Rent 9780201385977 | Interactive Computer Graphics : A Top-Down Approach with OpenGL

Summary Table of Contents Author Biography

This introductory text features a top-down, programming-oriented approach to computer graphics. Capitalizing upon this top-down and hands-on approach, the text quickly gets students writing interesting 3D graphics programs. Angel uses OpenGL, a graphics library supported by most workstations, and the C programming language (which, like OpenGL, is not object-oriented), allowing students to be aware of what is happening at the lowest levels of computer-graphics programming. Each chapter is built around an application, with key principles and techniques explained as needed and in increasing detail, teaching students by example and by practice. While emphasizing applications programming, the book covers all topics required for a fundamental course in computer graphics, such as light-material interactions, shading, modeling, curves and surfaces, antialiasing, texture mapping, and compositing, as well as hardware issues. The top-down approach taken in this book enables students of computer science and engineering to generate complex interactive applications by the end of their first course, and will give them a solid background for future work or study in computer graphics.

Preface

Chapter 1 Graphics Systems and Models

(34)

1.1 Applications of Computer Graphics

(3)

... MORE

1.1.1 Display of Information

(1)

1.1.2 Design

(1)

1.1.3 Simulation

(1)

1.1.4 User Interfaces

(1)

1.2 A Graphics System

(4)

1.2.1 Pixels and the Frame Buffer

(1)

1.2.2 Output Devices

(1)

1.2.3 Input Devices

(1)

1.3 Images: Physical and Synthetic

(6)

1.3.1 Objects and Viewers

(2)

1.3.2 Light and Images

(2)

1.3.3 Ray Tracing

(2)

1.4 The Human Visual System

(2)

1.5 The Pinhole Camera

(2)

1.6 The Synthetic-Camera Model

(2)

1.7 The Programmer's Interface

(5)

1.7.1 Application Programmer's Interfaces

(2)

1.7.2 A Sequence of Images

(1)

1.7.3 The Modeling-Rendering Paradigm

(1)

1.8 Graphics Architectures

(5)

1.8.1 Display Processors

(1)

1.8.2 Pipeline Architectures

(2)

1.8.3 Transformations

(1)

1.8.4 Clipping

(1)

1.8.5 Projection

(1)

1.8.6 Rasterization

(1)

1.8.7 Performance Characteristics

(1)

1.9 Summary

(1)

1.10 Suggested Readings

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Chapter 2 Graphics Programming

(50)

2.1 The Sierpinski Gasket

(7)

2.1.1 The Pen-Plotter Model

(5)

2.1.2 Coordinate Systems

(1)

2.2 The OpenGL API

(3)

2.2.1 Graphics Functions

(1)

2.2.2 The OpenGL Interface

(1)

2.3 Primitives and Attributes

(7)

2.3.1 Polygon Basics

(2)

2.3.2 Polygon Types in OpenGL

(1)

2.3.3 Text

(1)

2.3.4 Curved Objects

(1)

2.3.5 Attributes

(1)

2.4 Color

(8)

2.4.1 RGB Color

(2)

2.4.2 Indexed Color

(1)

2.4.3 Setting of Color Attributes

(1)

2.5 Viewing

(3)

2.5.1 Two-Dimensional Viewing

(1)

2 5.2 The Orthographic View

(2)

2.5.3 Matrix Modes

(1)

2.6 Control Functions

(6)

2.6.1 Interaction with the Window System

(2)

2.6.2 Aspect Ratio and Viewports

(1)

2.6.3 The main, display, and myinit Functions

(2)

2 6.4 Program Structure

(1)

2.7 The Gasket Program

(1)

2.8 Polygons and Recursion

(3)

2.9 The Three-Dimensional Gasket

(5)

2.9.1 Use of Three-Dimensional Points

(2)

2.9.2 Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions

(1)

2.9.3 Hidden-Surface Removal

(2)

2.10 Summary

(1)

2.11 Suggested Readings

(1)

Exercises

(4)

Chapter 3 Input and Interaction

(44)

3.1 Interaction

(2)

3.2 Input Devices

(7)

3.2.1 Physical Input Devices

(3)

3.2.2 Logical Devices

(1)

3.2.3 Measure and Trigger

(1)

3.2.4 Input Modes

(2)

3.3 Clients and Servers

(1)

3.4 Display Lists

(8)

3.4.1 Definition and Execution of Display Lists

(2)

3.4.2 Text and Display Lists

(3)

3.4.3 Fonts in GLUT

102

(1)

3.5 Programming Event-Driven Input

103

(6)

3.5.1 Using the Pointing Device

103

(3)

3.5.2 Window Events

106

(2)

3.5.3 Keyboard Events

108

(1)

3.5.4 The Display and Idle Callbacks

108

(1)

3.5.5 Window Management

109

(1)

3.6 Menus

109

(2)

3.7 Picking

111

(1)

3.8 A Simple Paint Program

112

(6)

3.9 Animating Interactive Programs

118

(4)

3.9.1 The Rotating Square

118

(2)

3.9.2 Double Buffering

120

(1)

3.9.3 Other Buffering Problems

121

(1)

3.10 Design of Interactive Programs

122

(2)

3.10.1 Toolkits, Widgets, and the Frame Buffer

123

(1)

3.11 Summary

124

(1)

3.12 Suggested Readings

125

(1)

Exercises

126

(3)

Chapter 4 Geometric Objects and Transformations

129

(64)

4.1 Scalars, Points, and Vectors

130

(8)

4.1.1 The Geometric View

130

(1)

4.1.2 The Mathematical View: Vector and Affine Spaces

131

(1)

4.1.3 The Computer-Science View

132

(1)

4.1.4 Geometric ADTs

133

(1)

4.1.5 Lines

134

(1)

4.1.6 Affine Sums

135

(1)

4.1.7 Convexity

135

(1)

4.1.8 Dot and Cross Products

136

(1)

4.1.9 Planes

137

(1)

4.2 Three-Dimensional Primitives

138

(1)

4.3 Coordinate Systems and Frames

139

(13)

4.3.1 Changes of Coordinate Systems

141

(3)

4.3.2 Example of Change of Representation

144

(1)

4 3.3 Homogeneous Coordinates

145

(3)

4.3.4 Example of Change in Frames

148

(1)

4.3.5 Frames and ADTs

149

(2)

4.3.6 Frames in OpenGL

151

(1)

4.4 Modeling a Colored Cube

152

(8)

4.4.1 Modeling of a Cube

153

(1)

4.4.2 Inward- and Outward-Pointing Faces

154

(1)

4.4.3 Data Structures for Object Representation

155

(1)

4.4.4 The Color Cube

156

(1)

4.4.5 Bilinear Interpolation

157

(1)

4.4.6 Vertex Arrays

158

(2)

4.5 Affine Transformations

160

(3)

4.6 Rotation, Translation, and Scaling

163

(3)

4.6.1 Translation

163

(1)

4.6.2 Rotation

164

(2)

4.6.3 Scaling

166

(1)

4.7 Transformations in Homogeneous Coordinates

166

(5)

4.7.1 Translation

167

(1)

4.7.2 Scaling

168

(1)

4.7.3 Rotation

168

(2)

4.7.4 Shear

170

(1)

4.8 Concatenation of Transformations

171

(7)

4.8.1 Rotation About a Fixed Point

172

(1)

4.8.2 General Rotation

173

(1)

4.8.3 The Instance Transformation

174

(1)

4.8.4 Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis

175

(3)

4.9 OpenGL Transformation Matrices

178

(6)

4.9.1 The Current Transformation Matrix

179

(1)

4.9.2 Rotation, Translation, and Scaling

180

(1)

4 9.3 Rotation About a Fixed Point in OpenGL

180

(1)

4.9.4 Order of Transformations

181

(1)

4.9.5 Spinning of the Cube

182

(1)

4.9.6 Loading, Pushing, and Popping Matrices

183

(1)

4.10 Interfaces to Three-Dimensional Applications

184

(4)

4.10.1 Using Areas of the Screen

184

(1)

4.10.2 A Virtual Trackball

185

(2)

4.10.3 Smooth Rotations

187

(1)

4.11 Summary

188

(1)

4.12 Suggested Readings

189

(1)

Exercises

189

(4)

Chapter 5 Viewing

193

(46)

5.1 Classical and Computer Viewing

194

(7)

5.1.1 Classical Viewing

195

(1)

5.1.2 Orthographic Projections

196

(1)

5.1.3 Axonometric Projections

197

(1)

5.1.4 Oblique Projections

198

(1)

5.1.5 Perspective Viewing

199

(2)

5.2 Positioning of the Camera

201

(9)

5.2.1 Positioning of the Camera Frame

201

(5)

5.2.2 Two Viewing APIs

206

(3)

5.2.3 The Look-At Function

209

(1)

5.2.4 Other Viewing APIs

209

(1)

5.3 Simple Projections

210

(4)

5.3.1 Perspective Projections

211

(3)

5.3.2 Orthogonal Projections

214

(1)

5.4 Projections in OpenGL

214

(4)

5.4.1 Perspective in OpenGL

215

(2)

5.4.2 Parallel Viewing in OpenGL

217

(1)

5.5 Hidden-Surface Removal

218

(1)

5.6 Walking Through a Scene

219

(2)

5.7 Parallel-Projection Matrices

221

(7)

5.7.1 Projection Normalization

221

(1)

5.7.2 Orthogonal-Projection Matrices

222

(3)

5 7.3 Oblique Projections

225

(3)

5.8 Perspective-Projection Matrices

228

(5)

5.8.1 Perspective Normalization

228

(3)

5.8.2 OpenGL Perspective Transformations

231

(2)

5.9 Projections and Shadows

233

(3)

5.10 Summary

236

(1)

5.11 Suggested Readings

237

(1)

Exercises

237

(2)

Chapter 6 Shading

239

(42)

6.1 Light and Matter

240

(3)

6.2 Light Sources

243

(4)

6.2.1 Color Sources

244

(1)

6.2.2 Ambient Light

244

(1)

6.2.3 Point Sources

245

(1)

6.2.4 Spotlights

246

(1)

6.2.5 Distant Light Sources

246

(1)

6.3 The Phong Reflection Model

247

(5)

6.3.1 Ambient Reflection

249

(1)

6.3.2 Diffuse Reflection

249

(1)

6.3.3 Specular Reflection

250

(2)

6.4 Computation of Vectors

252

(6)

6.4.1 Normal Vectors

253

(2)

6.4.2 Angle of Reflection

255

(1)

6.4.3 Use of the Halfway Vector

256

(1)

6.4.4 Transmitted Light

257

(1)

6.5 Polygonal Shading

258

(5)

6.5.1 Flat Shading

258

(2)

6.5.2 Interpolative and Gouraud Shading

260

(2)

6.5.3 Phong Shading

262

(1)

6.6 Approximation of a Sphere by Recursive Subdivision

263

(3)

6.7 Light Sources in OpenGL

266

(2)

6.8 Specification of Materials in OpenGL

268

(1)

6.9 Shading of the Sphere Model

269

(2)

6.10 Global Rendering

271

(5)

6.10.1 Ray Tracing

271

(4)

6.10.2 Radiosity

275

(1)

6.11 Summary

276

(1)

6.12 Suggested Readings

277

(1)

Exercises

278

(3)

Chapter 7 Implementation of a Renderer

281

(52)

7.1 Four Major Tasks

282

(3)

7.1.1 Modeling

282

(1)

7.1.2 Geometric Processing

282

(1)

7.1.3 Rasterization

283

(1)

7.1.4 Display

283

(1)

7.1.5 Basic Implementation Strategies

284

(1)

7.2 Implementation of Transformations

285

(2)

7.3 Line-Segment Clipping

287

(5)

7.3.1 Cohen-Sutherland Clipping

288

(2)

7.3.2 Liang-Barsky Clipping

290

(2)

7.4 Polygon Clipping

292

(3)

7.5 Clipping of Other Primitives

295

(2)

7.5.1 Bounding Boxes

295

(1)

7.5.2 Curves, Surfaces, and Text

296

(1)

7.5.3 Clipping in the Frame Buffer

297

(3)

7.6 Clipping in Three Dimensions

297

(3)

7.7 Hidden-Surface Removal

300

(9)

7.7.1 Object-Space and Image-Space Approaches

301

(1)

7 7.2 Back-Face Removal

302

(1)

7.7.3 The z-Buffer Algorithm

303

(3)

7.7.4 Depth Sort and the Painter's Algorithm

306

(2)

7.7.5 The Scan-Line Algorithm

308

(1)

7.8 Scan Conversion

309

(2)

7.9 Bresenham's Algorithm

311

(2)

7.10 Scan Conversion of Polygons

313

(7)

7.10.1 Inside-Outside Testing

314

(1)

7.10.2 OpenGL and Concave Polygons

315

(1)

7.10.3 Scan Conversion with the z-Buffer

316

(1)

7.10.4 Fill and Sort

317

(1)

7.10.5 Flood Fill

318

(1)

7.10.6 Scan-Line Algorithms

318

(2)

7.10.7 Singularities

320

(1)

7.11 Antialiasing

320

(2)

7.12 Display Considerations

322

(5)

7.12.1 Color Systems

323

(3)

7.12.2 Gamma Correction

326

(1)

7.12.3 Dithering and Halftoning

327

(1)

7.13 Summary

327

(1)

7.14 References

328

(1)

Exercises

329

(4)

Chapter 8 Hierarchical and Object-Oriented Graphics

333

(38)

8.1 Symbols and Instances

334

(1)

8.2 Hierarchical Models

335

(2)

8.3 A Robot Arm

337

(3)

8.4 Trees and Traversal

340

(4)

8.4.1 A Stack-Based Traversal

341

(3)

8.5 Use of Tree Data Structures

344

(3)

8.6 Animation

347

(2)

8.7 Graphical Objects

349

(6)

8.7.1 Methods, Attributes, and Messages

350

(1)

8.7.2 A Cube Object

351

(2)

8.7.3 Objects and Hierarchy

353

(1)

8.7.4 Geometric Objects

354

(1)

8.8 Scene Graphs

355

(2)

8.9 Other Tree Structures

357

(6)

8.9.1 CSG Trees

357

(2)

8.9.2 BSP Trees

359

(3)

8.9.3 Quadtrees and Octrees

362

(1)

8.10 Graphics and the Web

363

(4)

8.10.1 Networks and Protocols

363

(1)

8.10.2 Hypermedia and HTML

364

(1)

8.10.3 Databases and VRML

365

(1)

8.10.4 JAVA and Applets

366

(1)

8.11 Summary

367

(1)

8.12 Suggested Readings

368

(1)

Exercises

368

(3)

Chapter 9 Discrete Techniques

371

(46)

9.1 Buffers and Mappings

372

(1)

9.2 Texture Mapping

373

(12)

9.2.1 Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping

374

(5)

9.2.2 Texture Mapping in OpenGL

379

(5)

9.2.3 Texture Generation

384

(1)

9.3 Environmental Maps

385

(1)

9.4 Bump Maps

386

(2)

9.5 Writes into Buffers

388

(3)

9.5.1 Writing Modes

389

(1)

9.5.2 Writes with XOR

390

(1)

9.6 Bit and Pixel Operations in OpenGL

391

(6)

9.6.1 OpenGL Buffers

392

(1)

9 6.2 Use of Bitmaps for Fonts

393

(2)

9.6.3 Pixels and Images

395

(1)

9.6.4 Lookup Tables

395

(1)

9.6.5 Buffers for Picking

396

(1)

9.7 Compositing Techniques

397

(7)

9.7.1 Opacity and Blending

397

(2)

9.7.2 Image Compositing

399

(1)

9.7.3 Blending and Compositing in OpenGL

399

(1)

9.7.4 Antialiasing

400

(2)

9.7.5 Back-to-Front and Front-to-Back Rendering

402

(1)

9.7.6 Depth Cueing and Fog

403

(1)

9.8 Use of the Accumulotion Buffer

404

(3)

9.9 Sampling and Aliasing

407

(7)

9.9.1 Sampling Theory

407

(5)

9.9.2 Reconstruction

412

(2)

9.9.3 Quantization

414

(1)

9.10 Summary

414

(1)

9.11 Suggested Readings

415

(1)

Exercises

416

(1)

Chapter 10 Curves and Surfaces

417

(48)

10.1 Representation of Curves and Surfaces

417

(5)

10.1.1 Explicit Representation

418

(1)

10.1.2 Implicit Representations

419

(1)

10.1.3 Parametric Form

420

(1)

10.1.4 Parametric Polynomial Curves

421

(1)

10.1.5 Parametric Polynomial Surfaces

422

(1)

10.2 Design Criteria

422

(2)

10.3 Parametric Cubic Polynomial Curves

424

(1)

10.4 Interpolation

425

(5)

10.4.1 Blending Functions

426

(2)

10.4.2 The Cubic Interpolating Patch

428

(2)

10.5 Hermite Curves and Surfaces

430

(3)

10.5.1 The Hermite Form

430

(2)

10.5.2 Geometric and Parametric Continuity

432

(1)

10.6 Bezier Curves and Surfaces

433

(4)

10.6.1 Bezier Curves

434

(2)

10.6.2 Bezier Surface Patches

436

(1)

10.7 Cubic B-Splines

437

(5)

10.7.1 The Cubic B-Spline Curve

437

(3)

10.7.2 B-Splines and Basis

440

(1)

10.7.3 Spline Surfaces

441

(1)

10.8 General B-Splines

442

(4)

10.8.1 Recursively Defined B-splines

443

(1)

10.8.2 Uniform Splines

444

(1)

10.8.3 Nonuniform B-Splines

444

(1)

10.8.4 NURBS

445

(1)

10.9 Rendering of Curves and Surfaces

446

(7)

10.9.1 Polynomial Evaluation Methods

446

(2)

10.9.2 Recursive Subdivision of Bezier Polynomials

448

(2)

10.9.3 Rendering of Other Polynomial Curves by Subdivision

450

(1)

10.9.4 Subdivision of Bezier Surfaces

451

(2)

10.10 The Utah Teapot

453

(2)

10.11 Algebraic Surfaces

455

(1)

10.11.1 Quadrics

455

(1)

10.11.2 Rendering of Surfaces by Ray Casting

456

(1)

10.12 Curves and Surfaces in OpenGL

456

(6)

10.12.1 Bezier Curves

457

(1)

10.12.2 Bezier Surfaces

458

(1)

10.12.3 Displaying the Teapot

459

(2)

10.12.4 NURBS Functions

461

(1)

10.12.5 Quadrics

462

(1)

10.13 Summary

462

(1)

10.14 References

463

(1)

Exercises

463

(2)

Chapter 11 Procedural Methods

465

(30)

11.1 Reasons for Using Procedural Models

465

(2)

11.2 Physically Based Models and Particle Systems

467

(1)

11.3 Newtonian Particles

468

(5)

11.3.1 Independent Particles

470

(1)

11.3.2 Spring Forces

471

(1)

11.3.3 Attractive and Repulsive Forces

472

(1)

11.4 Solving Particle Systems

473

(3)

11.5 Constraints

476

(6)

11.5.1 Collisions

477

(2)

11.5.2 Particles Inside a Sphere

479

(2)

11.5.3 Soft Constraints

481

(1)

11.6 Language-Based Models

482

(2)

11.7 Recursive Methods and Fractals

484

(6)

11.7.1 Rulers and Length

485

(1)

11.7.2 Fractal Dimension

486

(1)

11.7.3 Midpoint Division and Brownian Motion

487

(1)

11.7.4 Fractal Mountains

488

(2)

11.8 The Mandelbrot Set

490

(3)

11.9 Summary

493

(1)

11.10 Suggested Readings

493

(1)

Exercises

493

(2)

Chapter 12 Visualization

495

(34)

12.1 Data + Geometry

495

(1)

12.2 Height Fields and Contours

496

(12)

12.2.1 Meshes

497

(3)

12.2.2 Contour Plots

500

(1)

12.2.3 Marching Squares

500

(8)

12.3 Visualizing Surfaces and Scalar Fields

508

(4)

12.3.1 Volumetric Data Sets

509

(1)

12.3.2 Visualization of Implicit Functions

510

(2)

12.4 Isosurfaces and Marching Cubes

512

(2)

12.5 Direct Volume Rendering

514

(6)

12.5.1 Assignment of Color and Opacity

515

(1)

12.5.2 Splatting

516

(2)

12.5.3 Volume Ray Tracing

518

(1)

12.5.4 Texture Mapping of Volumes

519

(1)

12.6 Vector-Field Visualization

520

(5)

12.6.1 Hedgehogs

520

(1)

12.6.2 Glyphs

521

(1)

12.6.3 Color

522

(1)

12.6.4 Particle Traces and Streamlines

523

(2)

12.7 Tensor Visualization

525

(2)

12.8 Summary

527

(1)

12.9 Suggested Readings

527

(1)

Exercises

528

(1)

Appendix A Sample Programs

529

(42)

A.1 Sierpinski Gasket Program

530

(2)

A.2 Recursive Generation of Sierpinski Gasket

532

(2)

A.3 Three-Dimensional Sierpinski Gasket

534

(2)

A.4 Recursive Three-Dimensional Sierpinski Gasket

536

(2)

A.5 Square Drawing Program

538

(3)

A.6 Paint Program

541

(8)

A.7 Double Buffering Example

549

(2)

A.8 Rotating-Cube Program

551

(3)

A.9 Rotating Cube Using Vertex Arrays

554

(3)

A.10 Rotating Cube with Trackball

557

(5)

A.11 Moving Viewer

562

(3)

A.12 Sphere Program

565

(6)

Appendix B Spaces

571

(10)

B.1 Scalars

571

(1)

B.2 Vector Spaces

572

(2)

B.3 Affine Spaces

574

(2)

B.4 Euclidean Spaces

576

(1)

B.5 Projections

577

(1)

B.6 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization

577

(1)

8.7 Suggested Readings

578

(1)

Exercises

579

(2)

Appendix C Matrices

581

(10)

C.1 Definitions

581

(1)

C.2 Matrix Operations

582

(2)

C.3 Row and Column Matrices

584

(1)

C.4 Rank

585

(1)

C.5 Change of Representation

586

(1)

C.6 The Cross Product

587

(1)

C.7 Suggested Readings

588

(1)

Exercises

588

(3)

References

591

(8)

Function Index

599

(2)

Index

601

Review and Introduction

(12)

PART I: NOMINAL STRUCTURE

(180)

Chapter 1--Nouns

(38)

1.1. Conceptual Basis

(9)

1.1.1. A Cognitive Model

(2)

1.1.2. An Abstract Characterization

(4)

1.1.3. A Polar Opposition

(3)

1.2. Nominalization

(29)

1.2.1. Kinds

(1)

1.2.1.1. Alternate Profiling

(8)

1.2.1.2. Type vs. Instance Nominalizations

(4)

1.2.2. Periphrasis

(8)

1.2.3. Predictability

(8)

Chapter 2--Nominals: Functional Organization

(45)

2.1. Semantic Functions

(4)

2.2. Instantiation

(18)

2.2.1. Type vs. Instance

(3)

2.2.2. Proper Names

(2)

2.2.3. Type Hierarchies

(4)

2.2.4. Predicate Nominative Constructions

(7)

2.2.5. Role Specifications

(2)

2.3. Quantity

(16)

2.3.1. Number

(7)

2.3.2. Quantifiers

(8)

2.4. Epistemic Predications

(7)

Chapter 3--Nominals: Grounding and Quantification

(46)

3.1. Definiteness

(11)

3.1.1. The Definite Article

(6)

3.1.2. The Indefinite Article

103

(4)

3.2. Relative Quantifiers

107

(11)

3.2.1. Proportional Quantifiers

107

(4)

3.2.2. Other Universal Quantifiers

111

(7)

3.3. Quantificational Interactions

118

(24)

3.3.1. Replicate Processes and Participants

118

(7)

3.3.2. Quantifier Scope

125

(7)

3.3.3. Scope of Negation

132

(10)

Chapter 4--Nominal Constructions

142

(51)

4.1. Structural Organization

142

(10)

4.1.1. Canonical Structure

142

(6)

4.1.2. Other Configurations

148

(4)

4.2. Patterns and Restrictions

152

(11)

4.2.1. Class Schemas

152

(4)

4.2.2. Constructional Schemas

156

(3)

4.2.3. Larger Configurations

159

(4)

4.3. Functional Alternatives

163

(17)

4.3.1. Noun Classifiers

164

(3)

4.3.2. Possessive Constructions

167

(2)

4.3.2.1. Abstract Possession

169

(3)

4.3.2.2. Basic Constructions

172

(3)

4.3.2.3. Other Constructions

175

(5)

4.4. Inflection and Agreement

180

(13)

4.4.1. Noun Classes

180

(5)

4.4.2. Gender Inflections

185

(1)

4.4.3. Agreement Patterns

186

(7)

PART II: CLAUSE STRUCTURE

193

(224)

Chapter 5--The Auxiliary: Clausal Head

193

(47)

5.1. Function and Organization

193

(7)

5.2. Voice and Aspect

200

(25)

5.2.1. The Passive Construction

200

(7)

5.2.2. The Progressive Construction

207

(4)

5.2.3. The Perfect Construction

211

(1)

5.2.3.1. Current Relevance

211

(4)

5.2.3.2. Subjectification

215

(5)

5.2.3.3. Synthesis

220

(5)

5.3. Patterns and Structure

225

(15)

5.3.1. The Basic System

225

(3)

5.3.2. Restrictions

228

(5)

5.3.3. Componentiality

233

(5)

5.3.4. Auxiliary Verbs

238

(2)

Chapter 6--The Auxiliary: Grounding

240

(42)

6.1. Epistemic Distance

240

(9)

6.2. Tense

249

(20)

6.2.1. A Naive Characterization

250

(3)

6.2.2. Sequence of Tenses

253

(1)

6.2.2.1. Indirect Speech

253

(3)

6.2.2.2. Reported Modals

256

(4)

6.2.2.3. Additional Matters

260

(2)

6.2.3. Present Tense

262

(1)

6.2.3.1. A Structured World

263

(3)

6.2.3.2. A Shifted Deictic Center

266

(3)

6.3. Modals

269

(13)

6.3.1. Historical Development

269

(6)

6.3.2. The Dynamic Evolutionary Model

275

(7)

Chapter 7--Transitivity and Grammatical Relations

282

(48)

7.1. The Conception of Events

282

(11)

7.1.1. Models and Archetypes

283

(3)

7.1.2. Conceptual Autonomy

286

(5)

7.1.3. Starting Points

291

(2)

7.2. The Coding of Events

293

(11)

7.2.1. Coding and Construal

294

(4)

7.2.2. Unmarked Coding

298

(6)

7.3. Basic Grammatical Relations

304

(26)

7.3.1. Subject

305

(1)

7.3.1.1. Topicality

306

(3)

7.3.1.2. A Schematic Definition

309

(4)

7.3.1.3. Subject and Topic

313

(4)

7.3.1.4. Universality

317

(4)

7.3.2. Direct Object

321

(3)

7.3.3. Indirect Object

324

(6)

Chapter 8--Marked Clause Structure

330

(48)

8.1. Choice of Subject

330

(25)

8.1.1. The Effect of Profiling

331

(4)

8.1.2. Voice

335

(8)

8.1.3. Setting vs. Participant

343

(1)

8.1.3.1. Relevance to Transitivity

343

(2)

8.1.3.2. Setting-Subject Constructions

345

(3)

8.1.3.3. Double-Subject Constructions

348

(3)

8.1.3.4. Abstract Settings

351

(4)

8.2. Choice of Object

355

(7)

8.3. Nondistinct Argument Phenomena

362

(16)

8.3.1. Process vs. Participant

362

(5)

8.3.2. Reflexivization

367

(5)

8.3.3. Unspecificity

372

(6)

Chapter 9--Ergativity and Case

378

(39)

9.1. Ergative vs. Accusative

378

(8)

9.2. Ergativity

386

(12)

9.2.1. Correlates of Autonomy

386

(3)

9.2.2. Absolute Construal

389

(4)

9.2.3. Discourse Function

393

(1)

9.2.3.1. Introducing Discourse Participants

393

(1)

9.2.3.2. Antipassives

394

(2)

9.2.4. Split Ergativity

396

(2)

9.3. Case Marking

398

(10)

9.3.1. Meaningfulness

398

(6)

9.3.2. Case-Marking Constructions

404

(4)

9.4. Causative Constructions

408

(9)

9.4.1. Grammatical Relations

409

(2)

9.4.2. Case

411

(6)

PART III: BEYOND THE CLAUSE

417

(120)

Chapter 10--Complex Sentences

417

(47)

10.1. General Discussion

417

(21)

10.1.1. Internal Elaboration

419

(4)

10.1.2. Connectors

423

(6)

10.1.3. Referential Linkage

429

(6)

10.1.4. Global Organization

435

(3)

10.2. Complementation

438

(26)

10.2.1. Complementizers

439

(1)

10.2.1.1. Conceptual Subordination

439

(3)

10.2.1.2. Temporal Coincidence

442

(3)

10.2.1.3. Objectivity

445

(4)

10.2.2. Raising

449

(1)

10.2.2.1. Critique

450

(3)

10.2.2.2. The Active-Zone Analysis

453

(4)

10.2.2.3. Raising vs. Equi

457

(7)

Chapter 11--Further Issues

464

(43)

11.1. Rule Interactions

464

(8)

11.2. Coordination

472

(18)

11.2.1. Conjunctions

472

(4)

11.2.2. Level of Coordination

476

(3)

11.2.3. Differentiation of Conjuncts

479

(6)

11.2.4. Phonological Coinstantiation

485

(5)

11.3. Anaphora

490

(4)

11.4. Speech Acts

494

(13)

11.4.1. Domains and Organization

495

(3)

11.4.2. Viewing Arrangements

498

(5)

11.4.3. Basic Sentence Types

503

(4)

Chapter 12--Theoretical Discussion

507

(30)

12.1. Metaphors, Goals, and Expectations

507

(7)

12.2. The Autonomy Issue

514

(11)

12.2.1. Defining the Issue

515

(5)

12.2.2. Assessing the Symbolic Alternative

520

(5)

12.3. Processing, Rules, and Representations

525

(12)

12.3.1. The Connectionist Alternative

526

(2)

12.3.2. The Representation of Linguistic Structure

528

(1)

12.3.2.1. A Spectrum of Positions

528

(5)

12.3.2.2. The Nature of Linguistic Rules

533

(4)

Conclusion and Prospectus

537

(6)

REFERENCE MATTER

543

Glossary

543

(14)

References

557

(18)

Index

575

Edward Angel is Professor of Computer Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico (UNM).

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