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Essentials of Geology (with GeologyNOW)

by: Wicander, Reed; Monroe, James S.

Essentials of Geology (with GeologyNOW)

by: Wicander, Reed; Monroe, James S.

ISBN 13:
9780495013655
ISBN 10:
049501365X
Edition: 4th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 03/08/2005
Publisher: Brooks Cole
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Summary

1. Understanding Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. 2. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory. 3. Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks. 4. Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity. 5. Volcanism and Volcanoes. 6. Weathering, Erosion, and Soil. 7. Sediment and Sedimentary Rock. 8. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks. 9. Earthquakes and Earth's Interior. 10. Deformation and Mountain Building. 11. Mass Wasting. 12. Running Water. 13. Groundwater. 14. Glaciers and Glaciation. 15. The Work of Wind and Deserts. 16. The Seafloor, Shorelines, and Shoreline Processes. 17. Geologic Time: Concepts and Principals. 18. Earth History. 19. Life History.

Understanding Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology

(24)

Introduction to Earth Systems

(1)

What Is Geology?

(3)

Geo-Focus 1.1: The Aral Sea

(2)

Geology and the Human Experience

(1)

How Geology Affects Our Everyday Lives

(2)

Natural Events

(1)

Economics and Politics

(1)

Our Role as Decision Makers

(1)

Consumers and Citizens

(2)

Sustainable Development

(1)

Global Geologic and Environmental Issues

(2)

The Origin of the Solar System and the Differentiation of Early Earth

(1)

Earth as a Dynamic Planet

(1)

Geology and the Formulation of Theories

(1)

Plate Tectonic Theory

(1)

The Rock Cycle

(2)

Groups of Rocks

(1)

The Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics

(1)

Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism

(2)

How the Study of Geology Benefits Us

(2)

Geo-Recap

(3)

Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Early Ideas about Continental Drift

(2)

Edward Suess and Glossopteris Flora

(1)

Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis

(1)

Evidence for Continental Drift

(5)

Continental Fit

(1)

Similarity of Rock Sequences and Mountain Ranges

(1)

Glacial Evidence

(1)

Fossil Evidence

(2)

Cultural Connections: The Struggle toward Scientific Progress

(1)

Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering

(2)

Magnetic Reversals Related to Seafloor Spreading

(3)

Plate Tectonic Theory

(1)

The Supercontinent Cycle

(1)

Three Types of Plate Boundaries

(4)

Divergent Boundaries

(2)

Convergent Boundaries

(2)

Transform Boundaries

(1)

Plate Movement and Motion

(3)

Relative Motion and Average Rate

(1)

Absolute Motion

(1)

The Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics

(2)

Geo-Focus 2.1: Oil, Plate Tectonics, and Politics

(1)

Tectonics and Natural Resources

(1)

Geo-Recap

(3)

Minerals--- The Building Blocks of Rocks

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Solid Matter

(4)

Elements and Atoms

(2)

Bonding and Compounds

(2)

Getting Started with Minerals

(2)

Naturally Occurring, Inorganic Substances

(1)

Mineral Crystals

(1)

Chemical Composition of Minerals

(1)

Geo-Focus 3.1: Gold and Silver

(1)

Physical Properties of Minerals

(1)

The Multitude of Minerals

(1)

Mineral Groups

(4)

The Silicate Minerals

(2)

Other Mineral Groups

(1)

Mineral Identification

(3)

Color and Luster

(1)

Crystal Form

(1)

Cleavage and Fracture

(1)

Hardness

(1)

Specific Gravity

(1)

Other Useful Mineral Properties

(1)

Where and How Minerals Form

(1)

The Rock-Forming Minerals

(2)

Cultural Connections: Human History and Minerals

(1)

Mineral Resources and Reserves

(2)

Geo-Recap

(2)

Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity

(22)

Introduction

(1)

The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava

(2)

Composition of Magma

(1)

Magma and Lava Temperatures

(1)

Viscosity---Resistance to Flow

(1)

How Magma Originates and Changes

(3)

Bowen's Reaction Series

(1)

The Origin of Magma at Spreading Ridges

(1)

Subduction Zones and the Origin of Magma

(1)

Processes That Result in Chemical Changes in Magma

(1)

Characteristics of Igneous Rocks

(8)

Igneous Rock Textures

(1)

Cultural Connections: Hell Helped Early Earth Science

(1)

The Composition of Igneous Rocks

(1)

Classifying Igneous Rocks

(4)

Geo-Focus 4.1: Little Rock, Big Story

(1)

Intrusive Igneous Bodies: Plutons---Characteristics and Origins

(2)

Dikes and Sills

(1)

Laccoliths

(1)

Volcanic Pipes and Necks

(1)

Batholiths and Stocks

(1)

How Batholiths Are Emplaced in Earth's Crust

(2)

Geo-Recap

(3)

Volcanism and Volcanoes

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Volcanism

(6)

Volcanic Gases

(1)

Cultural Connections: Vulcan Shapes Roman History

(2)

Lava Flows

101

(1)

Pyroclastic Materials

102

(2)

Types of Volcanoes

104

(6)

Shield Volcanoes

105

(1)

Cinder Cones

106

(1)

Composite Volcanoes

107

(1)

Lava Domes

108

(2)

Geo-Focus 5.1: Eruptions of Cascade Range Volcanoes

110

(1)

Other Types of Eruptions

110

(3)

Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus

110

(2)

Pyroclastic Sheet Deposits

112

(1)

Size and Duration of Eruptions

113

(1)

Predicting Eruptions

113

(2)

Distribution of Volcanoes

115

(1)

Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Plutons

116

(3)

Divergent Plate Boundaries and Igneous Activity

116

(1)

Igneous Activity at Convergent Plate Boundaries

117

(1)

Intraplate Volcanism

117

(2)

Geo-Recap

119

(3)

Weathering, Erosion, and Soil

122

(22)

Introduction

124

(1)

Mechanical Weathering

125

(2)

Frost Action

125

(1)

Pressure Release

125

(1)

Thermal Expansion and Contraction

125

(1)

Organisms and Mechanical Weathering

126

(1)

Chemical Weathering---Decomposition of Earth Materials

127

(2)

Solution

127

(1)

Oxidation

128

(1)

Hydrolysis

129

(1)

Rates of Chemical Weathering

129

(2)

Particle Size and the Rate of Chemical Weathering

129

(1)

Climate and Chemical Weathering

129

(1)

The Importance of Parent Material

129

(1)

Geo-Focus 6.1: Industrialization and Acid Rain

130

(1)

Soil Composition

131

(2)

The Soil Profile

133

(1)

Factors in Soil Formation

134

(2)

Climate and Soil

134

(2)

Parent Material

136

(1)

Activities of Organisms

136

(1)

The Lay of the Land---Relief and Slope

136

(1)

Time

136

(1)

Soil Degradation

136

(4)

Cultural Connections: The Agricultural Revolution

137

(3)

Weathering and Natural Resources

140

(1)

Geo-Recap

141

(3)

Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks

144

(22)

Introduction

146

(1)

Sediment Transport and Deposition

147

(1)

From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock

148

(1)

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

149

(3)

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

150

(1)

Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

151

(1)

Sedimentary Facies

152

(3)

Cultural Connections: Deep Time

154

(1)

Reading the Story in Sedimentary Rocks

155

(6)

Sedimentary Structures

155

(3)

Geo-Focus 7.1: Sandstone Lion

158

(1)

Fossils

159

(1)

Determining the Depositional Environment

160

(1)

Resources in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

161

(2)

Petroleum and Natural Gas

161

(1)

Banded Iron Formation

162

(1)

Geo-Recap

163

(3)

Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

166

(20)

Introduction

168

(1)

The Agents of Metamorphism

169

(1)

Heat

169

(1)

Pressure

169

(1)

Fluid Activity

170

(1)

The Three Types of Metamorphism

170

(5)

Contact Metamorphism

170

(1)

Cultural Connections: The Real Face of the Scientific Method

171

(2)

Dynamic Metamorphism

173

(1)

Regional Metamorphism

173

(2)

The Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

175

(4)

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

175

(2)

Geo-Focus 8.1: Starting Off with a Clean Slate

177

(1)

Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks

178

(1)

Metamorphic Zones

179

(1)

Metamorphism and Plate Tectonics

180

(2)

Metamorphism and Natural Resources

182

(1)

Geo-Recap

183

(3)

Earthquakes and Earth's Interior

186

(30)

Introduction

188

(1)

The Elastic Rebound Theory

189

(1)

Seismology

190

(1)

Where Earthquakes Occur

191

(2)

Seismic Waves

193

(1)

Body Waves

193

(1)

Surface Waves

193

(1)

How an Earthquake's Epicenter Is Located

194

(1)

Size and Strength of an Earthquake

194

(4)

Intensity

196

(1)

Magnitude

196

(2)

Effects of Earthquakes

198

(5)

Ground Shaking

198

(1)

Fire

199

(1)

Tsunami: Killer Waves

199

(1)

Geo-Focus 9.1: Designing Earthquake-Resistant Structures

200

(3)

Ground Failure

203

(1)

Predicting Earthquakes

203

(3)

Earthquake Precursors

203

(1)

Earthquake Prediction Programs

204

(1)

Cultural Connections: Responding to Earthquakes

205

(1)

Can Earthquakes Be Controlled?

206

(1)

Earth's Interior

207

(5)

The Behavior of Seismic Waves

208

(1)

The Core

209

(1)

The Mantle

210

(1)

Seismic Tomography

211

(1)

The Crust

212

(1)

Earth's Internal Heat

212

(1)

Geo-Recap

213

(3)

Deformation and Mountain Building

216

(28)

Introduction

218

(1)

Rock Deformation

219

(1)

Strike and Dip---Determining the Orientation of Rock Layers

220

(1)

Deformation and Geologic Structures

221

(11)

Folded Rock Layers

221

(3)

Joints

224

(2)

Faults

226

(4)

Geo-Focus 10.1: Geologic Maps---Their Construction and Uses

230

(2)

Deformation and the Origin of Mountains

232

(1)

Definition of Mountain

232

(1)

Types of Mountains

232

(1)

Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Mountains

233

(4)

Plate Boundaries and Mountain Building

234

(2)

Terranes and the Origin of Mountains

236

(1)

Earth's Continental Crust

237

(4)

Floating Continents?

237

(2)

The Principle of Isostasy

239

(1)

Isostatic Rebound

240

(1)

Geo-Recap

241

(3)

Mass Wasting

244

(24)

Introduction

246

(1)

Factors That Influence Mass Wasting

247

(5)

Slope Angle

247

(1)

Weathering and Climate

248

(1)

Water Content

248

(1)

Vegetation

248

(1)

Overloading

249

(1)

Geo-Focus 11.1: The Tragedy at Aberfan, Wales

250

(7)

Geology and Slope Stability

257

Triggering Mechanisms

252

(1)

Types of Mass Wasting

252

(9)

Falls

252

(1)

Slides

253

(2)

Flows

255

(4)

Complex Movements

259

(2)

Recognizing and Minimizing the Effects of Mass Movements

261

(5)

Geo-Recap

266

(2)

Running Water

268

(26)

Introduction

270

(1)

The Hydrologic Cycle

271

(1)

Running Water

271

(4)

Geo-Focus 12.1: Dams, Reservoirs, and Hydroelectric Power

272

(1)

Sheet Flow and Channel Flow

272

(1)

Gradient, Velocity, and Discharge

272

(3)

How Running Water Erodes and Transports Sediment

275

(1)

Deposition by Running Water

276

(7)

Deposits of Braided and Meandering Channels

276

(2)

Floodplain Deposits

278

(2)

Deltas

280

(1)

Alluvial Fans

280

(3)

Drainage Basins and Drainage Patterns

283

(3)

Cultural Connections: Flood Stories from Around the World

284

(2)

Base Level

286

(1)

Graded Streams

287

(1)

Valley Evolution

287

(5)

Stages in Valley and Stream Formation

289

(1)

Stream Terraces

290

(1)

Incised Meanders

290

(2)

Geo-Recap

292

(2)

Groundwater

294

(26)

Introduction

296

(1)

Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle

296

(1)

How Earth Materials Absorb Water

296

(1)

The Water Table

297

(1)

How Groundwater Moves

298

(1)

Springs, Water Wells, and Artesian Systems

298

(4)

Springs

299

(1)

Water Wells

300

(1)

Artesian Systems

300

(1)

Cultural Connections: Dowsing

301

(1)

How Groundwater Erodes and Deposits Materials

302

(2)

Sinkholes and Karst Topography

302

(1)

Caves and Cave Deposits

303

(1)

How Humans Affect the Groundwater System

304

(7)

Lowering the Water Table

305

(2)

Saltwater Incursion

307

(1)

Subsidence

308

(1)

Groundwater Contamination

308

(2)

Groundwater Quality

310

(1)

Hydrothermal Activity and Groundwater

311

(6)

Geo-Focus 13.1: Arsenic and Old Lace

312

(2)

Hot Springs

314

(1)

Geysers

314

(2)

Geothermal Energy

316

(1)

Geo-Recap

317

(3)

Glaciers and Glaciation

320

(26)

Introduction

322

(1)

Glaciers---Part of the Hydrologic Cycle

322

(1)

How Glaciers Form and Move

323

(1)

Types of Glaciers

324

(1)

Valley Glaciers

324

(1)

Continental Glaciers

325

(1)

Accumulation and Wastage---The Glacial Budget

325

(2)

Cultural Connections: The Ice Man

326

(1)

Glacial Movement

327

(1)

Erosion and Transport by Glaciers

328

(6)

Erosion by Valley Glaciers

328

(2)

Geo-Focus 14.1: Glaciers in the National Parks

330

(3)

Continental Glaciers and Erosional Landforms

333

(1)

Glacial Deposits

334

(6)

Landforms Composed of Till

335

(1)

Landforms Composed of Stratified Drift

336

(2)

Deposits in Glacial Lakes

338

(2)

Causes of Ice Ages

340

(3)

The Milankovitch Theory

341

(1)

Short-Term Climatic Events

342

(1)

Geo-Recap

343

(3)

The Work of Wind and Deserts

346

(20)

Introduction

348

(1)

How Wind Transports Sediment

348

(1)

Bed Load

348

(1)

Suspended Load

349

(1)

How Wind Erodes Landforms

349

(1)

Abrasion

349

(1)

Deflation

350

(1)

Types of Wind Deposits

350

(4)

The Formation and Migration of Dunes

351

(1)

Dune Types

352

(2)

Loess

354

(1)

Air-Pressure Belts and Global Wind Patterns

354

(2)

Location of Deserts

356

(1)

Characteristics of Deserts

356

(5)

Temperature and Vegetation

356

(1)

Weathering and Soils

357

(1)

Geo-Focus 15.1: Radioactive Waste Disposal---Safe or Sorry?

358

(1)

Mass Wasting, Streams, and Groundwater

358

(1)

Wind

359

(1)

Cultural Connections: Living in the Desert

360

(1)

Types of Landforms in Deserts

361

(3)

Geo-Recap

364

(2)

The Seafloor, Shorelines, and Shoreline Processes

366

(26)

Introduction

368

(1)

Exploration of the Oceans

368

(1)

Features of the Seafloor

368

(5)

Continental Margins

369

(2)

Deep-Ocean Basins

371

(2)

Deep-Sea Sediments and Reefs

373

(1)

Shorelines and Shoreline Processes

374

(6)

Tides

375

(1)

Geo-Focus 16.1: Energy from the Oceans

376

(1)

Waves

377

(2)

Nearshore Currents

379

(1)

Deposition along Shorelines

380

(5)

Beaches

380

(2)

Spits, Baymouth Bars, and Tombolos

382

(1)

Barrier Islands

383

(1)

The Nearshore Sediment Budget

383

(2)

Erosion of Shorelines

385

(1)

Types of Coasts

385

(3)

Depositional and Erosional Coasts

386

(1)

Submergent and Emergent Coasts

387

(1)

Resources from the Sea

388

(2)

Geo-Recap

390

(2)

Geologic Time: Concepts and Principles

392

(24)

Introduction

394

(1)

The Start of the Concept of Geologic Time

395

(1)

James Hutton's Contributions

395

(1)

Relative-Dating Methods

395

(7)

Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating

395

(1)

Cultural Connections: Earth's Age and Christian Traditions

396

(2)

Unconformities

398

(4)

The Correlation of Rock Units

402

(3)

Absolute-Dating Methods

405

(6)

Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives

405

(1)

Geo-Focus 17.1: Radon: The Silent Killer

406

(1)

Sources of Uncertainty

407

(2)

Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs

409

(1)

Carbon 14 Dating Method

410

(1)

How the Geologic Time Scale Was Developed

411

(1)

Geo-Recap

412

(4)

Earth History

416

(38)

Introduction

418

(1)

Precambrian Earth History

418

(6)

The Origin and Evolution of Continents

418

(2)

Shields, Platforms, and Cratons

420

(1)

Archean Earth History

420

(1)

Proterozoic Earth History

421

(3)

The Paleozoic Geography of Earth

424

(1)

Paleozoic Evolution of North America

425

(7)

The Sauk Sequence

428

(1)

The Tippecanoe Sequence

428

(1)

The Kaskaskia Sequence

428

(1)

The Absaroka Sequence

428

(4)

The History of the Paleozoic Mobile Belts

432

(3)

The Appalachian Mobile Belt

432

(2)

The Cordilleran Mobile Belt

434

(1)

The Ouachita Mobile Belt

435

(1)

The Role of Microplates

435

(1)

The Breakup of Pangaea

435

(1)

The Mesozoic History of North America

435

(8)

Eastern Coastal Region

437

(1)

Gulf Coastal Region

438

(1)

Western Region

439

(3)

Geo-Focus 18.1: Petrified Forest National Park

442

(1)

Cenozoic Earth History

443

(7)

Cenozoic Plate Tectonics and Orogeny

444

(1)

The North American Cordillera

444

(2)

The Continental Interior and the Gulf Coastal Plain

446

(1)

Eastern North America

447

(1)

Pleistocene Glaciation

447

(3)

Geo-Recap

450

(4)

Life History

454

(34)

Introduction

456

(1)

Precambrian Life History

456

(2)

Paleozoic Life

458

(5)

Marine Invertebrates

458

(2)

The Permian Mass Extinction

460

(1)

Vertebrates

461

(2)

Plants

463

(1)

Mesozoic Life

463

(11)

Marine Invertebrates

464

(1)

The Diversification of Reptiles

464

(2)

Geo-Focus 19.1: Dinosaur Behavior

466

(5)

Birds

471

(1)

Mammals

472

(1)

Plants

472

(1)

Cretaceous Mass Extinctions

473

(1)

Cenozoic Life History

474

(8)

Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton

474

(1)

Diversification of Mammals

474

(1)

Cenozoic Mammals

475

(1)

Pleistocene Faunas

475

(2)

Primate Evolution

477

(4)

Cultural Connections: The Lessons of Earth History

481

(1)

Geo-Recap

482

(3)

Appendices

A: English---Metric Conversion Chart

485

(1)

B: Periodic Table of the Elements

486

(2)

Answers Multiple-Choice Review Questions

488

(1)

Glossary

489

(7)

Index

496

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Essentials of Geology (with GeologyNOW)

Essentials of Geology (with GeologyNOW)

9780495013655

049501365X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Essentials of Geology (with GeologyNOW)

Essentials of Geology (with GeologyNOW)

9780495013655

049501365X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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