ANDRZEJ M. TRZYNADLOWSKI, PhD, is Professor at the Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno. He has published extensively in the areas of power electronics and electric drives, maintaining fruitful collaboration with a number of universities around the world. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE); a member of the Industrial Power Converters Committee and Industrial Drives Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society; and an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

Preface xiii

About the Companion Website xv

1 Principles of Electric Power Conversion 1

1.1 What is Power Electronics? 1

1.2 Generic Power Converter 3

1.3 Waveform Components and Figures of Merit 8

1.4 Phase Control and Square-Wave Mode 16

1.5 Pulse Width Modulation 22

1.6 Computation of Current Waveforms 30

1.6.1 Analytical Solution 30

1.6.2 Numerical Solution 35

1.6.3 Practical Example: Single-Phase Diode Rectifiers 38

Summary 43

Examples 43

Problems 50

Computer Assignments 53

Further Reading 56

2 Semiconductor Power Switches 57

2.1 General Properties of Semiconductor Power Switches 57

2.2 Power Diodes 59

2.3 Semi-Controlled Switches 63

2.3.1 SCRs 64

2.3.2 Triacs 67

2.4 Fully Controlled Switches 68

2.4.1 GTOs 68

2.4.2 IGCTs 69

2.4.3 Power BJTs 70

2.4.4 Power MOSFETs 74

2.4.5 IGBTs 75

2.5 Comparison of Semiconductor Power Switches 77

2.6 Power Modules 79

2.7 Wide Bandgap Devices 84

Summary 86

Further Reading 87

3 Supplementary Components and Systems 88

3.1 What Are Supplementary Components and Systems? 88

3.2 Drivers 89

3.2.1 Drivers for SCRs, Triacs, and BCTs 89

3.2.2 Drivers for GTOs and IGCTs 90

3.2.3 Drivers for BJTs 91

3.2.4 Drivers for Power MOSFETs and IGBTs 94

3.3 Overcurrent Protection Schemes 96

3.4 Snubbers 98

3.4.1 Snubbers for Power Diodes, SCRs, and Triacs 101

3.4.2 Snubbers for GTOs and IGCTs 102

3.4.3 Snubbers for Transistors 103

3.4.4 Energy Recovery from Snubbers 104

3.5 Filters 106

3.6 Cooling 109

3.7 Control 111

Summary 113

Further Reading 114

4 AC-to-DC Converters 115

4.1 Diode Rectifiers 115

4.1.1 Three-Pulse Diode Rectifier 115

4.1.2 Six-Pulse Diode Rectifier 117

4.2 Phase-Controlled Rectifiers 130

4.2.1 Phase-Controlled Six-Pulse Rectifier 130

4.2.2 Dual Converters 143

4.3 PWM Rectifiers 149

4.3.1 Impact of Input Filter 149

4.3.2 Principles of PWM 150

4.3.3 Current-Type PWM Rectifier 158

4.3.4 Voltage-Type PWM Rectifier 163

4.3.5 Vienna Rectifier 175

4.4 Device Selection for Rectifiers 178

4.5 Common Applications of Rectifiers 180

Summary 184

Examples 185

Problems 191

Computer Assignments 193

Further Reading 195

5 AC-to-AC Converters 196

5.1 AC Voltage Controllers 196

5.1.1 Phase-Controlled Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller 196

5.1.2 Phase-Controlled Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers 203

5.1.3 PWM AC Voltage Controllers 211

5.2 Cycloconverters 215

5.3 Matrix Converters 220

5.3.1 Classic Matrix Converters 220

5.3.2 Sparse Matrix Converters 227

5.3.3 Z-Source Matrix Converters 230

5.4 Device Selection for AC-to-AC Converters 234

5.5 Common Applications of AC-to-AC Converters 235

Summary 236

Examples 237

Problems 241

Computer Assignments 242

Further Reading 243

6 DC-to-DC Converters 245

6.1 Static DC Switches 245

6.2 Step-Down Choppers 248

6.2.1 First-Quadrant Chopper 250

6.2.2 Second-Quadrant Chopper 254

6.2.3 First-and-Second-Quadrant Chopper 256

6.2.4 First-and-Fourth-Quadrant Chopper 258

6.2.5 Four-Quadrant Chopper 260

6.3 Step-Up Chopper 262

6.4 Current Control in Choppers 265

6.5 Device Selection for Choppers 265

6.6 Common Applications of Choppers 267

Summary 269

Examples 269

Problems 272

Computer Assignments 274

Further Reading 275

7 DC-to-AC Converters 276

7.1 Voltage-Source Inverters 276

7.1.1 Single-Phase VSI 277

7.1.2 Three-Phase VSI 286

7.1.3 Voltage Control Techniques for PWM Inverters 295

7.1.4 Current Control Techniques for VSIs 306

7.2 Current-Source Inverters 315

7.2.1 Three-Phase Square-Wave CSI 315

7.2.2 Three-Phase PWM CSI 319

7.3 Multilevel Inverters 322

7.3.1 Diode-Clamped Three-Level Inverter 324

7.3.2 Flying-Capacitor Three-Level Inverter 327

7.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter 329

7.4 Soft-Switching Inverters 333

7.5 Device Selection for Inverters 341

7.6 Common Applications of Inverters 344

Summary 352

Examples 352

Problems 359

Computer Assignments 360

Further Reading 362

8 Switching Power Supplies 364

8.1 Basic Types of Switching Power Supplies 364

8.2 Nonisolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 365

8.2.1 Buck Converter 366

8.2.2 Boost Converter 369

8.2.3 Buck–Boost Converter 371

8.2.4 Ĉuk Converter 374

8.2.5 SEPIC and Zeta Converters 378

8.2.6 Comparison of Nonisolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 379

8.3 Isolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 382

8.3.1 Single-Switch-Isolated DC-to-DC Converters 383

8.3.2 Multiple-Switch-Isolated DC-to-DC Converters 386

8.3.3 Comparison of Isolated Switched-Mode DC-to-DC Converters 389

8.4 Resonant DC-to-DC Converters 390

8.4.1 Quasi-Resonant Converters 391

8.4.2 Load-Resonant Converters 395

8.4.3 Comparison of Resonant DC-to-DC Converters 402

Summary 402

Examples 403

Problems 406

Computer Assignments 408

Further Reading 410

9 Power Electronics and Clean Energy 411

9.1 Why is Power Electronics Indispensable in Clean Energy Systems? 411

9.2 Solar and Wind Renewable Energy Systems 413

9.2.1 Solar Energy Systems 413

9.2.2 Wind Energy Systems 417

9.3 Fuel Cell Energy Systems 422

9.4 Electric Cars 424

9.5 Hybrid Cars 426

9.6 Power Electronics and Energy Conservation 430

Summary 431

Further Reading 432

Appendix A Spice Simulations 433

Appendix B Fourier Series 438

Appendix C Three-Phase Systems 442

Index 447

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