Rent 9780132207157 | Forensic Science Handbook, Volume 3

Summary Table of Contents

Updated in a new edition, this book contains a collection of articles written by experts in the forensic science area. Volume III has an emphasis on DNA research. Book is intended for the professional or graduate audience.

Rich in content, this handbook describes theories and practices of forensic science to both practitioners and students of the subject. Beginning with a strategic orientation, it identifies the processes needed to make scientifically and legally reliable decisions about the focus, priority and seq... MORE

Preface	p. xii
Forensic Casework from Start to Finish	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Science Applied to the Law	p. 1
Casework Decisions and the Analytical Plan	p. 2
Relevant, Significant, and Specific	p. 3
Responsibility, Accountability, and Control	p. 3
Doing the Right Thing and Doing It Right: Impact-Based Decisions	p. 4
Preliminary Case A... MOREssessment	p. 5
What We Know and What We Don't Know	p. 5
Framing the Case Questions: Who, What, When, Where, and How	p. 6
Hierarchy of Hypothesis-Forming Propositions: Origin, Activity and Offense	p. 6
Developing and Assessing Case Hypotheses	p. 8
Multiple Hypotheses at the Outset	p. 8
Devising an Analytical Plan	p. 9
Stage of the Case or the Project	p. 9
Tools for Deciding Where to Begin: Priorities and Impact	p. 9
Modifying the Analytical Plan during the Testing Process	p. 12
Defensible Criteria for Sampling Decisions	p. 13
Criteria for Sampling	p. 13
Types of Samples	p. 14
Interpreting The Results: Defensible Work, Records, Conclusions, and Testimony	p. 15
Deciding When You Are Done	p. 15
Levels of Information: Incorporating New Information into an Interpretation of Results	p. 16
Formal Mutually Exclusive Hypotheses	p. 17
Evaluating Associative Evidence	p. 18
The Asymmetry of Positive and Negative Results	p. 19
Failure to Exclude versus No Information; Weak Exclusion versus No Information	p. 20
Communications: Making Your Work Understandable and Defensible	p. 22
Resolving Technical Disagreements	p. 23
Conclusions	p. 25
Acknowledgments	p. 25
References	p. 26
A Guide to The Analysis of Forensic Dust Specimens	p. 31
Occurrence, Collection, and Preservation of Dust Specimens	p. 32
Initial Examination	p. 36
Characterization and Identification Procedures	p. 38
Human Hair	p. 38
Animal Hair	p. 42
Synthetic Fibers	p. 50
Minerals, Glass, and Related Materials	p. 56
Miscellaneous Substances	p. 65
Dust Comparison	p. 68
Conclusion	p. 68
References	p. 70
Forensic Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy	p. 75
Theory	p. 77
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 77
Vibration of Diatomic Molecules	p. 78
Vibration Transitions of Diatomic Molecules	p. 83
Vibration of Polyatomic Molecules	p. 89
Factors Affecting Infrared Spectra	p. 96
Specificity and Limitations of Infrared Spectroscopy	p. 101
Vapor Spectra of Small Molecules	p. 101
Organic Compounds	p. 103
Inorganic Compounds	p. 105
Instrumentation	p. 110
The Michelson Interferometer	p. 111
Detectors	p. 118
Analysis Techniques and Accessories	p. 120
Diamond Anvil Cell	p. 120
Infrared Microscope	p. 128
Attenuated Total Reflectance	p. 130
Diffuse Reflectance (DRIFTS)	p. 139
Vapor Cells	p. 153
Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared (GC/FT-IR) Spectroscopy	p. 154
Gas Chromatography/Cryogenic Trapping Infrared Analysis	p. 155
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy	p. 157
Spectral Data Evaluation and Interpretation	p. 160
Atmospheric Absorptions	p. 160
Sample Effects	p. 160
Sample Preparation Effects	p. 161
Nonlinear Scale Effects	p. 165
Low-Frequency Absorptions	p. 166
Absorptions of Organic and Inorganic Compounds: A Comparison	p. 173
Absorptions of Talc, Kaolin, and Calcium Carbonate	p. 175
Infrared Analysis of Evidence	p. 176
Controlled Substances	p. 176
Toxicology	p. 184
Paint	p. 185
Fibers	p. 197
Explosives	p. 199
Synthetic Polymers	p. 201
Document Examinations	p. 204
Miscellaneous Evidence	p. 207
Contaminants	p. 210
Acknowledgments	p. 211
References	p. 212
Infrared Microscopy and Its Forensic Applications	p. 252
Introduction	p. 252
Optical Design	p. 254
Components	p. 254
Features	p. 260
Spectral Measurement Methods and Sample Preparation	p. 269
Transmission	p. 269
External Reflection	p. 271
Reflection-Absorption	p. 271
Specular Reflection	p. 272
Diffuse Reflection	p. 273
Diffuse Transmittance	p. 274
Internal Reflection	p. 275
Applications	p. 276
Synthetic Polymers	p. 276
Fibers	p. 276
Controlled Substances	p. 291
Explosives	p. 291
Art Forgeries	p. 291
Inorganic Samples	p. 293
Contaminants	p. 294
Spectral Imaging	p. 297
The Future	p. 299
Acknowledgment	p. 299
References	p. 299
Forensic Pharmacology	p. 307
Basic Principles of Pharmacology	p. 308
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion	p. 312
Drug Action and Pharmacodynamics	p. 319
Heroin and Morphine	p. 326
Cocaine	p. 330
Marijuana (tetrahydrocannabinol, THC)	p. 332
Other Factors That Must Be Considered in the Interpretation of Drug Blood Levels	p. 335
Post-Mortem Redistribution and Sampling Site Issues	p. 335
Sample Stability	p. 336
Ethanol Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion	p. 336
Absorption	p. 337
Distribution	p. 337
Metabolism	p. 338
Excretion (Burn-Off Rate)	p. 339
Interpreting Serum Ethanol Concentrations and Post-Mortem Ethanol Concentrations	p. 339
Widmark Calculations	p. 340
Tolerance to Ethanol	p. 341
The Ethical Duties of The Forensic Toxicologist	p. 343
References	p. 344
Drug Interactions	p. 346
Introduction	p. 346
Types of Drug Interactions	p. 347
Stages of Pharmacokinetics	p. 347
Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions	p. 350
Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions	p. 354
Pharmacogenomics and Drug Interactions	p. 354
Drug Interactions in Forensic Toxicology	p. 355
Alcohol	p. 355
Cannabinoids	p. 357
Opioids	p. 357
Herb-Drug Interactions	p. 364
Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions	p. 366
Conclusion	p. 366
References	p. 367
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Structure and Function-A Review	p. 372
Chemical Composition	p. 374
The Watson-Crick Model of DNA	p. 379
Stability	p. 382
Central Dogma	p. 384
The Genetic Code	p. 385
Methylation of Bases in DNA	p. 389
Transcription and Translation	p. 389
Introns	p. 392
Chromosome Structure	p. 394
DNA Synthesis in the Cell Cycle	p. 396
DNA Polymerase	p. 398
Okazaki Fragments	p. 401
Repetitious DNA	p. 404
Palindromic DNA	p. 407
Mitochondrial DNA	p. 408
Plasmids as Gene-Cloning Vectors	p. 410
Polymerase Chain Reaction	p. 411
PCR Inhibition	p. 414
PCR of Short Tandem Repeats	p. 414
MiniSTRs	p. 416
Polymerase Chain Reaction Y-Chromosome STR Analysis	p. 417
Low Copy Number DNA Analysis	p. 418
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms	p. 419
Real-Time PCR	p. 420
DNA Sequencing	p. 422
Enzymatic Sequencing	p. 422
Chemical Sequencing	p. 425
References	p. 428
The Forensic Application of Y-Chromosome Short-Tandem Repeats	p. 436
Introduction	p. 436
Biology of the Y Chromosome	p. 437
Y-Chromosome Markers	p. 440
Forensic Usefulness of the Y-STR Analysis	p. 441
Extending the Post-Coital Interval	p. 444
Characterization of the Y-STR Loci	p. 447
Single and Multi-Copy Loci	p. 448
Nomenclature	p. 450
Mutation Rates	p. 450
Commonly Used Y-STR Loci	p. 451
Commercial Y-STR Multiplex Systems	p. 451
Statistical Interpretation of A Y-STR Match	p. 453
Databases	p. 454
Future Directions	p. 455
Novel Y-STR Markers	p. 455
Y-Chromosome Markers and Bio-Geographic Ancestry	p. 457
References	p. 459
Forensic Aspects of Firearms Discharge Residue (FDR) Analysis	p. 467
Introduction	p. 467
The Chemistry of Firearms Ammunition	p. 468
Cartridge Cases	p. 468
Projectiles	p. 469
Primers	p. 469
Propellants	p. 470
The Mechanism of FDR Formation	p. 471
Detection and Analysis of GSR (Primer Residues)	p. 471
Color Tests	p. 472
Bulk Analytical Methods	p. 473
GSR Particle Analysis by SEM/EDX	p. 475
Other Instructional Methods	p. 489
Detection and Analysis of Gunpowder Residues	p. 489
Estimation of Shooting Distance	p. 492
Visual/Microscopic and Color Tests	p. 493
Chemical Analysis for Associating Firearms and Ammunition with Gunshot Entries	p. 500
Estimation of Time Since Discharge	p. 503
References	p. 504
Index	p. 513
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