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Exploitation Conservation Preservation: A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use

by: Cutter, Susan L.; Renwick, William H.

Exploitation Conservation Preservation: A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use

by: Cutter, Susan L.; Renwick, William H.

ISBN 13:
9780471018100
ISBN 10:
0471018104
Edition: 3rd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 07/01/1998
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc
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Summary

This text integrates the physical, economic, social, and political considerations in our examination of the major natural resource issues facing the world today. It includes a wide range of opinions and interpretations of natural resource issues which provide both a balanced review and a basis for discussion.

Preface

1 NATURAL RESOURCES: THOUGHTS, WORDS, AND DEEDS

(14)

What Is a Natural Resource?

(5)

Resource Cognition and Value

(3)

Kinds of Resources

(1)

Limits to Resource Classification

(1)

Conserving Resources: What Does It Mean?

(3)

Environmental Ethics: Some Examples

(2)

What Values Do You Bring to the Natural Resources Debate?

(1)

Nature, Economics, and The Politics of Natural Resource Use

(1)

The Systems Approach

(1)

General Outline of the Book

(2)

References and Additional Reading

(1)

Study Questions

ISSUE 1.1: European Integration and the Environment: EEA and EIONET

2 ECONOMICS OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Economics and the Use of Resources

(4)

Characteristics of Natural Resources

(2)

Pricing of Natural Resources

(1)

Economic Systems

(1)

Supply and Demand

(1)

Determining Resources Value: Quantifying the Intangibles

(4)

Benefit-Cost Analysis

(1)

Quantifying Value

(3)

Management and Allocation of Resources

(6)

Ownership

(2)

Social Costs

(1)

Economics of the Individual Firm

(3)

Business and the Environment: Recent Trends

(2)

Diversification and Multinational Corporations

(1)

The Greening of Business

(1)

Deregulation

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References and Additional Reading

(1)

Study Questions

ISSUE 2.1: What Is the Value of a Human Life?

ISSUE 2.2: The Value of Nature

3 ENVIRONMENTAL IDEOLOGY, POLITICS, AND DECISION MAKING

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Natural Resource Use: A Historical Perspective

(1)

Development of Natural Resource Policy

(11)

U.S. Environmental Policy

(8)

International Policy

(3)

Current Natural Resource Policy

(1)

How Decisions Are Made

(4)

Resource Decision Making in the United States

(4)

International Environmental Decision Making

(1)

The Decision-Making Process

(3)

Organizations

(1)

Strategies

(2)

The Role of Public Interest

(1)

The "New" Environmental Politics

(1)

References and Additional Reading

(2)

Study Questions

ISSUE 3.1: In Fairness to All: Agenda 21 and Environmental Equity

ISSUE 3.2: The Politics of U.S. Environmental Legislation: The Alaska Lands Bill

4 ECOLOGIC PERSPECTIVES ON NATURAL RESOURCES

(27)

Earth's Resource Environments

(9)

Bioregions

(4)

Human Use of the Land

(4)

Energy Transfers and Material Flows

(8)

Carbon Cycle

(1)

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

(1)

Hydrologic Cycle

(2)

Food Chains

(1)

Carrying Capacity

(2)

The Scope of Human Impact

(6)

The Extent of Environmental Pollution

(3)

Human Impact on Biogeochemical Cycles

(2)

Ecological Concepts in Resource Management

(2)

Any Given Environment Has a Finite Carrying Capacity

(1)

Be Aware of Limiting Factors

(1)

Minimize Description by Mimicking Nature

(1)

Close the Loops

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

References and Additional Reading

(1)

Study Questions

ISSUE 4.1: What Happens When the Geography Changes?

ISSUE 4.2: Silent Spring versus Our Stolen Future

5 THE HUMAN POPULATION

(21)

A Brief History of Population Growth

(1)

Basic Demographics

(13)

Birth, Death, and Fertility

(4)

Age Structure

(4)

Migration

(1)

Trends in Population Growth

(2)

The Distribution of Population and Population Growth

101

(1)

Rich and Poor Regions

101

(1)

Increasing Urbanization

102

(1)

Population Control Strategies

102

(3)

Socioeconomic Conditions and Fertility

102

(2)

Contraception and Family Planning

104

(1)

Summary

105

(1)

References and Additional Reading

105

(1)

Study Questions

106

ISSUE 5.1: Japan's Declining Population

ISSUE 5.2: Brazil's Fertility Rate Drops Nearly 50 Percent: Why?

6 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION

107

(37)

Food Production Resources

108

(8)

Crops

108

(1)

Livestock

109

(4)

The U.S. Agricultural Resource Land Base

113

(2)

Modern American Agricultural Production

115

(1)

U.S. Rangeland Resources

116

(1)

Natural Resources for Agricultural Production

116

(12)

Soil

116

(2)

Water

118

(4)

Fertilizers and Pesticides

122

(2)

Seed

124

(1)

Labor and Machines

125

(1)

Animals in the Food Production System

125

(3)

Environmental Impacts of Food Production

128

(7)

Soil Erosion

128

(6)

Rangeland Degradation

134

(1)

Agricultural Policy and Management

135

(6)

Subsidies

137

(1)

Sustainable Agriculture

137

(1)

Rangeland Management

137

(4)

Conclusions

141

(1)

References and Additional Reading

141

(1)

Study Questions

142

ISSUE 6.1: Agricultural, CO2, and Climate: The Only Certainty Is Change

120

ISSUE 6.2: The Digital Farmer

127

ISSUE 6.3: Deregulating Agriculture in the United States

138

7 FORESTS

144

(24)

Forests an Multiple-Use Resources

144

(2)

Forests as Fiber Resources

146

(6)

Principles of Sustainable Forestry

146

(4)

Forest Management

150

(1)

Forest Products Technology

151

(1)

Nonfiber Uses of Forest Resources

152

(4)

Habitat

152

(1)

Water Resources

153

(1)

Recreation

154

(1)

Carbon Storage

154

(1)

The Role of Fire

155

(1)

Deforestation and Reforestation: Three Examples

156

(9)

The Amazon Forest

157

(1)

The Siberian Forest

158

(1)

The U.S. Forestland

159

(6)

Conclusion

165

(1)

References and Additional Reading

166

(1)

Study Questions

166

ISSUE 7.1: Chipko: Grass-Roots Environmentalism, or a Struggle for Economic Development?

148

ISSUE 7.2: The Pacific Lumber Saga

164

8 BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT

168

(24)

The Value of Biodiversity

169

(9)

Ecological Interactions

169

(1)

Potential Resources

169

(1)

The Inherent Value of Species

170

(2)

The Pace and Processes of Extinction

172

(1)

Causes of Biodiversity Loss

173

(5)

Conservation of Biodiversity

178

(11)

Species Protection

179

(3)

Habitat Conservation

182

(4)

The Endangered Species Act

186

(2)

The Convention on Biological Diversity

188

(1)

Biodiversity: Critical Issues for the Future

189

(1)

References and Additional Reading

189

(2)

Study Questions

191

ISSUE 8.1: The Mass Extinction of Freshwater Mussels

178

ISSUE 8.2: Ecotourism: Loving Wild Places to Death

186

9 MARINE RESOURCES: COMMON PROPERTY DILEMMAS

192

(22)

Introduction

192

(1)

The Marine Environment

192

(5)

Physical Properties

192

(3)

Habitat and Biological Productivity

195

(2)

Fisheries

197

(2)

Fisheries Production

198

(1)

Fisheries in Distress

199

(1)

Minerals from the Seabed

199

(2)

Energy Resources

199

(2)

Deep-Seabed Minerals

201

(1)

Management of Marine Resources

201

(10)

The Problem of Ownership

201

(1)

The Law of the Sea Treaty

202

(2)

Marine Pollution Problems

204

(3)

Protecting Marine Ecosystems

207

(2)

Example: Exploitation and Protection of Marine Mammals

209

(2)

Conclusion

211

(1)

References and Additional Reading

212

(1)

Study Questions

213

ISSUE 9.1: Salmon in the Pacific Northwest

196

10 WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY

214

(32)

Water Supply and Its Variability

214

(8)

Spatial Variation in Surface Supply

215

(2)

Temporal Variability

217

(1)

Water Supplies and Storage

218

(4)

The Demand for Water

222

(7)

Off-Stream Uses

224

(4)

In-Stream Uses

228

(1)

Water Quality

229

(8)

Major Water Pollutants and Their Sources

229

(7)

Groundwater Pollution Problems

236

(1)

Water Pollution Control

237

(3)

Wastewater Treatment

237

(2)

Nonpoint Pollution Control

239

(1)

Pollution Prevention

239

(1)

Quality, Quantity, and the Water-Supply Problem

240

(4)

Relations Between Quality and Quantity

240

(2)

Water Quality in Developing Regions

242

(2)

Conclusion

244

(1)

References and Additional Reading

244

(1)

Study Questions

245

ISSUE 10.1: Water Politics in the Western United States

224

ISSUE 10.2: Water Pollution Legislation in the United States

240

11 THE AIR RESOURCE AND URBAN AIR QUALITY

246

(24)

Introduction

246

(1)

Air Pollution Meterology

246

(4)

Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere Role of Meterology and Topography

247

(3)

Major Pollutants

250

(1)

Particle Matter (PM)

250

(1)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO(2))

250

(1)

Nitrogen Oxides (NO(x))

250

(1)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

250

(1)

Ozone (O(3)) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC(S))

251

(1)

Lead (Pb)

251

(1)

Urban Air Pollution: The Global Context

251

(2)

The World's Megacities

252

(1)

Economic Development and Air Pollution

252

(1)

Urban Air Pollution in the United States

253

(14)

Air Pollution Monitoring in the United States

253

(3)

National Trends

256

(4)

How Healthy Is the Air You Breathe?

260

(1)

Air-Quality Control and Planning

261

(3)

Toxics in the Air

264

(2)

Indoor Air Pollution

266

(1)

Summary

267

(1)

References and Additional Reading

268

(1)

Study Questions

269

ISSUE 11.1: Smog City, USA

262

ISSUE 11.2: How Clean Are Electric Vehicles?

264

12 REGIONAL AND GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CHANGE

270

(23)

Acid Deposition

270

(8)

Formation and Extent

270

(2)

Emissions and Sources

272

(3)

Effects on the Environment

275

(1)

Control and Management

275

(3)

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

278

(4)

Ozone-Depleting Chemicals

279

(1)

The Ozone Hole Is Discovered

279

(1)

Reducing ODCs: The Montreal Protocol

279

(3)

Global Climate Change

282

(8)

The Greenhouse Effect

282

(1)

Greenhouse Gases

283

(6)

Greenhouse Polititics and Emissions Stabilization

289

(1)

A Warmer Future Or?

290

(1)

References and Additional Reading

291

(1)

Study Questions

292

ISSUE 12.1: Black Market Freon

283

ISSUE 12.2: The Costs of Global Warming

288

13 NONFUEL MINERALS

293

(24)

Introduction

293

(1)

Reserves and Resources

293

(4)

Availability of Major Minerals

297

(6)

Geology of Mineral Deposits

297

(1)

Variations in Reserves and Resources

298

(1)

World Reserves and Resources

299

(3)

U.S. Production and Consumption

302

(1)

Strategic Minerals and Stockpiling

303

(4)

Mining Impacts and Policy

307

(6)

Environmental Considerations

307

(1)

Social Impacts

307

(1)

Nonfuel Minerals Policy

308

(5)

Conserving Minerals: Reuse, Recovery, Recycling

313

(2)

Conclusion

315

(1)

References and Additional Reading

315

(1)

Study Questions

315

ISSUE 13.1: The New Gold Rush: Prospecting Is Poison

310

ISSUE 13.2: Living with Boom and Bust

312

14 ENERGY RESOURCES

317

(33)

Energy Use in the Industrial Age

317

(3)

Wood, Coal and the Industrial Revolution

317

(1)

Oil and the Internal Combustion Engine

318

(1)

Energy Use in the Late Twentieth Century

318

(2)

Energy Sources

320

(25)

Oil and Natural Gas

320

(4)

Coal

324

(4)

Other Fossil Fuels

328

(1)

Nuclear Power

329

(4)

Renewable Energy

333

(8)

Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation

341

(4)

Energy Futures

345

(3)

High-Energy Options

345

(1)

Low-Energy Options

346

(1)

Energy Policies for the Future

347

(1)

References and Additional Reading

348

(1)

Study Questions

349

ISSUE 14.1: The Legacy of Chernobyl

334

ISSUE 14.2: The Three Gorges Dam

338

15 THE TRANSITION TO A GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY

350

(19)

Limits to Growth?

350

(2)

What Is Sustainable Development?

352

(1)

Environmental Versus Economic Sustainability

352

(1)

A Working Definition of Sustatinability

353

(1)

How Does Sustainability Work?

353

(7)

Waste Recycling

354

(2)

Waste Reduction

356

(2)

Design for Reuse and Recycling

358

(1)

Changing Consumption Patterns

359

(1)

Tipping the Balance

360

(4)

Individual Action

360

(1)

Corporate Action

361

(1)

Government Action

362

(2)

Looking Forward

364

(1)

References and Additional Reading

365

(1)

Study Questions

366

(3)

EPILOGUE

369

(2)

Putting the Environment in Perspective

367

(2)

William H. Renwick

When You're 64

369

(2)

Susan L. Cutter

GLOSSARY

371

(12)

INDEX

383

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Exploitation Conservation Preservation: A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use

Exploitation Conservation Preservation: A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use

9780471018100

0471018104

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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