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Holt Biology : Visualizing Life

ISBN: 9780030538179 | 0030538173
Edition: Student
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt School
Pub. Date: 1/1/1994

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Table of Contents
Unit 1 Study of Life
The Science of Biology
4(20)
Biology Today
5(6)
Studying Life... MORE
Biology and Medicine
Biology and the Environment
Biology and You
Science Is a Search for Knowledge
11(5)
A Case Study in Science
Theories Have Limited Certainty
Scientific Method: The Systematic Study of a Question or Problem
Studying Biology
16(8)
Themes Unify Ideas
Discovering Life
24(20)
What Is Life?
25(5)
First Guesses at Defining Life
Life Has Five Characteristic Properties
Basic Chemistry
30(3)
Atoms: The Basic Structural Units of Matter
Formation of Bonds Stabilizes Atoms
Molecules of Life
33(11)
Organic Compounds Are Derived From Carbon
Carbohydrates Are Energy Sources
Lipids Store Energy
Proteins Provide Structure and Increase Reaction Rate
Nucleic Acids Contain Genetic Information
Macromolecule Summary
Cells
44(24)
World of the Cell
45(5)
At the Edge of the Cell
What Limits the Size of a Cell?
Water and the Cell
Water and the Cell Membrane
Membrane Architecture
50(6)
Structure of the Lipid Bilayer
Characteristics and Functions of the Lipid Bilayer
Roles of Cell Membrane Proteins
Proteins: A Limitless Variety
Inside the Cell
56(12)
Two Types of Cells
Eukaryotic Cells Have Compartments
Cells Perform Basic Functions of Life
Kinds of Eukaryotic Cells
How Did Eukaryotes Evolve?
The Living Cell
68(20)
How Cells Receive Information
69(5)
Sensing Electrical Signals
Sensing Chemical Signals
Sensing Cellular Identity
Moving In and Out of Cells
74(5)
Diffusion and Osmosis
Selective Transport of Substances
How Large Particles Get Into and Out of Cells
How Cells Divide
79(9)
How Bacteria Divide
How Eukaryotic Cells Divide
Life Span of Cells
Energy and Life
88(28)
Cells and Chemistry
89(5)
Chemical Reactions in Living Things
Actions of Biological Catalysts
Cells and Energy
94(3)
How Cells Use Energy
Energy Flow in the Living World
Photosynthesis
97(5)
Harnessing the Sun's Energy
Capturing Light Energy
Using Light Energy to Make ATP and NADPH
Building Carbohydrates
Cellular Respiration
102(14)
Releasing Energy From Organic Molecules
Regulating Cellular Respiration
Unit 2 Continuity of Life
Genetics and Inheritance
116(20)
The Puzzle of Heredity
117(6)
Gregor Mendel and the Garden Pea
Visualizing Mendel's Model
Mendel's Laws of Heredity
Chromosomes
123(4)
Genes and Chromosomes
How Gametes Form: Meiosis
Human Genetic Disorders
127(9)
Mutations Are Changes in Genes
Four Genetic Disorders
Genetic Counseling and Technology
How Genes Work
136(20)
Understanding DNA
137(4)
How Scientists Discovered That DNA Is the Genetic Material
How Scientists Determined the Structure of DNA
How DNA Is Copied
How Proteins Are Made
141(7)
The Transfer of Genetic Information
How DNA Makes RNA
The Genetic Code
How RNA Makes Proteins
Regulating Gene Expression
148(8)
Switching Genes On and Off
Architecture of the Gene
Gene Technology Today
156(20)
Genetic Engineering
157(4)
What Is Genetic Engineering?
How to Move a Gene From One Organism to Another
Transforming Agriculture
161(4)
The Ti Plasmid
Resistance to Plant-killing Chemicals
Nitrogen Fixation
Resistance to Insects
Genetic Engineering in Livestock
Advances in Medicine
165(11)
Making Miracle Drugs
Making Vaccines
Human Gene Therapy
Gene Sequencing
Evolution and Natural Selection
176(22)
Charles Darwin
177(3)
Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin's Finches
Darwin's Mechanism for Evolution
The Evidence for Evolution
180(6)
Understanding the Fossil Record
How Fossils Are Dated
Comparing Organisms
Natural Selection
186(12)
How Natural Selection Causes Evolution
The Peppered Moth: Natural Selection in Action
The Puzzle of Sickle Cell Anemia
How Species Form
Does Evolution Occur in Spurts?
History of Life on Earth
198(22)
Origin of Life
199(4)
How Did Life Begin?
Origin of Life's Chemicals
Origin of the First Cells
Early Life in the Sea
203(3)
Earliest Life: Bacteria
Dawn of the Eukaryotes
Life Blooms in the Ancient Seas
Invasions of the Land
206(5)
The Importance of Ozone
Plants and Fungi Colonize Land
Invansion of the Arthropods
Insects Were the First Flying Animals
Parade of Vertebrates
211(9)
Animals With Backbones
Human Evolution
220(26)
Primates
221(5)
Evolution of Primates
Anthropoids Are Day-Active Primates
Apes
Evolutionary Origins of Humans
226(5)
Searching for the Fossil Relatives of Humans
Characteristics of the Earliest Hominids
Branches of the Hominid Evolutionary Tree
The First Humans
231(15)
Evolution of the Genus Homo
Our African Origins
The Origin of Homo Sapiens
Unit 3 The Environment
Ecosystems
246(20)
What Is an Ecosystem?
247(6)
State of Our World
Why Study Ecology?
Ecology and Ecosystems
Energy in Ecosystems
How Many Trophic Levels Can an Ecosystem Contain?
Cycles Within Ecosystems
253(4)
Nutrient Cycles
Water Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Kinds of Ecosystems
257(9)
Freshwater Ecosystems
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Ocean Ecosystems
How Ecosystems Change
266(26)
Interactions Within Ecosystems
267(5)
Evolution and Ecosystems
Coevolution Shapes Species Interactions
Avoiding Being Eaten: Plants and Herbivores
Three Types of Close Species Interactions
Ecosystem Development and Change
272(10)
Ecosystem Lifestyles
Competing Organisms Coevolve
Competition and Ecosystem Development
Ecosystem Stability
Why Are Some Ecosystems More Diverse Than Others?
How Humans Disrupt Ecosystems
282(10)
Human Impact on Ecosystems
Modifying the Environment
The Fragile Earth
292(26)
Planet Under Stress
293(5)
Humans Have Damaged the Environment
Pollution's Toll
Destroying the Ozone Layer
Global Warming
Meeting the Challenge
298(8)
Reducing Pollution
Finding Enough Energy
Conserving Nonrenewable Resources
The Deeper Problem: Population Growth
Solving Environmental Problems
306(12)
Environmental Problems Can Be Solved
Steps Toward Saving the Environment
What You Can Contribute
Unit 4 Diversity of Life
Classifying Living Things
318(20)
The Need for Naming
319(4)
The Importance of Scientific Names
What's in a Scientific Name?
Classification: Organizing Life
323(7)
Classification of Living Things
Classification and Evolution
Methods of Taxonomy
Taxonomy and Technology
What Is a Species?
Five Kingdoms
330(8)
Five-Kingdom System
Bacteria and Viruses
338(28)
Bacteria
339(7)
Bacteria Are Small, Simple, and Successful
How Bacteria Obtain Nutrition
How Bacteria Affect Humans
346(7)
Beneficial Bacteria
Bacteria and Disease
Controlling Bacterial Diseases
Viruses
353(13)
What Is a Virus?
How Viruses Reproduce
Disease Caused by Viruses
Protists
366(18)
What Is a Protist?
367(3)
Characteristics of Protists
Evolutionary Relationships Among Protists
Protist Diversity
370(6)
Classification of the Protists
Autotrophic Protists
Heterotrophic Protists
Diseases Caused by Protists
376(8)
Protists and Disease
Fungi and Plants
384(18)
Fungi
385(5)
The Kingdom Fungi
Kinds of Fungi
Fungi in Nature
Fungi and Human Life
Early Land Plants
390(4)
Challenges of Life on Land
Adaptations to Life on Land
Nonvascular Plants
Evolution of Vascular Plants
Vascular Plants Without Seeds
Seed Plants
394(8)
Vascular Plants With Seeds
Gymnosperms: Plants With Naked Seeds
Angiosperms: Flowering Plants
Plant Form and Function
402(24)
The Plant Body
403(7)
Roots
Shoots
Plant Tissues
How Plants Function
410(5)
How Water Moves Through Plants
Regulating Plant Growth: Plant Hormones
Other Factors Affecting Plant Growth
Reproduction in Flowering Plants
415(11)
Architecture of a Flower
Pollination and Fertilization
How Seeds Are Dispersed
Plant Cell Growth and Differentiation
Plants in Our Lives
426(28)
Plants as Food
427(9)
Important Grains
Food From Other Plant Parts
Sources of Sugar
Other Uses for Plants
436(5)
What Is Wood?
Drugs From Plans
Other Plant Products
Landscaping and Gardening
Plant Use in the Future
441(13)
Improvement in Food Crops
Growing Plants Without Soil
Unit 5 Animal Kingdom
The Animal Body
454(26)
The Advent of Tissues
455(7)
Animal Body Plans
Many Cells Are Better Than One: Sponges
Tissues Enable Greater Cell Specialization: Cnidarians
Regularly Arranged Animals
Origin of Body Cavities
462(6)
Heading Toward Complexity: Flatworms
A One-Way Gut and a Body Cavity: Roundworms
A Better Body Cavity: Mollusks
Four Innovations in Body Plan
468(12)
Segmented Worms: Annelids
Limbs and Skeletons: Arthropods
An Embryonic Revolution
Echinoderms
The Most Successful Deuterostomes: Chordates
Adaptation to Land
480(22)
Leaving the Sea
481(4)
Which Animals Live on Land?
Supporting the Body
Hearing Airborne Sounds
Staying Moist in a Dry World
485(9)
Watertight Skin
Gas Exchange
Vertebrate Lungs
How Terrestrial Arthropods Breathe
Getting Rid of Wastes While Conserving Water
Reproducing on Land
494(8)
Internal Fertilization
Eggs Without Shells
Animal Diversity
502(22)
Sponges, Cnidarians, and Simple Worms
503(8)
Sponges
Cnidarians: Jellyfish and Relatives
Flatworms
Roundworms
Mollusks, Annelids, and Arthropods
511(6)
Mollusks
Annelids: Segmented Worms
Arthropods: The Most Abundant Animals
Echinoderms and Chordates
517(7)
Echinoderms: Sea Stars and Their Relatives
Chordates
Arthropods
524(24)
Spiders and Their Relatives
525(7)
Characteristics of Arachnids
Spiders
Other Arachnids
Insects, Millipedes, and Centipedes
532(7)
Insects
Millipedes and Centipedes
Crustaceans
539(9)
Crustaceans Are Successful Aquatic Arthropods
Crustacean Diversity
Fishes and Amphibians
548(24)
Early Fishes
549(7)
The First Fishes: Class Agnatha
Evolution of Jaws
Sharks and Rays: Class Chondrichthyes
Bony Fishes
556(5)
Structure of a Bony Fish
Major Groups of Bony Fishes
Amphibians
561(11)
The First Land Vertebrates
The Tile to Water
Kinds of Amphibians
Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
572(38)
Reptiles
573(11)
Reptilian Adaptations to Terrestrial Life
The Age of Reptiles
The Survivors
Birds
584(6)
Birds Evolved From Reptiles
How Birds Fly
Major Orders of Birds
Introduction to Mammals
590(6)
Evolution of Mammals
Mammalian Characteristics
Egg-Laying Mammals: The Monotremes
Pouched Mammals: The Marsupials
True Placental Mammals
Mammalian Adaptations
596(14)
Hair Has Many Functions
Claws, Hooves, Horns, and Antlers
Food and Feeding
Flying Mammals
Unit 6 Human Life
The Human Body
610(28)
Tour of the Human Body
611(5)
Similar Cells Form Tissues
Tissues Form Organs
Skin
616(4)
The Dermis
The Epidermis
Skin Disorders
Bones
620(6)
Bone Structure and Growth
The Skeleton
Muscles
626(12)
The Actions of Muscles
Making Your Skeleton Move
What Exercise Does for Muscles
The Nervous System
638(1)
How a Nerve Carries a Message
639(8)
The Neuron
Nerve Impulses
The Synapse
Nerve-Muscle Junctions
The Nervous System
647(11)
The Central Nervous System
Three Parts of the Brain
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System
How Scientists Study the Brain
The Sense Organs
658
Sensing Internal Information
Sensing Sound
Sensing Light
Touch, Smell, and Taste
Hormones
638(52)
What Hormones Do
669(5)
Hormones: Chemical Signals
The Hypothalamus-Pituitary Connection
Regulating Hormone Release
How Hormones Work
674(3)
Hormone Receptor Proteins
Steroid Hormones
Peptide Hormones
Glands and Their Functions
677(13)
The Adrenal Glands
The Thyroid Gland
The Pancreas
Other Glands and Hormones
Drugs and the Nervous System
690(20)
Drugs and Addiction
691(4)
What Are Psychoactive Drugs?
How Psychoactive Drugs Affect Nerves
The Nature of Addiction
Narcotics and Cocaine
695(4)
Narcotics
How the Body Controls Pain
Why Narcotics Are Addictive
Action of Cocaine
Dangerous Social Drugs
699(11)
Nicotine
Alcohol
Barbiturates and Tranquilizers
Amphetamines
Hallucinogens and Marijuana
Circulation and Respiration
710(28)
Circulation
711(7)
Transporting Materials Through the Body
Blood: A Liquid Tissue
Blood Vessels
Blood Types
The Lymphatic System
How Blood Flows
718(10)
The Heart
Circulatory Pathways
Blood Pressure
Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels
The Respiratory System
728(10)
Lungs and Breathing
Gas Exchange
Regulation of Breathing
Diseases of the Respiratory System
The Immune System
738(24)
First Line of Defense
739(3)
Keeping Pathogens Out
Fighting Off a Local Infection
Recognizing Pathogens
The Immune Response
742(6)
Second Line of Defense
T Cells: Command and Attack
B Cells: Chemical Warfare
Additional Defenses
Shutting Off the Immune Response
The Immune System ``Remembers''
Antigens and Blood Types
Immune System Failure
748(14)
Immune Overreaction
Cancer: Understrained Cell Division
AIDS: Immune System Collapse
AIDS Is a Worldwide Disease
Digestion and Excretion
762(20)
Nutrition: What You Eat and Why
763(5)
Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids
Vitamins and Minerals
Nutrition and Health
The Digestive System
768(6)
Digestion
Activity in the Intestines
The Excretory System
774(8)
Kidney Form and Function
Urine Formation
Kidney Disorders and Treatment
Reproduction and Development
782(30)
The Male Reproductive System
783(4)
Structure of Sperm
The Path Traveled by Sperm
Male Hormones and Reproduction
The Female Reproductive System
787(7)
Structure of the Female Reproductive System
The Ovarian Cycle
The Menstrual Cycle
Fertilization and Development
794(7)
Fertilization: Fusion of Gametes
The Embryo Enters the Lining of the Uterus
The Placenta
Growth and Development
Birth
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
801(11)
Sexually Transmitted Viral Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
Appendix812(18)
Study Skill: Concept Mapping
812(4)
Safety
816(3)
SI Conversions
819(1)
Laboratory Skills
820(2)
The Five Kingdom System
822(8)
Glossary830(10)
Index840(9)
Credits849


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