This book is a collection of articles that deal with different aspects of the role of environmental factors in interstate and intrastate conflict. Specifically, the book considers the role of environmental change and degradation in promotion violent conflict, but also how cooperative efforts might forestall such undesirable consequences. In doing so, the chapters encompass much of the cutting-edge research in the area of the environmental security. All chapters have a strong empirical base and build upon the most recent research in the field of international conflict. Although there is heterogeneity in approach and scope, all the chapters are broadly concerned with theoretical issues and generally form a coherent whole around the theme that environmental factors may influence group and state decisions to employ violence. The book does not begin with a predisposition to a specific answer to what is an empirical question.