Rent 9780072973020 | A History And Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education: From Ancient Civilizations to the Mod...

Summary Table of Contents

This engaging and informative text will hold the attention of students and scholars as they take a journey through time to understand the role that history and philosophy have played in shaping the course of sport and physical education in Western and selected non-Western civilizations. Using appropriate theoretical and interpretive frameworks, students will investigate topics such as the historical relationship between mind and body; what philosophers and intellectuals have said about the body as a source of knowledge; educational philosophy and the value of physical education and/or sport; philosophical positions that have impacted the historical development of sport and physical education; the history of women in sport and physical education; the role and scope of sport and physical education in Ancient Greece and Rome; the Ancient Olympic Games; the relationship between sport and religion in ancient and modern times; the theoretical and professional development of physical education; the rise of sport in modern America; the history and politics of the modern Olympic Games; and the contributions of men, women, and social movements to the development of sport and physical education from ancient times to the modern era.

Preface

xii

SECTION I Ancient Civilizations

(98)

History and Philosophy in Sport and Physical Education

(24)

... MORE

Definitions

(3)

``Doing'' History

(4)

Interpretive Versus Descriptive History

(1)

Modernization

(1)

Urbanization and Industrialization

(1)

Metaphysics

(1)

Philosophical Processes

(4)

Basic Philosophical Terms

(1)

Metaphysics and Ontology

(1)

Metaphysical Dualism

(1)

Epistemology

(1)

From Dualism to Monism in the Western World

(6)

The Mind--Body Relationship

(1)

Philosophies of the Modern World

(5)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Notes

(3)

Sumer, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica

(18)

General Events

(1)

Introduction

(2)

Sumer

(3)

Egypt

(4)

China

(2)

Mesoamerica

(3)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Notes

(2)

Greece

(30)

General Events

(1)

Introduction

(1)

The Influence of the Jews and the Phoenicians upon Greek Culture

(2)

Philosophical Positions of the Body

(1)

Dualism

(1)

Classical Humanism

(1)

Socrates' and Plato's View of the Body

(2)

Socrates' and Plato's View of Physical Education

(2)

Education Through the Physical Versus Education of the Physical

(2)

Aristotle

(1)

Historical Foundations of Sport and Physical Education

(2)

Arete and Agon

(1)

Funeral Games

(1)

The Influence of Crete

(1)

Some Historical Perspectives on the Development of Greek Sport

(1)

Athens and Sparta: A Tale of Two City-States

(4)

Two Views on Physical Education

(2)

Athenian Physical Education

(1)

Athletic Participation of Greek Women

(1)

The Ancient Olympic Games

(6)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Notes

(2)

Rome

(25)

General Events

(1)

Introduction

(1)

The Etruscans

(3)

Nero

(1)

Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Greeks and Romans

(1)

Philosophical Orientation

(3)

The Stoics

(1)

The Epicureans

(1)

Marcus Tullius Cicero

(1)

Antiochus

(1)

Sport and Physical Education

(1)

Military Training

(1)

Claudius Galen

(1)

Greek Athletics

(1)

Women and Sport

(1)

Games and Spectacles

(6)

Sport and Christianity

(1)

Greek Reaction to the Introduction of Roman Sport

(1)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Notes

(4)

SECTION II From the Spiritual World to the Secular World: Changing Concepts of the Body

(86)

Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education During the Middle Ages: 900--1400

100

(17)

General Events

100

(1)

Introduction

101

(1)

The Impact of Christianity

101

(2)

Christianity and Greek Philosophy

103

(1)

Philosophical Views of the Body in the Middle Ages

104

(2)

The Body and Physical Fitness According to St. Thomas Aquinas

106

(1)

Moses Maimonides and St. Bonaventure

107

(1)

Linking the Spiritual with Secular Sport

107

(1)

Holidays and Ball Games

108

(1)

Rugged Ball Games, Equestrian Events, and English Football

109

(1)

Medieval Social Structure: Knights, Nobles, and Worthy Pursuits

110

(1)

Sport of the Aristocracy

111

(1)

Medieval Tournaments

111

(1)

Hawking, Hunting, and Other Pastimes

112

(1)

Medieval Concepts of Health and Hygiene: Galen Revisited

112

(1)

Summary

113

(1)

Discussion Questions

114

(1)

Internet Resources

114

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

114

(1)

Notes

115

(2)

The Renaissance and the Reformation: 1300--1600

117

(19)

General Events

117

(1)

Introduction

118

(1)

Cultural Changes of the Renaissance

118

(2)

The Reformation

120

(1)

The Philosophers and Educators of the Renaissance

121

(4)

Petrus Paulus Vergerius

123

(1)

Vittorino da Feltre

123

(2)

Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini

125

(1)

Baldassare Castiglione

125

(1)

The Philosophers and Educators of the Reformation

125

(8)

William of Ockham

127

(1)

Desiderius Erasmus

128

(1)

Martin Luther

128

(2)

John Calvin

130

(1)

Thomas Elyot

131

(2)

Roger Ascham

133

(1)

Summary

133

(1)

Discussion Questions

134

(1)

Internet Resources

134

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

135

(1)

Notes

135

(1)

The Age of Science and the Enlightenment: 1560--1789

136

(23)

General Events

136

(1)

Introduction

137

(3)

The Age of Science: 1560--1688

137

(2)

The Enlightenment: 1688--1789

139

(1)

The Philosophers of Science

140

(2)

Galileo Galilei

141

(1)

Francis Bacon

141

(1)

Isaac Newton

142

(1)

The Philosophers

142

(4)

Thomas Hobbes

143

(1)

Rene Descartes

144

(1)

George Berkeley

145

(1)

The Educators

146

(3)

Francois Rabelais

146

(1)

Richard Mulcaster

147

(1)

Michel de Montaigne

147

(1)

John Comenius

148

(1)

John Milton

148

(1)

John Locke

148

(1)

The Philosophes and Physical Educators

149

(6)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

150

(3)

Johann Bernhard Basedow

153

(1)

Johann Friedrich GutsMuths

154

(1)

Summary

155

(1)

Discussion Questions

155

(1)

Internet Resources

156

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

156

(1)

Notes

156

(3)

Philosophical Positions of the Body and the Development of Physical Education: Contributions of the Germans, Swedes, and Danes in Nineteenth-Century Europe

159

(26)

General Events

159

(1)

Introduction

160

(1)

Idealism

160

(2)

The Self

161

(1)

Knowledge

161

(1)

The German Idealists: Kant, Fichte, and Hegel

162

(4)

Immanuel Kant

162

(3)

Johann Fichte

165

(1)

Georg Hegel

165

(1)

The Application of Idealism to Physical Education

166

(2)

Students

167

(1)

Values

167

(1)

Objectives

167

(1)

Curriculum

167

(1)

Evaluation Criteria

168

(1)

The Educators

168

(12)

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

168

(2)

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel

170

(1)

Friedrich Ludwig John

171

(4)

Charles Follen

175

(1)

Charles Beck

176

(1)

Francis Lieber

176

(1)

Franz Nachtegall

176

(3)

Per Henrik Ling

179

(1)

Summary

180

(1)

Discussion Questions

181

(1)

Internet Resources

181

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

182

(1)

Notes

182

(3)

SECTION III The Theoretical and Professional Development of American Physical Education

185

(44)

The Impact of Science and the Concept of Health on the Theoretical and Professional Development of Physical Education, 1885--1930

186

(25)

General Events

186

(1)

Introduction

187

(1)

Social and Institutional Change in Nineteenth-Century America

188

(2)

The Theoretical Basis of American Physical Education

190

(4)

Three Distinct Periods

191

(1)

Biological and Philosophical Issues

192

(1)

Evolution

193

(1)

The Disease---Neurasthenia; the Cure---Exercise!

194

(1)

Exercising to Build Brain Power

194

(1)

Women: Mothers of the Race

195

(1)

Women, Higher Education, and Physical Education

196

(1)

The Golden Age of Anthropometric Measurement: 1885--1900

197

(1)

Defining the Scope of the Discipline

198

(1)

The Contributions of German Gymnastics, Dio Lewis, and the Swedish System to Teacher Training

199

(2)

Physical Education the American Way

201

(1)

Changing Concepts of Health

201

(1)

A Changing Profession

202

(1)

The Professional Preparation of Teachers

202

(4)

Summary

206

(1)

Discussion Questions

207

(1)

Internet Resources

207

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

208

(1)

Notes

208

(3)

The Transformation of Physical Education: 1900--1939

211

(18)

General Events

211

(1)

The Transformation of Physical Education and the Adoption of Sports Programs

212

(3)

The Development of Play Theory: 1900--1915

215

(2)

Herbert Spencer and William James

215

(1)

Karl Groos

216

(1)

G. Stanley Hall

216

(1)

Luther Halsey Gulick

217

(1)

John Dewey

217

(1)

Advocates and Adversaries: The Promotion of Play

217

(1)

Play and Popular Culture

218

(1)

Play Versus Gymnastics

218

(1)

Play in Physical Education: 1900--1915

219

(1)

The Paradigmatic Basis of the New Physical Education: 1916--1930

220

(1)

The Architects of the New Physical Education: Clark Hetherington, Thomas D. Wood, and Rosalind Cassidy

220

(1)

Components and Goals of Physical Education

220

(1)

Promotion of Physical Education

221

(1)

Physical Education Literature in the Early Twentieth Century

222

(1)

Science and the Quantification of Physical Education

222

(2)

Tests and Measurements

222

(1)

The Relationship Between Physical Ability and Mental Ability

222

(1)

Physical Fitness Assessment

223

(1)

Summary

224

(1)

Discussion Questions

225

(1)

Internet Resources

225

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

226

(1)

Notes

226

(3)

SECTION IV The Historical and Philosophical Development of Sport in America

229

(56)

Sport in the Colonial Period

230

(11)

General Events

230

(1)

Introduction

231

(1)

Sport in England: A Tale of Two Cultures

231

(2)

Sport in New England: The Puritans

233

(2)

Amusements in New England

235

(1)

Sport in the Mid-Atlantic Region

235

(1)

Sport in the South

236

(2)

Contributions of Native Americans

238

(1)

Summary

238

(1)

Discussion Questions

239

(1)

Internet Resources

239

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

240

(1)

Notes

240

(1)

Changing Concepts of the Body: An Overview of Sport and Play in Nineteenth-Century America

241

(25)

General Events

241

(1)

Introduction

242

(1)

Early Technological Innovations and Their Impact on Sport

243

(1)

Nineteenth-Century American Philosophy: Transcendentalism and Pragmatism

243

(2)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

244

(1)

Henry David Thoreau

244

(1)

Pragmatism

245

(1)

The Influence of Charles Darwin

245

(1)

The Pragmatists

246

(2)

Charles Sanders Peirce

247

(1)

William James

247

(1)

Sport in the Nineteenth Century

248

(1)

Justifying Sport in the Nineteenth Century

248

(2)

Religion as an Argument for Sport

248

(1)

Other Arguments That Justified Sport Participation

249

(1)

Development of Sport in the Nineteenth Century

250

(2)

Sport and Play in Nineteenth-Century America

252

(10)

Horse and Harness Racing

252

(3)

Ball Games: Cricket, Baseball, and Football

255

(5)

``Amateur'' Sports

260

(2)

Summary

262

(1)

Discussion Questions

262

(1)

Internet Resources

263

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

263

(1)

Notes

264

(2)

Sport in the Twentieth Century

266

(19)

General Events

266

(1)

Introduction

267

(1)

College Football

268

(4)

Professional Football

272

(1)

Baseball

273

(1)

Basketball

274

(2)

Boxing

276

(1)

Volleyball

277

(1)

Women and Sport

277

(4)

Summary

281

(1)

Discussion Questions

282

(1)

Internet Resources

282

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

283

(1)

Notes

283

(2)

SECTION V A Social and Political History of the Modern Olympic Games

285

(122)

Pioneers and Progress: 1896--1936

286

(29)

Introduction

287

(1)

The Architects of the Modern Olympic Games: Dr. William Penny Brookes and Baron Pierre de Coubertin

288

(4)

The Ist Olympiad: Athens, 1896

292

(1)

The IInd Olympiad: Paris, 1900

293

(1)

The IIIrd Olympiad: St. Louis, 1904

294

(2)

The IVth Olympiad: London, 1908

296

(2)

The Vth Olympiad: Stockholm, 1912

298

(2)

The VIIth Olympiad: Antwerp, 1920

300

(2)

The VIIIth Olympiad: Paris, 1924

302

(1)

The Ist Winter Olympics: Chamonix, 1924

303

(1)

The IXth Olympiad: Amsterdam, 1928

303

(1)

The IInd Winter Olympics: St. Moritz, 1928

304

(1)

The Issue of Amateurism

304

(1)

The Xth Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1932

305

(1)

The IIIrd Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, 1932

305

(1)

The Political Nature of the Olympic Games

306

(1)

The XIth Olympiad: Berlin, 1936

306

(5)

Sport and Physical Education in Nazi Germany

307

(4)

The IVth Winter Olympics: Garmisch--Partenkirchen, 1936

311

(1)

Summary

311

(1)

Discussion Questions

312

(1)

Internet Resources

312

(1)

Notes

313

(2)

The Cold War Olympics: 1948--1988

315

(53)

Introduction

317

(1)

The XIVth Olympiad: London, 1948

318

(3)

The Political Atmosphere

318

(2)

Notables

320

(1)

The Vth Winter Olympics: St. Moritz, 1948

321

(4)

The XVth Olympiad: Helsinki, 1952

321

(1)

The Political Atmosphere

321

(2)

A Cold War of Sports

323

(1)

A Propaganda War

324

(1)

Notables

324

(1)

The VIth Winter Olympics: Oslo, 1952

325

(1)

The XVIth Olympiad: Melbourne, 1956

325

(4)

The Political Atmosphere

325

(2)

The Aussie Olympics

327

(1)

Olympic Boycott

327

(1)

Notables

328

(1)

The VIIth Winter Olympics: Cortina, 1956

329

(1)

The XVIIth Olympiad: Rome, 1960

329

(4)

The Political Atmosphere

329

(1)

A Roman Holiday

330

(1)

East Versus West

330

(2)

Notables

332

(1)

The VIIIth Winter Olympics: Squaw Valley, 1960

333

(1)

The XVIIIth Olympiad: Tokyo, 1964

333

(3)

The Perfect Olympiad

334

(1)

Olympic Politics

334

(2)

Defections

336

(1)

Notables

336

(1)

The IXth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck, 1964

336

(1)

The XIXth Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968

337

(3)

Student Demonstrations

337

(1)

Olympic Politics

338

(2)

The Xth Winter Olympics: Grenoble, 1968

340

(1)

The XXth Olympiad: Munich, 1972

340

(5)

World Overview

340

(1)

Olympic Politics

341

(1)

The Munich Massacre

342

(2)

Notables

344

(1)

The XIth Winter Olympics: Sapporo, 1972

345

(1)

The XXIst Olympiad: Montreal, 1976

345

(5)

The Taiwan Issue

345

(2)

The Boycott

347

(1)

Security Concerns

348

(1)

Political Defections and Propaganda

348

(1)

Notables

349

(1)

The XIIth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck, 1976

350

(1)

The XXIInd Olympiad: Moscow, 1980

350

(5)

What Led to the U.S. Boycott? The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

351

(1)

Athletes as Political Pawns

352

(2)

Presidential Pressure and Promises

354

(1)

Epilogue

354

(1)

Notables

355

(1)

The XIIIth Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, 1980

355

(1)

The XXIIIrd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984

356

(3)

The Political Atmosphere

357

(1)

What Goes Around, Comes Around: The Soviet Boycott of the XXIIIrd Olympiad

357

(1)

Security Concerns

358

(1)

Notables

358

(1)

The XIVth Winter Olympics: Sarajevo, 1984

359

(1)

The XXIVth Olympiad: Seoul, 1988

359

(3)

Security Concerns and Olympic Politics

360

(1)

NBC Versus South Korea

360

(1)

Banning Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Other Illicit Drugs at the Olympics

360

(1)

The Ultimate Incentive

361

(1)

Notables

361

(1)

The XVth Winter Olympics: Calgary, 1988

362

(1)

Economics

362

(1)

Atmosphere

363

(1)

Notables

363

(1)

Summary

363

(1)

Discussion Questions

364

(1)

Internet Resources

364

(1)

Notes

365

(3)

After the Cold War: 1992--2004

368

(39)

Introduction

369

(1)

The XXVth Olympiad: Barcelona, 1992

370

(1)

A Renewed Olympic Spirit

370

(1)

Notables

371

(1)

The XVIth Winter Olympics: Albertville/Savoie, 1992

371

(2)

Economics

372

(1)

Atmosphere

372

(1)

Notables

372

(1)

The XVIIth Winter Olympics: Lillehammer, 1994

373

(1)

Atmosphere

373

(1)

Notables

373

(1)

The Centennial Olympiad: Atlanta, 1996

374

(5)

The Torch Relay

375

(1)

The Opening Ceremonies

375

(1)

Commercialization

375

(1)

Drugs

376

(1)

The Closing Ceremonies

377

(1)

Notables

377

(2)

The XVIIIth Winter Olympics: Nagano, 1998

379

(2)

Milestones

379

(1)

Goals and Outcomes

380

(1)

Notables

380

(1)

Scandals and Ill-Gotten Gains

381

(1)

The XXVIIth Olympiad: Sydney, 2000

382

(9)

Social Protests

383

(1)

Terrorist Threats

384

(1)

Politics

384

(1)

The Tape-Delayed Olympics---Thank You, NBC!

385

(1)

Economics and Attendant Social Issues

385

(3)

Technology

388

(1)

Doping

388

(1)

Notables

389

(2)

The XIX Winter Olympics: Salt Lake City, 2002

391

(5)

The Political Atmosphere

391

(1)

Security Concerns

392

(1)

Drugs

393

(1)

Philosophical Concerns and Legal Interpretations

393

(1)

Ethical Decisions and the Decline of an Idea: Exercise in Critical Thinking

394

(1)

Notables

395

(1)

The XXVIII Olympiad: Athens, 2004

396

(7)

The Political Atmosphere

396

(2)

The Game Plan

398

(1)

Ethical Dilemmas

398

(1)

Logistics and Security Concerns

399

(1)

Doping

400

(1)

Notables

401

(2)

Summary

403

(1)

Discussion Questions

404

(1)

Internet Resources

405

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

405

(1)

Notes

405

(2)

Credits

407

(1)

Index

408

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