structure

700

(3)

DNA Replication

703

(1)

Protein Synthesis

704

(1)

Drugs for Diabetes

705

(1)

Chapter in Review

705

(2)

Key Terms

707

(1)

Exercises

707

Appendix: Mathematics Review

(1)

Glossary

(1)

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

(1)

Photo Credits

(1)

Index

RENT TEXTBOOKS

Introductory Chemistry

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