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The Great Conversation; A Historical Introduction to Philosophy
ISBN: 9780195306828 | 0195306821
Edition: 5thFormat: Hardcover
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Pub. Date: 9/7/2006
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Now in its fifth edition, this historically organized introductory texttreats philosophy as a dramatic and continuous story--a conversation abouthumankind's deepest and most persistent concerns. Tracing the exchange of ideasbetween history's key philosophers, The Great Conversation: A HistoricalIntroduction to Philosophy, Fifth Edition, demonstrates that while constructingan argument or making a claim, one philosopher almost always has others in mind.The book addresses the fundamental questions of human life: Who are we? What canwe know? How sh... MORE
| A Word to Instructors | p. xiii |
| A Word to Students | p. xv |
| Acknowledgments | p. xix |
| Before Philosophy: Myth in Hesiod and Homer | p. 1 |
| Hesiod: War among the Gods | p. 2 |
| Homer: Heroes, Gods, and Excellence | p. 4 |
| Philosophy Before Socrates | p. 10 |
| Thales: The One as Water | p. 11 |
| Anaximander: The One as the Boundless | p. 12 |
| Xe... MORE | p. 14 |
| Profile: Pythagoras | p. 16 |
| Heraclitus: Oneness in the Logos | p. 19 |
| Parmenides: Only the One | p. 24 |
| Zeno: The Paradoxes of Common Sense | p. 29 |
| Atomism: The One and the Many Reconciled | p. 30 |
| The Key: An Ambiguity | p. 31 |
| The World | p. 32 |
| The Soul | p. 33 |
| How to Live | p. 35 |
| The Sophists: Rhetoric and Relativism in Athens | p. 37 |
| Democracy | p. 37 |
| The Persian Wars | p. 38 |
| The Sophists | p. 40 |
| Rhetoric | p. 42 |
| Relativism | p. 44 |
| Physis and Nomos | p. 45 |
| Athens and Sparta at War | p. 50 |
| Aristophanes and Reaction | p. 54 |
| Socrates: To Know Oneself | p. 59 |
| Character | p. 60 |
| Is Socrates a Sophist? | p. 63 |
| What Socrates "Knows" | p. 66 |
| We Ought to Search for Truth | p. 67 |
| Human Excellence is Knowledge | p. 67 |
| All Wrongdoing is Due to Ignorance | p. 68 |
| The Most Important Thing of All is to Care for Your Soul | p. 69 |
| The Trial and Death of Socrates | p. 71 |
| Euthyphro | p. 71 |
| Translator's Introduction | p. 71 |
| The Dialogue | p. 72 |
| Commentary and Questions | p. 80 |
| Apology | p. 85 |
| Translator's Introduction | p. 85 |
| The Dialogue | p. 86 |
| Commentary and Questions | p. 98 |
| Crito | p. 103 |
| Translator's Introduction | p. 103 |
| The Dialogue | p. 104 |
| Commentary and Questions | p. 110 |
| Phaedo (Death Scene) | p. 113 |
| Translator's Introduction | p. 113 |
| The Dialogue (Selection) | p. 113 |
| Commentary and Questions | p. 115 |
| Plato: Knowing the Real and the Good | p. 117 |
| Knowledge and Opinion | p. 118 |
| Making the Distinction | p. 118 |
| We Do Know Certain Truths | p. 120 |
| The Objects of Knowledge | p. 121 |
| The Reality of the Forms | p. 124 |
| The World and the Forms | p. 126 |
| How Forms are Related to the World | p. 126 |
| Lower and Higher Forms | p. 128 |
| The Form of the Good | p. 130 |
| The Love of Wisdom | p. 133 |
| What Wisdom is | p. 133 |
| Love and Wisdom | p. 137 |
| The Soul | p. 141 |
| The Immortality of the Soul | p. 141 |
| The Structure of the Soul | p. 143 |
| Morality | p. 145 |
| The State | p. 150 |
| Problems with the Forms | p. 153 |
| Aristotle: The Reality of the World | p. 156 |
| Aristotle and Plato | p. 156 |
| Otherworldliness | p. 157 |
| The Objects of Knowledge | p. 157 |
| Human Nature | p. 157 |
| Relativism and Skepticism | p. 158 |
| Ethics | p. 158 |
| Logic and Knowledge | p. 159 |
| Terms and Statements | p. 160 |
| Truth | p. 162 |
| Reasons Why: The Syllogism | p. 163 |
| Knowing First Principles | p. 166 |
| The World | p. 168 |
| Nature | p. 168 |
| The Four "Becauses" | p. 169 |
| Is There Purpose in Nature? | p. 171 |
| Teleology | p. 172 |
| First Philosophy | p. 173 |
| Not Plato's Forms | p. 174 |
| What of Mathematics? | p. 175 |
| Substance and Form | p. 175 |
| Pure Actualities | p. 177 |
| God | p. 177 |
| The Soul | p. 179 |
| Levels of Soul | p. 180 |
| Soul and Body | p. 181 |
| Nous | p. 183 |
| The Good Life | p. 185 |
| Happiness | p. 186 |
| Virtue or Excellence (Arete) | p. 189 |
| The Role of Reason | p. 191 |
| Responsibility | p. 193 |
| The Highest Good | p. 195 |
| Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics: Happiness for the Many | p. 198 |
| The Epicureans | p. 199 |
| The Stoics | p. 204 |
| The Skeptics | p. 209 |
| The Christians: Sin, Salvation, and Love | p. 216 |
| Background | p. 217 |
| Jesus | p. 219 |
| The Meaning of Jesus | p. 223 |
| Augustine: God and the Soul | p. 226 |
| Wisdom, Happiness, and God | p. 232 |
| The Interior Teacher | p. 236 |
| God and the World | p. 238 |
| The Great Chain of Being | p. 238 |
| Evil | p. 241 |
| Time | p. 242 |
| Human Nature and Its Corruption | p. 246 |
| Human Nature and Its Restoration | p. 252 |
| Augustine on Relativism | p. 255 |
| The Two Cities | p. 257 |
| Christians and Philosophers | p. 259 |
| Reason and Authority | p. 259 |
| Intellect and Will | p. 261 |
| Augustine on Epicureans and Stoics | p. 261 |
| Anselm and Aquinas: Existence and Essence in God and the World | p. 264 |
| Anselm: On That, Than Which No Greater Can Be Conceived | p. 264 |
| Thomas Aquinas: Rethinking Aristotle | p. 269 |
| Profile: Avicenna (Ibn Sina) | p. 270 |
| Philosophy and Theology | p. 271 |
| Existence and Essence | p. 272 |
| Profile: Averroes (Ibn Rushd) | p. 274 |
| From Creation to God | p. 275 |
| The Nature of God | p. 280 |
| Profile: Maimonides (Moses Ben Maimon) | p. 282 |
| Humans: Their Souls | p. 283 |
| Humans: Their Knowledge | p. 285 |
| Humans: Their Good | p. 287 |
| Ockham and Skeptical Doubts-Again | p. 292 |
| Moving from Medieval to Modern | p. 297 |
| The World God Made for Us | p. 298 |
| The Humanists | p. 302 |
| Reforming the Church | p. 304 |
| Skeptical Thoughts Revived | p. 309 |
| Copernicus to Kepler to Galileo: The Great Triple Play | p. 312 |
| Rene Descartes: Doubting Our Way to Certainty | p. 319 |
| The Method | p. 321 |
| Meditations: Commentary and Questions | p. 324 |
| Meditations on First Philosophy | p. 336 |
| p. 336 | |
| p. 338 | |
| p. 341 | |
| p. 346 | |
| p. 349 | |
| p. 351 | |
| What Has Descartes Done? | p. 356 |
| A New Ideal for Knowledge | p. 357 |
| A New Vision of Reality | p. 357 |
| Problems | p. 358 |
| The Preeminence of Epistemology | p. 359 |
| Hobbes, Locke, and Berkeley: Materialism and the Beginnings of Empiricism | p. 360 |
| Thomas Hobbes: Catching Persons in the Net of the New Science | p. 360 |
| Method | p. 361 |
| Minds and Motives | p. 362 |
| Profile: Francis Bacon | p. 368 |
| The Natural Foundation of Moral Rules | p. 369 |
| John Locke: Looking to Experience | p. 372 |
| Origin of Ideas | p. 373 |
| Idea of Substance | p. 374 |
| Idea of the Soul | p. 376 |
| Idea of Personal Identity | p. 376 |
| Language and Essence | p. 378 |
| The Extent of Knowledge | p. 380 |
| Of Representative Government | p. 382 |
| Of Toleration | p. 384 |
| George Berkeley: Ideas into Things | p. 385 |
| Abstract Ideas | p. 386 |
| Ideas and Things | p. 388 |
| God | p. 393 |
| David Hume: Unmasking the Pretensions of Reason | p. 397 |
| How Newton Did It | p. 398 |
| To Be the Newton of Human Nature | p. 399 |
| The Theory of Ideas | p. 401 |
| The Association of Ideas | p. 402 |
| Causation: The Very Idea | p. 403 |
| The Disappearing Self | p. 409 |
| Profile: The Buddha | p. 412 |
| Rescuing Human Freedom | p. 412 |
| Is It Reasonable to Believe in God? | p. 415 |
| Understanding Morality | p. 419 |
| Reason is Not a Motivator | p. 419 |
| The Origins of Moral Judgment | p. 420 |
| Is Hume a Skeptic? | p. 423 |
| Immanuel Kant: Rehabilitating Reason (Within Strict Limits) | p. 426 |
| Critique | p. 428 |
| Judgments | p. 429 |
| Geometry, Mathematics, Space, and Time | p. 431 |
| Common Sense, Science, and the A Priori Categories | p. 434 |
| Profile: Baruch Spinoza | p. 438 |
| Phenomena and Noumena | p. 439 |
| Profile: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz | p. 440 |
| Reasoning and the Ideas of Metaphysics: God, World, and Soul | p. 442 |
| The Soul | p. 443 |
| The World and the Free Will | p. 444 |
| God | p. 447 |
| The Ontological Argument | p. 448 |
| Reason and Morality | p. 450 |
| The Good Will | p. 451 |
| The Moral Law | p. 453 |
| Profile: Jean-Jacques Rousseau | p. 455 |
| Autonomy | p. 456 |
| Freedom | p. 458 |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Taking History Seriously | p. 461 |
| Historical and Intellectual Context | p. 462 |
| The French Revolution | p. 462 |
| The Romantics | p. 463 |
| Epistemology Internalized | p. 464 |
| Profile: Arthur Schopenhauer | p. 465 |
| Self and Others | p. 470 |
| Stoic and Skeptical Consciousness | p. 473 |
| Hegel's Analysis of Christianity | p. 474 |
| Reason and Reality: The Theory of Idealism | p. 476 |
| Spirit Made Objective: The Social Character of Ethics | p. 478 |
| History and Freedom | p. 484 |
| Kierkegaard and Marx: Two Ways to "Correct" Hegel | p. 488 |
| Kierkegaard: On Individual Existence | p. 488 |
| The Aesthetic | p. 489 |
| The Ethical | p. 492 |
| The Religious | p. 496 |
| The Individual | p. 503 |
| Marx: Beyond Alienation and Exploitation | p. 507 |
| Alienation, Exploitation, and Private Property | p. 509 |
| Communism | p. 511 |
| The Utilitarians: Moral Rules and the Happiness of All (Including Women) | p. 515 |
| The Classic Utilitarians | p. 515 |
| The Rights of Women | p. 525 |
| Friedrich Nietzsche: The Value of Existence | p. 533 |
| Pessimism and Tragedy | p. 534 |
| Good-bye Real World | p. 538 |
| The Death of God | p. 542 |
| Revaluation of Values | p. 546 |
| Master Morality/Slave Morality | p. 546 |
| Our Morality | p. 549 |
| The Overman | p. 552 |
| Affirming Eternal Recurrence | p. 560 |
| The Pragmatists: Thought and Action | p. 565 |
| Charles Sanders Peirce | p. 565 |
| Fixing Belief | p. 566 |
| Belief and Doubt | p. 568 |
| Truth and Reality | p. 570 |
| Meaning | p. 574 |
| Signs | p. 578 |
| John Dewey | p. 580 |
| The Impact of Darwin | p. 580 |
| Naturalized Epistemology | p. 582 |
| Profile: William James | p. 583 |
| Nature and Natural Science | p. 585 |
| Value Naturalized | p. 587 |
| Analysis: Logical Atomism and the Logical Positivists | p. 593 |
| Language and Its Logic | p. 594 |
| Profile: Bertrand Russell | p. 596 |
| Ludwig Wittgenstein: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus | p. 596 |
| Picturing | p. 599 |
| Thought and Language | p. 601 |
| Logical Truth | p. 603 |
| Saying and Showing | p. 605 |
| Setting the Limit to Thought | p. 606 |
| Value and the Self | p. 607 |
| Good and Evil, Happiness and Unhappiness | p. 610 |
| The Unsayable | p. 612 |
| Logical Positivism | p. 614 |
| Ordinary Language: "This is Simply What I Do" | p. 620 |
| The Later Wittgenstein: Philosophical Investigations | p. 622 |
| Philosophical Illusion | p. 623 |
| Language-Games | p. 626 |
| Ostensive Definitions | p. 628 |
| Objects | p. 629 |
| Family Resemblances | p. 630 |
| The Continuity of Wittgenstein's Thought | p. 633 |
| Our Groundless Certainty | p. 635 |
| Martin Heidegger: The Meaning of Being | p. 642 |
| What Is the Question? | p. 643 |
| The Clue | p. 644 |
| Phenomenology | p. 647 |
| Profile: Jean-Paul Sartre | p. 648 |
| Being-in-the-World | p. 649 |
| The "Who" of Dasein | p. 654 |
| Modes of Disclosure | p. 657 |
| Attunement | p. 658 |
| Understanding | p. 660 |
| Discourse | p. 663 |
| Falling-Away | p. 664 |
| Idle Talk | p. 664 |
| Curiosity | p. 665 |
| Ambiguity | p. 665 |
| Care | p. 666 |
| Truth | p. 667 |
| Death | p. 669 |
| Conscience, Guilt, and Resoluteness | p. 671 |
| Temporality as the Meaning of Care | p. 673 |
| The Priority of Being | p. 676 |
| Simone De Beauvoir: Existentialist, Feminist | p. 684 |
| Ambiguity | p. 684 |
| Ethics | p. 689 |
| Woman | p. 694 |
| Postmodernism and Physical Realism: Derrida, Rorty, Quine, and Dennett | p. 703 |
| Postmodernism | p. 703 |
| Deconstruction: Jacques Derrida | p. 704 |
| Liberal Ironist: Richard Rorty | p. 713 |
| Physical Realism | p. 724 |
| Science, Common Sense, and Metaphysics: Willard Van Orman Quine | p. 725 |
| The Matter of Minds: Daniel Dennett | p. 736 |
| Afterword | p. 745 |
| Glossary | p. G-1 |
| Credits | p. C-1 |
| Index | p. I-1 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
Norman Melchert is Selfridge Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and was Associate Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Lehigh University
