Xiang Zhou is a Tech Lead within Google Platform Advanced Technology. Before joining Google, he was with AT&T Labs, conducting research on various aspects of optical transmission and photonics networking technologies. Dr. Zhou is an OSA fellow and an associate editor for Optics Express. He has extensive publications in the field of optical communications.

Chongjin Xie is a senior director at Ali Infrastructure Service, Alibaba Group. Before joining Alibaba Group, he was a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent. Dr. Xie is a fellow of OSA and senior member of IEEE. He is an associate editor of the Journal of Lightwave Technology and has served in various conference committees.

List of Contributors xv

Preface xvii

1 Introduction 1
Xiang Zhou and Chongjin Xie

1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution 1

1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology 4

1.3 Outline of this Book 8

References 9

2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats 13
Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Fundamentals of Digital Modulation 15

2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance 20

2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation 31

2.5 Experimental Work 40

2.6 Summary and Conclusions 54

References 56

3 Advances in Detection and Error Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65
Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink, and Andreas Leven

3.1 Introduction 65

3.2 Differential Coding for Optical Communications 67

3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation 83

3.4 Coded Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes 101

3.5 Conclusions 112

Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation—Decoding Algorithms 112

Differential Decoding 114

LDPC Decoding 115

References 117

4 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123
Gabriella Bosco

4.1 Introduction 123

4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes 125

4.3 Detection of a Nyquist-WDM Signal 134

4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter Implementations 137

4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission 146

4.6 Conclusions 149

References 150

5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing – OFDM 157
An Li, Di Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh

5.1 OFDM Basics 158

5.2 Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) 161

5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM) 169

5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM 174

5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM) 180

5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions 183

5.7 Summary 193

References 194

6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in Fiber Communication Systems 201
Chongjin Xie

6.1 Introduction 201

6.2 Polarization of Light 202

6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems 206

6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 209

6.5 Coherent Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization 211

6.6 PMD and PDL Impairments in Coherent Systems 215

6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent Systems 228

6.8 Summary 240

References 241

7 Analytical Modeling of the Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247

Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri

7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important? 247

7.2 Background 248

7.3 Introducing the GN–EGN Model Class 260

7.4 Model Selection Guide 269

7.5 Conclusion 294

Acknowledgements 295

Appendix 295

A.1 The White-Noise Approximation 295

A.1.2 The Link Function 𝜇 296

A.1.3 The EGN Model Formulas for the X2-X4 and M1-M3 Islands 297

A.1.4 Outline of GN–EGN Model Derivation 299

A.1.5 List of Acronyms 303

References 304

8 Digital Equalization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems 311
Seb Savory

8.1 Introduction 311

8.2 Primer on the Mathematics of Least Squares Finite Impulse Response Filters 312

8.3 Equalization of Chromatic Dispersion 318

8.4 Equalization of Polarization-Mode Dispersion 323

8.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Research Directions 329

Acknowledgments 330

References 330

9 Nonlinear Compensation for Digital Coherent Transmission 333
Guifang Li

9.1 Introduction 333

9.2 Digital Backward Propagation (DBP) 334

9.3 Reducing DBP Complexity for Dispersion-Unmanaged WDM Transmission 339

9.4 DBP for Dispersion-Managed WDM Transmission 342

9.5 DBP for Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission 349

9.6 Future Research 350

References 351

10 Timing Synchronization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems 355
Han Sun and Kuang-Tsan Wu

10.1 Introduction 355

10.2 Overall System Environment 357

10.3 Jitter Penalty and Jitter Sources in a Coherent System 359

10.4 Digital Phase Detectors 368

10.5 The Chromatic Dispersion Problem 383

10.6 The Polarization-Mode Dispersion Problem 386

10.7 Timing Synchronization for Coherent Optical OFDM 390

10.8 Future Research 391

References 392

11 Carrier Recovery in Coherent Optical Communication Systems 395
Xiang Zhou

11.1 Introduction 395

11.2 Optimal Carrier Recovery 397

11.3 Hardware-Efficient Phase Recovery Algorithms 399

11.4 Hardware-Efficient Frequency Recovery Algorithms 416

11.5 Equalizer-Phase Noise Interaction and its Mitigation 424

11.6 Carrier Recovery in Coherent OFDM Systems 429

11.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 430

References 431

12 Real-Time Implementation of High-Speed Digital Coherent Transceivers 435
Timo Pfau

12.1 Algorithm Constraints 435

12.2 Hardware Implementation of Digital Coherent Receivers 442

References 446

13 Photonic Integration 447
Po Dong and Sethumadhavan Chandrasekhar

13.1 Introduction 447

13.2 Overview of Photonic Integration Technologies 449

13.3 Transmitters 451

13.4 Receivers 459

13.5 Conclusions 467

Acknowledgments 467

References 467

14 Optical Performance Monitoring for Fiber-Optic Communication Networks 473
Faisal N. Khan, Zhenhua Dong, Chao Lu, and Alan Pak Tao Lau

14.1 Introduction 473

14.2 OPM TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECT DETECTION SYSTEMS 482

14.3 OPM For Coherent Detection Systems 490

14.4 Integrating OPM Functionalities in Networking 499

14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 499

Acknowledgments 500

References 500

15 Rate-Adaptable Optical Transmission and Elastic Optical Networks 507
Patricia Layec, Annalisa Morea, Yvan Pointurier, and Jean-Christophe Antona

15.1 Introduction 507

15.2 Key Building Blocks 511

15.3 Practical Considerations for Elastic WDM Transmission 527

15.4 Opportunities for Elastic Technologies in Core Networks 530

15.5 Long Term Opportunities 534

15.6 Conclusions 539

Acknowledgments 539

References 539

16 Space-Division Multiplexing and MIMO Processing 547
Roland Ryf and Nicolas K. Fontaine

16.1 Space-Division Multiplexing in Optical Fibers 547

16.2 Optical Fibers for SDM Transmission 548

16.3 Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers with Low Crosstalk 551

16.4 MIMO-Based Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers 553

16.5 Impulse Response in SDM Fibers with Mode Coupling 558

16.6 MIMO-Based SDM Transmission Results 566

16.7 Optical Components for SDM Transmission 568

16.8 Conclusion 593

Acknowledgments 593

References 594

Index 609

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