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Electric Vehicle Technology Explained

by: James Larminie (Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK); John Lowry (Acenti Designs Ltd., UK)

Electric Vehicle Technology Explained

by: James Larminie (Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK); John Lowry (Acenti Designs Ltd., UK)

ISBN 13:
9780470851630
ISBN 10:
0470851635
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/01/2003
Publisher: WILEY

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Summary

While the classic battery electric car continues to make only a small impact on the automobile market, other types of electric vehicle, especially hybrids, have made significant and promising improvements. Moreover, small battery electric vehicles such as bicycles and mobility aids are also developing well. Presenting more than 160 diagrams and pictures, this book explains the science and technology behind these important developments, and also introduces the issues that underpin the design and performance modelling of electric vehicles. Electric Vehicle Technology Explained: Encompasses a full range of electric vehicles: bicycles, mobility aids, delivery vehicles and buses - not just cars. Covers all the basic technology relating to electric road vehicles - batteries, super capacitors, flywheels, fuel cells, electric motors and their controllers, and system design. Considers the environmental benefits and disadvantages of electric vehicles and their component devices. Includes case studies of a range of batteries, hybrids and fuel cell powered vehicles, from bicycles to buses. Offers many MATLABr examples explaining the design of appropriate computer prediction models. Professionals, researchers and engineers in the electric vehicle industry as well as advanced students in electrical and mechanical engineering will benefit from this comprehensive coverage of electric vehicle technology.

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

xiii

Symbols

1 Introduction

(22)

1.1 A Brief History

(4)

1.1.1 Early days

(2)

1.1.2 The relative decline of electric vehicles after 1910

(2)

1.1.3 Uses for which battery electric vehicles have remained popular

(1)

1.2 Developments Towards the End of the 20th Century

(2)

1.3 Types of Electric Vehicle in Use Today

(13)

1.3.1 Battery electric vehicles

(1)

1.3.2 The IC engine/electric hybrid vehicle

(6)

1.3.3 Fuelled electric vehicles

(3)

1.3.4 Electric vehicles using supply lines

(1)

1.3.5 Solar powered vehicles

(1)

1.3.6 Electric vehicles which use flywheels or super capacitors

(2)

1.4 Electric Vehicles for the Future

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

2 Batteries

(46)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Battery Parameters

(6)

2.2.1 Cell and battery voltages

(1)

2.2.2 Charge (or Amphour) capacity

(1)

2.2.3 Energy stored

(1)

2.2.4 Specific energy

(1)

2.2.5 Energy density

(1)

2.2.6 Specific power

(1)

2.2.7 Amphour (or charge) efficiency

(1)

2.2.8 Energy efficiency

(1)

2.2.9 Self discharge rates

(1)

2.2.10 Battery geometry

(1)

2.2.11 Battery temperature, heating and cooling needs

(1)

2.2.12 Battery life and number of deep cycles

(1)

2.3 Lead Acid Batteries

(5)

2.3.1 Lead acid battery basics

(2)

2.3.2 Special characteristics of lead acid batteries

(2)

2.3.3 Battery life and maintenance

(1)

2.3.4 Battery charging

(1)

2.3.5 Summary of lead acid batteries

(1)

2.4 Nickel-based Batteries

(6)

2.4.1 Introduction

(1)

2.4.2 Nickel cadmium

(2)

2.4.3 Nickel metal hydride batteries

(3)

2.5 Sodium-based Batteries

(3)

2.5.1 Introduction

(1)

2.5.2 Sodium sulphur batteries

(1)

2.5.3 Sodium metal chloride (Zebra) batteries

(2)

2.6 Lithium Batteries

(2)

2.6.1 Introduction

(1)

2.6.2 The lithium polymer battery

(1)

2.6.3 The lithium ion battery

(1)

2.7 Metal Air Batteries

(2)

2.7.1 Introduction

(1)

2.7.2 The aluminium air battery

(1)

2.7.3 The zinc air battery

(1)

2.8 Battery Charging

(3)

2.8.1 Battery chargers

(1)

2.8.2 Charge equalisation

(2)

2.9 The Designer's Choice of Battery

(2)

2.9.1 Introduction

(1)

2.9.2 Batteries which are currently available commercially

(1)

2.10 Use of Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles

(1)

2.10.1 Introduction

(1)

2.10.2 Internal combustion/battery electric hybrids

(1)

2.10.3 Battery/battery electric hybrids

(1)

2.10.4 Combinations using flywheels

(1)

2.10.5 Complex hybrids

(1)

2.11 Battery Modelling

(12)

2.11.1 The purpose of battery modelling

(1)

2.11.2 Battery equivalent circuit

(2)

2.11.3 Modelling battery capacity

(4)

2.11.4 Simulation a battery at a set power

(3)

2.11.5 Calculating the Peukert Coefficient

(1)

2.11.6 Approximate battery sizing

(1)

2.12 In Conclusion

(1)

References

(2)

3 Alternative and Novel Energy Sources and Stores

(12)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Solar Photovoltaics

(2)

3.3 Wind Power

(1)

3.4 Flywheels

(2)

3.5 Super Capacitors

(3)

3.6 Supply Rails

(3)

References

(1)

4 Fuel Cells

(30)

4.1 Fuel cells, a Real Option?

(2)

4.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Basic Principles

(6)

4.2.1 Electrode reactions

(1)

4.2.2 Different electrolytes

(3)

4.2.3 Fuel cell electrodes

(2)

4.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics - an Introduction

(7)

4.3.1 Fuel cell efficiency and efficiency limits

(3)

4.3.2 Efficiency and the fuel cell voltage

(2)

4.3.3 Practical fuel cell voltages

(1)

4.3.4 The effect of pressure and gas concentration

(1)

4.4 Connecting Cells in Series - the Bipolar Plate

(5)

4.5 Water Management in the PEM Fuel Cell

101

(4)

4.5.1 Introduction to the water problem

101

(1)

4.5.2 The electrolyte of a PEM fuel cell

101

(3)

4.5.3 Keeping the PEM hydrated

104

(1)

4.6 Thermal Management of the PEM Fuel Cell

105

(2)

4.7 A Complete Fuel Cell System

107

(2)

References

109

(2)

5 Hydrogen Supply

111

(30)

5.1 Introduction

111

(2)

5.2 Fuel Reforming

113

(6)

5.2.1 Fuel cell requirements

113

(1)

5.2.2 Steam reforming

114

(2)

5.2.3 Partial oxidation and autothermal reforming

116

(1)

5.2.4 Further fuel processing: carbon monoxide removal

117

(1)

5.2.5 Practical fuel processing for mobile applications

118

(1)

5.3 Hydrogen Storage I: Storage as Hydrogen

119

(8)

5.3.1 Introduction to the problem

119

(1)

5.3.2 Safety

120

(1)

5.3.3 The storage of hydrogen as a compressed gas

120

(2)

5.3.4 Storage of hydrogen as a liquid

122

(2)

5.3.5 Reversible metal hydride hydrogen stores

124

(2)

5.3.6 Carbon nanofibres

126

(1)

5.3.7 Storage methods compared

127

(1)

5.4 Hydrogen Storage II: Chemical Methods

127

(11)

5.4.1 Introduction

127

(1)

5.4.2 Methanol

128

(2)

5.4.3 Alkali metal hydrides

130

(2)

5.4.4 Sodium borohydride

132

(3)

5.4.5 Ammonia

135

(3)

5.4.6 Storage methods compared

138

(1)

References

138

(3)

6 Electric Machines and their Controllers

141

(42)

6.1 The 'Brushed' DC Electric Motor

141

(14)

6.1.1 Operation of the basic DC motor

141

(2)

6.1.2 Torque speed characteristics

143

(4)

6.1.3 Controlling the brushed DC motor

147

(1)

6.1.4 Providing the magnetic field for DC motors

147

(2)

6.1.5 DC motor efficiency

149

(2)

6.1.6 Motor losses and motor size

151

(2)

6.1.7 Electric motors as brakes

153

(2)

6.2 DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion

155

(11)

6.2.1 Switching devices

155

(2)

6.2.2 Step-down or 'buck' regulators

157

(2)

6.2.3 Step-up or 'boost' switching regulator

159

(3)

6.2.4 Single-phase inverters

162

(3)

6.2.5 Three-phase

165

(1)

6.3 Brushless Electric Motors

166

(9)

6.3.1 Introduction

166

(1)

6.3.2 The brushless DC motor

167

(2)

6.3.3 Switched reluctance motors

169

(4)

6.3.4 The induction motor

173

(2)

6.4 Motor Cooling, Efficiency, Size and Mass

175

(4)

6.4.1 Improving motor efficiency

175

(2)

6.4.2 Motor mass

177

(2)

6.5 Electrical Machines for Hybrid Vehicles

179

(2)

References

181

(2)

7 Electric Vehicle Modelling

183

(30)

7.1 Introduction

183

(1)

7.2 Tractive Effort

184

(4)

7.2.1 Introduction

184

(1)

7.2.2 Rolling resistance force

184

(1)

7.2.3 Aerodynamic drag

185

(1)

7.2.4 Hill climbing force

185

(1)

7.2.5 Acceleration force

185

(2)

7.2.6 Total tractive effort

187

(1)

7.3 Modelling Vehicle Acceleration

188

(8)

7.3.1 Acceleration performance parameters

188

(1)

7.3.2 Modelling the acceleration of an electric scooter

189

(4)

7.3.3 Modelling the acceleration of a small car

193

(3)

7.4 Modelling Electric Vehicle Range

196

(16)

7.4.1 Driving cycles

196

(5)

7.4.2 Range modelling of battery electric vehicles

201

(5)

7.4.3 Constant velocity range modelling

206

(1)

7.4.4 Other uses of simulations

207

(1)

7.4.5 Range modelling of fuel cell vehicles

208

(3)

7.4.6 Range modelling of hybrid electric vehicles

211

(1)

7.5 Simulations: a Summary

212

(1)

References

212

(1)

8 Design Considerations

213

(24)

8.1 Introduction

213

(1)

8.2 Aerodynamic Considerations

213

(5)

8.2.1 Aerodynamics and energy

213

(4)

8.2.2 Body/chassis aerodynamic shape

217

(1)

8.3 Consideration of Rolling Resistance

218

(2)

8.4 Transmission Efficiency

220

(3)

8.5 Consideration of Vehicle Mass

223

(3)

8.6 Electric Vehicle Chassis and Body Design

226

(8)

8.6.1 Body/chassis requirements

226

(1)

8.6.2 Body/chassis layout

227

(1)

8.6.3 Body/chassis strength, rigidity and crash resistance

228

(3)

8.6.4 Designing for stability

231

(1)

8.6.5 Suspension for electric vehicles

231

(1)

8.6.6 Examples of chassis used in modern battery and hybrid electric vehicles

232

(1)

8.6.7 Chassis used in modern fuel cell electric vehicles

232

(2)

8.7 General Issues in Design

234

(3)

8.7.1 Design specifications

234

(1)

8.7.2 Software in the use of electric vehicle design

234

(3)

9 Design of Ancillary Systems

237

(8)

9.1 Introduction

237

(1)

9.2 Heating and Cooling Systems

237

(3)

9.3 Design of the Controls

240

(3)

9.4 Power Steering

243

(1)

9.5 Choice of Tyres

243

(1)

9.6 Wing Mirrors, Aerials and Luggage Racks

243

(1)

9.7 Electric Vehicle Recharging and Refuelling Systems

244

(1)

10 Electric Vehicles and the Environment

245

(16)

10.1 Introduction

245

(1)

10.2 Vehicle Pollution: the Effects

245

(3)

10.3 Vehicles Pollution: a Quantitative Analysis

248

(3)

10.4 Vehicle Pollution in Context

251

(3)

10.5 Alternative and Sustainable Energy Used via the Grid

254

(4)

10.5.1 Solar energy

254

(1)

10.5.2 Wind energy

255

(1)

10.5.3 Hydro energy

255

(1)

10.5.4 Tidal energy

255

(1)

10.5.5 Biomass energy

256

(1)

10.5.6 Geothermal energy

257

(1)

10.5.7 Nuclear energy

257

(1)

10.5.8 Marine current energy

257

(1)

10.5.9 Wave energy

257

(1)

10.6 Using Sustainable Energy with Fuelled Vehicles

258

(1)

10.6.1 Fuel cells and renewable energy

258

(1)

10.6.2 Use of sustainable energy with conventional IC engine vehicles

258

(1)

10.7 The Role of Regulations and Law Makers

258

(2)

References

260

(1)

11 Case Studies

261

(18)

11.1 Introduction

261

(1)

11.2 Rechargeable Battery Vehicles

261

(8)

11.2.1 Electric bicycles

261

(2)

11.2.2 Electric mobility aids

263

(1)

11.2.3 Low speed vehicles

263

(3)

11.2.4 Battery powered cars and vans

266

(3)

11.3 Hybrid Vehicles

269

(3)

11.3.1 The Honda Insight

269

(2)

11.3.2 The Toyota Prius

271

(1)

11.4 Fuel Cell Powered Bus

272

(3)

11.5 Conclusion

275

(2)

References

277

(2)

Appendices: MATLAB® Examples

279

(14)

Appendix 1: Performance Simulation of the GM EV 1

279

(1)

Appendix 2: Importing and Creating Driving Cycles

280

(2)

Appendix 3: Simulating One Cycle

282

(2)

Appendix 4: Range Simulation of the GM EV1 Electric Car

284

(2)

Appendix 5: Electric Scooter Range Modelling

286

(2)

Appendix 6: Fuel Cell Range Simulation

288

(2)

Appendix 7: Motor Efficiency Plots

290

(3)

Index

293

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Electric Vehicle Technology Explained

Electric Vehicle Technology Explained

9780470851630

0470851635

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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