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Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective

ISBN: 9780030968464 | 0030968461
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Brooks Cole
Pub. Date: 3/15/1994

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Table of Contents
... MORE
Introduction
1(26)
Anatomical and Functional Interpretations
2(3)
Scaling and Allometric Growth
5(4)
Functional Anatomy and Development
9(2)
Growth and Changing Proportions of Body Parts
9(1)
Paedomorphosis
10(1)
Comparative Interpretation
11(8)
Phylogeny and Classification
11(1)
Homology, Homoplasty, and Analogy
12(3)
Divergent, Convergent, and Parallel Evolution
15(2)
Reconstructing Phylogenies
17(1)
Phylogeny and Comparative Biology
18(1)
Anatomical Terminology
19(7)
The Protochordates and Origin of Vertebrates
26(24)
The Phylum Hemichordata
27(2)
The Tunicata
29(3)
Adult Ascidian Structure
30(1)
The Ascidian Larva
30(2)
Chordate Characters and Their Evolution
32(2)
The Cephalochordata
34(3)
The Vertebrata
37(5)
The Excretory Organs of Amphioxus
38(4)
The Origin of Chordates and Vertebrates
42(8)
Chordate Affinities
42(3)
Chordate and Vertebrate Origins
45(5)
The Diversity of Vertebrates
50(65)
Ectothermy
51(1)
Class Agnatha
52(6)
Ostracoderms
52(4)
Lampreys and Hagfishes
56(2)
Gnathostomes: The Evolution of Jaws and Paired Appendages
58(1)
Class Placodermi
59(1)
Class Chondrichthyes
60(3)
Characteristics and Relationship of Cartilaginous Fishes
60(1)
The Adaptive Radiation of Cartilaginous Fishes
61(2)
Class Osteichthyes
63(12)
Characteristics of Bony Fishes
63(1)
Subclass Acanthodii
64(1)
Subclass Actinopterygii
65(6)
Subclass Sarcopterygii
71(4)
Class Amphibia
75(6)
The Transition from Water to Land
75(3)
Characteristics of Amphibians
78(1)
The Adaptive Radiation of Amphibians
78(3)
Class Reptilia
81(9)
Characteristics of Reptiles
81(3)
The Adaptive Radiation of Reptiles
84(6)
Class Aves
90(5)
Endothermy
90(2)
Characteristics of Birds
92(1)
The Origin and Adaptive Radiation of Birds
93(2)
Class Mammalia
95(9)
Characteristics of Mammals
95(2)
Primitive Mammals and the Origin of Mammalian Endothermy
97(1)
Prototherians
98(1)
Early Therians
99(1)
Marsupials
100(2)
Eutherian Mammals
102(2)
Vertebrate Evolution
104(4)
A Synopsis of Chordates
108(7)
Development and Comparative Evolutionary Embryology
115(28)
Gametes and Fertilization
116(3)
Sperm
116(1)
Eggs
117(1)
Fertilization
118(1)
Cleavage
119(2)
Gastrulation, Mesoderm Formation and Early Neurulation
121(4)
Amphioxus
121(2)
Amphibians
123(1)
Fishes, Reptiles and Birds
123(2)
Neurulation and the Neural Crest
125(3)
Mesoderm Differentiation and the Derivatives of the Germ Layers
128(3)
The Extraembryonic Membranes of Reptiles and Birds
131(2)
Developmental Modifications of Eutherian Mammals
133(2)
Evolutionary Embryology
135(8)
Heterochrony
135(1)
The Homeobox and the Vertebrate Body Plan
136(2)
The Homeobox and the Vertebrate Limb
138(5)
The Integument
143(34)
General Structure and Development of the Skin
144(2)
Skin Coloration and Its Function
146(2)
Adaptive Camouflage in Flatfishes
148(1)
The Skin of Fishes
148(5)
Structure
148(2)
Bony Scales
150(3)
The Skin of Amphibians
153(3)
The Skin of Reptiles
156(2)
The Skin of Birds
158(3)
The Skin of Mammals
161(11)
The Epidermis and Its Derivatives
161(9)
The Dermis and Subcutaneous Tissue
170(2)
The Evolution of Vertebrate Skin
172(5)
Properties and Mechanics of Structural Materials
177(25)
Forces Acting on the Body
178(2)
Properties and Growth of Structural Materials
180(9)
Hydroskeletons, the Notochord
180(1)
Dense Connective Tissues
180(2)
Cartilage
182(2)
Bone
184(1)
Bone Growth
185(3)
Other Functions of Bones
188(1)
Joints
189(2)
Lever Systems
191(3)
Components and Resultants of Forces
194(1)
Distribution of Materials
195(7)
Evolution of the Head Skeleton
202(48)
Divisions of the Skeleton
203(1)
Composition of the Head Skeleton of Fishes
204(11)
The Chondrocranium
205(2)
The Visceral Skeleton
207(4)
Evolution of Jaw Suspension in Fishes
211(1)
The Dermatocranium
212(1)
Teeth
212(3)
The Head Skeleton of Amphibians
215(1)
Labyrinthodonts
215(35)
Contemporary Amphibians
224(1)
The Head Skeleton of Reptiles and Birds
224(8)
The Evolution of the Mammalian Head Skeleton
232(1)
Skull Changes Correlated with Changes in Sense Organs
233(1)
Braincase Evolution
234(4)
Palatal Evolution
238(1)
Temporal Fenestration and Jaw Muscles
239(2)
Jaw and Ear Changes
241(2)
Changes in Forces Acting on the Lower Jaw
243(3)
The Mammalian Hyoid Apparatus and Larynx
246(4)
Evolution of the Postcranial Skeleton
250(48)
The Structure and Development of Vertebrae and Ribs
251(8)
Vertebral Structure
251(2)
Vertebral Development
253(4)
Ribs and Transverse Processes
257(2)
The Evolution of the Trunk Skeleton
259(16)
Fishes
259(4)
Amphibians
263(3)
Reptiles
266(4)
Birds
270(1)
Mammals
270(5)
The Origin of the Appendicular Skeleton
275(1)
The Appendicular Skeleton of Jawed Fishes
276(4)
The Appendicular Skeleton of Ancestral Tetrapods and Its Origin
280(5)
The Limbs of Ancestral Terrestrial Vertebrates
280(2)
The Girdles of Ancestral Terrestrial Vertebrates
282(1)
The Origin of Tetrapod Limb and Girdle
283(1)
The Limbs and Girdles of Contemporary Amphibians and Reptiles
284(1)
The Appendicular Skeleton of Birds
285(4)
Wings
285(4)
The Pelvic Girdle and Appendage
289(1)
The Mammalian Appendicular Skeleton and Its Evolution
289(9)
The Muscular System
298(44)
Types of Muscle Tissue
299(2)
Smooth Muscle
299(1)
Cardiac Muscle
300(1)
Skeletal Muscle
301(1)
Muscle Structure
301(2)
Muscle Fine Structure and Contraction
303(3)
Adaptations of Skeletal Muscles
306(4)
Motor Units
306(1)
Tonic and Phasic Muscles
306(2)
Muscle Architecture
308(2)
Muscle Development and Groups
310(8)
The Muscular System of Fishes
318(5)
Extrinsic Ocular Muscles
318(1)
Branchiomeric Muscles
319(2)
Epibranchial and Hypobranchial Muscles
321(1)
Trunk and Tail Muscles
322(1)
Appendicular Muscles
323(1)
The Evolution of the Axial Muscles
323(7)
Extrinsic Ocular Muscles
323(1)
Branchiomeric Muscles
323(3)
Hypobranchial Muscles
326(1)
Epibranchial and Trunk Muscles
327(3)
The Evolution of the Appendicular Muscles
330(5)
Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Appendage
331(4)
Electric Organs
335(7)
Functional Anatomy of Support and Locomotion
342(55)
Swimming
343(10)
Support in Water
343(2)
Drag
345(1)
Propulsion
346(4)
Buoyancy
350(3)
Stability
353(1)
Support in Terrestrial Vertebrates
353(6)
Vertebral Support
353(5)
Limb Support
358(1)
Terrestrial Locomotion
359(21)
Walking and Running
359(9)
Fiber-Type Recruitment in Tetrapods
368(4)
Limbs as Lever System
372(1)
Energy Costs of Locomotion
373(2)
Additional Adaptations for Speed
375(4)
Jumping
379(1)
Parachuting, Gliding, and Flight
380(17)
Lift and Drag
382(1)
Metabolic Costs of Amphibian Saltation
383(2)
Flapping Flight
385(4)
Muscle Activity During a Wing Cycle
389(1)
Soaring
390(7)
The Sense Organs
397(50)
Receptors
398(1)
Chemoreceptors
399(6)
Olfactory Receptors
400(4)
The Vomeronasal Organ
404(1)
The Terminal Nerve
404(1)
Gustatory Receptors
405(1)
Mechanoreceptors of the Skin
405(3)
Proprioceptors
408(1)
Lateral Line Receptors
409(6)
The Lateral Line System
409(1)
Muscle Spindles
410(3)
Electroreceptors
413(2)
The Ear
415(13)
Inner Ear Structure
415(3)
Equilibrium
418(1)
Hearing in Fishes
418(2)
Hearing in Terrestrial Vertebrates
420(2)
The Ear of Reptiles and Birds
422(1)
The Ear of Amphibians
423(1)
The Ear of Mammals and Its Evolution
424(4)
Photoreceptors
428(1)
Median Eyes
428(2)
The Structure and Function of Image-Forming Eyes
430(5)
The Fibrous Tunic
430(1)
The Vascular Tunic, Iris, and Ciliary Body
431(2)
The Retina
433(2)
The Origin and Development of the Eye
435(2)
Adaptations of the Eye
437(4)
The Eye of Fishes
437(2)
The Eye of Terrestrial Vertebrates
439(2)
Thermoreceptors
441(6)
The Nervous System: Organization, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves
447(41)
Components of the Nervous System
448(6)
Neurons and Synapses
448(4)
Schwann Cells
452(1)
Neuroglia
452(2)
Organization of the Nervous System
454(8)
Neuron Types and Their Distribution
455(1)
Functional Groups
456(3)
Basic Neuronal Circuitry
459(3)
The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
462(5)
Spinal Cord
462(2)
Spinal Nerves
464(3)
Cranial Nerves
467(13)
The Cranial Nerves of Fishes
467(6)
Evolution of the Cranial Nerves
473(7)
The Autonomic Nervous System
480(8)
The Autonomic Nervous System of Mammals
480(4)
The Evolution of the Autonomic Nervous System
484(4)
The Nervous System: The Brain
488(45)
Determining Brain Pathways and Functions
489(1)
The Development of the Brain
490(4)
The Inside-Out Cerebrum of Actinopterygians
493(1)
The Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
494(3)
The Brain of Fishes
497(6)
Parts of the Fish Brain
497(2)
Functional Organization of the Fish Brain
499(4)
Major Trends in Tetrapod Brain Evolution
503(8)
The Amphibian Brain
504(2)
The Reptile Brain
506(1)
The Evolution of Tetrapod Cerebral Centers
507(2)
The Bird Brain
509(1)
The Mammal Brain
510(1)
Major Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Mammalian Brain
511(22)
Ascending Sensory Pathways
511(4)
The Optic System
515(2)
The Auditory System
517(2)
The Olfactory and Limbic Systems
519(2)
Motor Control and Pathways
521(2)
Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum
523(4)
Cortical Integration
527(6)
Introduction to the Endocrine Glands
533(21)
Endocrine and Neuronal Integration
534(5)
The Nature of Hormones and Hormonal Action
539(1)
The Hypophysis and Hypothalamus
540(6)
Development and Structure of the Hypophysis
540(4)
Hormones of the Adenohypophysis
544(1)
Neurosecretions of the Hypothalamus
545(1)
The Pineal Gland
546(2)
The Urophysis
548(1)
The Adrenal Gland
548(6)
The Body Cavity and Mesenteries
554(11)
The Coelom and Mesenteries of Fishes and Their Development
555(4)
The Coelom and Mesenteries of Tetrapods
559(6)
The Digestive System: Oral Cavity and Feeding Mechanisms
565(37)
The Development of the Digestive Tract
566(1)
The Mouth and Oral Cavity
567(9)
Basic Modes of Feeding
568(1)
Teeth
569(7)
The Feeding Mechanisms of Vertebrates
576(22)
Feeding in the Aquatic Medium: Fishes and Amphibians
577(7)
Swallowing in Aquatic Anamniotes
584(1)
Terrestrial Feeding: Amniotes
584(3)
Cranial Kinesis or Intracranial Mobility
587(4)
The Palate
591(3)
Tongue, Cheeks, and Lips
594(3)
Oral Glands
597(1)
Evolution of the Vertebrate Feeding Mechanism
598(4)
The Digestive System: Pharynx, Stomach, and Intestine
602(31)
The Pharynx and Its Derivatives
603(5)
Development
603(1)
The Thyroid Gland
604(2)
The Parathyroid Glands and Ultimobranchial Bodies
606(1)
The Thymus and Tonsils
607(1)
Gut Tube Structure
608(2)
The Esophagus
610(1)
The Stomach
611(6)
The Intestine and the Cloaca
617(4)
The Liver and Pancreas
621(6)
The Liver
621(1)
The Functional Anatomy of Large Mammalian Herbivores
622(4)
The Pancreas
626(1)
Gastrointestinal Hormones
627(6)
The Respiratory System
633(36)
The Respiratory System of Fishes
635(15)
Gills
635(1)
The Structure and Development of Internal Gills
636(2)
Gills of Agnathans
638(1)
Gills of Elasmobranchs
638(3)
Gills of Bony Fishes
641(4)
Accessory Respiratory Organs
645(1)
Lungs
645(3)
The Swim Bladder
648(2)
Respiration in Early Tetrapods
650(6)
Amphibian Respiratory Organs
651(3)
The Reptile Respiratory System
654(2)
The First Aspiration Pump in the Evolution of Vertebrates
656(1)
Respiration in Birds
656(5)
Respiration in Mammals
661(3)
Evolution of Respiratory Patterns in Air-Breathing Vertebrates
664(5)
The Circulatory System
669(42)
Components of the Circulatory System
670(5)
The Spleen and Other Hemopoietic Tissues
670(1)
The Heart and Blood Vessels
671(4)
Embryonic Development of the Blood Vessels and Heart
675(3)
The Circulatory System of Early Fishes
678(4)
The Heart
678(2)
The Arterial System
680(1)
The Venous System
681(1)
Evolution of the Heart and Arteries
682(17)
Lungfishes
683(2)
Amphibians
685(3)
Reptiles
688(4)
Birds
692(2)
Adult Mammals
694(2)
Fetal and Neonatal Mammals
696(3)
Evolution of the Venous System
699(4)
Drainage of the Appendages
699(2)
The Caudal Vena Cava
701(1)
The Cranial Vena Cava
702(1)
Evolution of the Lymphatic System
703(8)
The Excretory System and Osmoregulation
711(31)
The Renal Tubules
712(5)
Renal Tubule Structure and Function
712(3)
Renal Tubule Evolution
715(2)
Kidney Development and Evolution
717(5)
The Holonephros
717(1)
The Pronephros
717(2)
The Mesonephros
719(1)
The Opisthonephros
719(2)
The Metanephros
721(1)
The Urinary Bladder and Cloaca
722(2)
Excretion and Osmoregulation
724(18)
Nitrogen Excretion
724(1)
The Environment of Ancestral Vertebrates
725(2)
Freshwater Fishes
727(2)
Saltwater Teleosts
729(1)
Chondrichthyan Fishes
730(1)
From Water to Land: Lungfishes and Amphibians
731(2)
Adaptations for Terrestrial Life: Reptiles
733(1)
High Metabolism and Endothermy: Birds and Mammals
734(8)
The Reproductive System and Reproduction
742(1)
Sex Determination
743(2)
Reproductive Patterns
745(1)
Development of the Reproductive System
746(5)
Development of the Gonads
747(2)
Development of the Reproductive Ducts
749(2)
The Mature Gonads
751(9)
Testes
751(3)
The Descent of the Testes
754(3)
Ovaries
757(3)
Evolution of the Reproductive Passages
760(18)
Male Reproductive Passages
760(4)
Passages and Reproduction in Nonmammalian Females
764(6)
Passages and Reproduction in Mammalian Females
770(5)
Division of the Cloaca; the External Genitalia
775(3)
Reproductive Hormones
778(1)
The Hormones and their Effects
778(2)
Integration of Reproduction
780
GlossaryG-1
IndexI-0

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