Diversity analysis examines variation in a system through the use of statistical indices to measure that variation. Presenting a consistent statistical framework for the methodology based on diversity indices and their estimation, this book provides an accessible introduction to the tools and techniques of diversity analysis in ecology. It enables readers to choose proper measures and interpret the results. Each chapter features a wide range of detailed examples that use real ecological data to demonstrate various applications of the methods discussed. Software for implementing these examples is freely available for download on a supporting website.