9780072997675

This text introduces basic concepts of cultural anthropology by comparing cultures of increasing scale and focusing on specific universal issues. The author challenges students to consider the "big" questions about the nature of cultural systems: How do cultures of different scale meet the challenge of maximizing human security in a dynamic, often threatening world? What is it like to be human under different cultural conditions? What human inequalities are natural and which are cultural? What are the human costs of socioeconomic growth?"Understanding how tribes, states, and global systems work and how they differ might help citizens design a more secure and equitable world," argues Bodley; it is this advocacy position that informs the text.

Part One - The Tribal World: The World Before the State
1.Understanding Culture
Doing Anthropology
Adventures in the Field
Anthropological Research in Amazonia
Culture and Ethnocentrism: The Key Anthropological Concepts
Culture: The Human Way of Life
Chimpanzee Culture?
Self-Interest, Selfish Genes, and the Biology of Culture
Viewing Other Cultures: The Problem of Observer Bias
Box: An Ethnocentric Look at Australian Aborigines
Beyond Ethnocentrism: Emic and Etic Views
Culture Scale, Growth, and Process
The Humanization Process: Reproducing and Maintaining People
Social Power in Three Cultural Worlds
The Functional Organization of Societies and Cultures
Sociocultural Growth and the Scale of Culture
Culture Scale and the Quality of Life: Evaluating Cultures and Cultural Worlds
Summary
Suggested Reading
2. Australian Aborigines: Mobile Foragers for 50,000 Years
Constructing a Sustainable Desert Culture
The Earliest Australians
Population Stability and Balance with Nature?
The Dreaming and the Structure of Aboriginal Society
Sacred Sites and Dreamtime Pathways at Uluru
Box: An Aboriginal Woman Talks About the Dreaming
Aboriginal Band, Clan, & Tribe: Equality and Flexibility
Making a Living with Foraging Technology
Lizards and Grass Seeds: Aboriginal Food Resources
Aboriginal Tools: Digging Stick, Firestick, and Spear
The Forager Way of Life: Aboriginal Affluence as Mode of Thought
Box: A Day in the Life of the Fish Creek Band
Kinship, Age, and Gender: Daily Life in Forager Society
A Kinship-Based Society
Polygyny, Gerontocracy, and Social Equality
Box: Cross-Cousins and Marriage Sections
Box: Kinship and Mother-In-Law Avoidance
Box: Male Initiation: the Terrible Rite
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
3. Native Amazonians: Villagers of the Rain Forest
Living in the Tropical Rain Forest
The Fragile Abundance of the Rain Forest
The Origins of Tropical Forest Village Culture
Rain Forest Gardening and Manioc Processing
Village Size Limits: Gardens, Protein, or Autonomy?
Biodiversity and Ethnoecological Knowledge
Rain Forest Affluence
Box: Carrying-Capacity Calculations: Manioc Starch Versus Animal Protein
Village Life in Amazonia: Domestic Social Power
Domestic Residence, Kinship, and Descent in Amazonia
Men and Women in the Mundurucu Village
Domestic Residence and Descent Groups in Amazonia
The Headman and Village Politics: Society Against the State
The Spirit World: Sexual Symbols, Shamans, and Forest Demons
Box: The Basics of Ashaninka Society and Kinship
Box: An Anaconda Myth
Raiding and Feuding in the Tribal World
Box: Mythic Jaguars and Anaconda Rainbows: The Symbolic Structure of Amazonian Cosmology
Yanomami Armed Conflict: Scientific Issues
The Yanomami and the Ethics of Anthropology
Mundurucu Headhunting and Resource Competition
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
4. African Cattle Peoples: Tribal Pastoralists
Making a Living With Cows
Cattle Herding and Tropical Grasslands
The Prehistory and History of African Pastoralism
Box: Cattle Carrying Capacity
The Cattle Complex: Obsession or Adaptation?
Pastoral Subsistence: Meat, Blood, and Milk
Daily Life in East Africa
Nuer Society: Bride-Wealth, Lovers, and Ghosts
Box: How Do Nuer Men View Women?
Box: Cattle and Maasai Kinship Terminology
The Status of Women in East African Pastoral Society: Ideology vs. Reality
Understanding Nuer Descent Groups
Politics in Headless Societies: Leopard-Skin Chiefs and Stock Associates
Box: Tribal Ethnic Identities: Who Are the Nuer and Maasai?
Bigman Wealth and Power in Herding Societies
Nuer Spirits, Symbolism, and Sacrifice
Box: Turkana Household Symbolism and Cosmology
The Maasai Age-Class System
Box: Maasai Women
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
5. Body, Mind, and Soul: The Quality of Tribal Life
The Mental Abilities of Tribal Peoples
Collective Representations and Primitive Mentality
Cross-Cultural Intelligence Testing
The Cognitive Abilities of Australian Aborigines
Racism
Facts of Life and the Culture of Race
Family Trees and the Myth of Racial Purity
Box: Human Genetics Glossary
Race, IQ, and Economic Achievement
Language and Culture
Linguistic Relativity and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Color Classifications and Folk Taxonomies
Box: An Aboriginal Color System
Magic, Belief, and the Supernatural
Shamanism and Psychopathology
Aboriginal Voodoo Death and Culture-Bound Syndromes
The Healing Power of Myth and Symbols
Health and Nutrition in Tribal Societies
Myth and Reality of the Noble Savage
Box: Health Report on the Waorani
Dental Health and Tribal Diets
Tribal Life Expectancy and Quality of Life
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
Part Two - The Imperial World: The End of Equality
6. Pacific Islanders: The Ranked Chiefdoms
Oceania: Living in the Island World
Searching for Paradise: From High Islands to Low Coral Atolls
Glottochronology: Word Tracks Across the Pacific
Box: Origin of the Pacific Islanders
Islander Survival Skills: Outrigger Canoes and Navigation
Fishing and Gardening: The Island Technological Base
Box: Taro
Pacific Island Societies: Living with Inequality
Elite-Directed Cultural Transformation in Polynesia
Box: A Matter of Scale: The Political Transformation of Tribes into Chiefdoms
Chiefdoms and the Politicization Process
The Polynesian Chiefdoms: Elementary Aristocracies
Tikopia: A Traditional Small Polynesian Chiefdom
Hawaii: From Kinship to Kingship
High Chiefs, Gods, and Sacrifice
Hawaiian Daily Life: Commoner Men and Women
Two Headed Children and Hawaiian Kinship
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
7. Ancient Empires in Two Worlds: Mesopotamia and the Andes
Ancient Civilizations and the Triumph of State Power
State Bureaucracy and the Structures of Elite Power
Explaining State Origins: Natural Growth or Quest for Power?
The Mesopotamian World of Two Rivers: Heartland of Cities
Box: Before Civilization: Abu Hureyra, 4,000 Years of Tribal Village Autonomy
Box: The Mesopotamian Elite and the Rewards of Leadership
Making a Living in Mesopotamian City-States and Empires
Barley Rations, Cylinder Seals, and Social Power in Ur III
Box: The Mesopotamian Ration System
Cuneiform Writing, Law, and Justice
Mesopotamian Religion in the Service of the Ruler
The Inca Empire in the Land of Four Quarters
Andean Environment and Prehistory
Box: Before the Inca: Moche and Chimu Lords
Potatoes, Maize, and Gold: Foundations of the Empire
Royal Lineages and Chosen Women
Box: The Quipi: An Andean Information Storage System
Inca Cosmology: The Universe Is Order and Sharing
Huanaco Pampa: An Inca City
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
8. The Chinese Great Tradition
Chinese Village-State: Mandate of Heaven
The Nature of Early Chinese Civilization
High Shamanism: The Emergence of the Shang Dynasty
Box: The Prehistoric Origins of Chinese Civilization
Shang Society
Box: Early Chinese Scapulimancy
Confucianism and Liturgical Government
Box: The Law and the State
The Li Chi, "Book of Rites"
Taoism and Buddhism
Daily Life in Village China
Farmers of Forty Centuries
Immiseration, Overpopulation, and Exploitation
The Chinese Village System
Village Cosmology and the Little Tradition
Domestic Life and the Role of Women
The House of Lim: Chinese Marriage, Family, and Kinship
Box:The Meaning of Chinese Kinship Terms
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
9. Great Traditions: Hinduism and Islam in South Asia
The South Asian Culture Area
Languages,Geography, and Prehistory of South Asia
Early Hindu Civilization
Origin of the Hindu Kingdom
Box: Harappan Civilization: The Earliest South Asian State
Kautilya's Hindu Kingdom: An Emic Political Model, 250 BC
Law in the Hindu Kingdom
Power and Scale in the Thai Kingdom and the Mughal Empire
Hindu Ideology, Society, and Culture
Caste and Orthodox Hinduism
Box: The Purusha Myth: A Mythic Charter for Varna and Caste
Food, Eating, and Caste in Hindu Culture
Village Level Caste and Exploitation
Hindu Aesthetics: Divine Image and the Religious Power of Art
Box: Siva Iconography
Comtroversy over the Sacred Cow
Women in South Asia
The Islamic Great Tradition
Women in Islamic Society
Female Seclusion: The Purdah System
Box: The Ramayana: A Hindu Mythic Charter of Feminine Virtue
Bride Burning: Dowry Deaths in Modern Hindu India
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
10. The Breakdown of States
The Viability of the State
The Concept of Collapse
The Vulnerability of Inequality and Political Hierarchy
State Systems That Failed
Mesopotamia: The End of a Great Tradition
Harappa: Deurbanization and Cultural Continuity
Andean Civilizations: Fragile Empire, Robust Culture
The Limits of Progress
Growth Thresholds and Scale Limits in Ancient Empires
Diminishing Returns and Breakdowns
Agricultural Intensification
State Institutional Functions and Costs
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
Part Three - The Commercial World: The Capitalist Global System
11. Europe and the Commercial World
Culture-Scale Perspectives on the Contemporary World
Human Needs and Culture Scale
Energy and Population Growth in the Commercial World
The Nature of Capitalism
Systems of Production and Exchange
The Uniqueness of Capitalism
Inequality and Instability in the Capitalist World System
The European Origins of Capitalism
Western Cosmology and the Industrial Revelation
Commercialization Under the Feudal Monarchs
The Financial Revolution and the Power of Money
Box: The Open Fields System
Box: Richard Fitzalan: Medieval England's Richest Lord
European Marriage and Family
Box: Fuggers and Rothschilds: Business Family Success Stories
Growth and Poverty Under Early British Industrial Capitalism
The Industrial Revolution and the Culture of Consumption
Sugar Eaters and the World System
The Invisible Hand and the Problem of Poverty
The London Poor
Box: Mud-Larks, Bone-Grubbers, and a Coster Lad's Story
Box: Marx and Engels: The Communist Manifesto
The British Empire
The New Free-Market Global Order
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
12. Capitalism in the United States
American Cultural Ideals versus Reality
An American Profile
Utopian Capitalism: An American Cosmology
America from a Chinese Perspective
A Mythic Framework: Founders and Sacred Texts
Box: Robert Morris: Prince of Merchants, Patriot Financier
The Founding Fathers on the Business of Politics
The Construction of Corporate America, 1790-1920
Rockdale: An American Industrial Village, 1825-1865
The Rise of Factory Farming
Wheat for Topsoil: Erosion and Plenty in Whitman Country
The American Cattle Complex: Good to Sell
The Cultural Construction of Consumption
Growth, Scale, and Power in America
Growth in America: Wealth and Opportunity, 1776-1997
Economic Elites and Urban Poverty, New York City, 1845-1873
Box: Machine Politics in New York City, 1845-1873
Social Power, Personal Imperia, and Family in the U.S.,1980-2003
Box: Property, Growth, and Power in the Palouse, 1997
The Rockefeller Dynasty
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
13. The Impoverished World
Daily Reality in the Impoverished World
Infant Mortality in Brazil
Land and Foood in Impoverished Bangladesh
Bangladesh and the Green Revolution
The Failed Promise of Growth, 1950-2000
The United Nations and Development Decades
Utopian Futurists and the Growth of Global Poverty, 1965-2000
The Roots of Poverty: Overpopulation or Development?
The United States, AID, and the Development Industry
Box: International Assistance Agencies
Alternative Development Strategies
Wealth Redistribution as Development in India
Develpoment Anthropology and Peasants
Box: The Culture of Poverty
Andean Developement: The Vicos Experiment
Summary
Study Questions
14. Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous Peoples and the Global Culture
The Politics of Labels: Defining Indigenous Peoples
Policy Alternatives: Realists versus Idealists
Colonialism and the Global Culture
Ethnocide, Genocide, and Ecocide
The Humanitarian Response
Applied Anthropology and Tribal Peoples
The Native Problem in Kenya
Australian Aboriginal Policy Debate
Genocidal Protection and Uplift
Reserves, Assimilation, and Land Rights
Decolonization and Human Rights
The United Nations and Indigenous Peoples
ILO Convention 107
Indigenous Organizations and ILO Convention
The Universal Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples
National Integration in Amazonia
The Ashaninka versus Global Development
The Cultural Autonomy Alternative
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
15. Beyond 2000: The Future in the Global Greenhouse
Limits To Growth in a Finite World
The Success of the Commercial Culture
Risks and Rewards in a Commercial Culture
Commercial Culture and Resource Depletion
Limits to Growth and the Global Environment
Biosphere Alteration
The Rising Tide: Global Environmental Change
Food Production and the Malthusian Dilemma
Technological Optimism and Scale Subsidies
Toward a Sustainable World
Responding to Global Warming
Global Crisis and Cultural Response, 12,000 BC-2050 AD
Power and Scale Solutions
Toward a Multiscale Cultural World
Box: the Mondragon Cooperatives
Summary
Study Questions
Suggested Reading
Glossary
Bibliography
Credits
Index

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Cultural Anthropology : Tribes, States, and the Global System, with PowerWeb

Cultural Anthropology : Tribes, States, and the Global System, with PowerWeb

0072997672

Summary

Table of Contents

1.Understanding Culture

Doing Anthropology

Adventures in the Field

Anthropological Research in Amazonia

Culture and Ethnocentrism: The Key Anthropological Concepts

Culture: The Human Way of Life

Chimpanzee Culture?

Self-Interest, Selfish Genes, and the Biology of Culture

Viewing Other Cultures: The Problem of Observer Bias

Box: An Ethnocentric Look at Australian Aborigines

Beyond Ethnocentrism: Emic and Etic Views

Culture Scale, Growth, and Process

The Humanization Process: Reproducing and Maintaining People

Social Power in Three Cultural Worlds

The Functional Organization of Societies and Cultures

Sociocultural Growth and the Scale of Culture

Culture Scale and the Quality of Life: Evaluating Cultures and Cultural Worlds

Summary

Suggested Reading

2. Australian Aborigines: Mobile Foragers for 50,000 Years

Constructing a Sustainable Desert Culture

The Earliest Australians

Population Stability and Balance with Nature?

The Dreaming and the Structure of Aboriginal Society

Sacred Sites and Dreamtime Pathways at Uluru

Box: An Aboriginal Woman Talks About the Dreaming

Aboriginal Band, Clan, & Tribe: Equality and Flexibility

Making a Living with Foraging Technology

Lizards and Grass Seeds: Aboriginal Food Resources

Aboriginal Tools: Digging Stick, Firestick, and Spear

The Forager Way of Life: Aboriginal Affluence as Mode of Thought

Box: A Day in the Life of the Fish Creek Band

Kinship, Age, and Gender: Daily Life in Forager Society

A Kinship-Based Society

Polygyny, Gerontocracy, and Social Equality

Box: Cross-Cousins and Marriage Sections

Box: Kinship and Mother-In-Law Avoidance

Box: Male Initiation: the Terrible Rite

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

3. Native Amazonians: Villagers of the Rain Forest

Living in the Tropical Rain Forest

The Fragile Abundance of the Rain Forest

The Origins of Tropical Forest Village Culture

Rain Forest Gardening and Manioc Processing

Village Size Limits: Gardens, Protein, or Autonomy?

Biodiversity and Ethnoecological Knowledge

Rain Forest Affluence

Box: Carrying-Capacity Calculations: Manioc Starch Versus Animal Protein

Village Life in Amazonia: Domestic Social Power

Domestic Residence, Kinship, and Descent in Amazonia

Men and Women in the Mundurucu Village

Domestic Residence and Descent Groups in Amazonia

The Headman and Village Politics: Society Against the State

The Spirit World: Sexual Symbols, Shamans, and Forest Demons

Box: The Basics of Ashaninka Society and Kinship

Box: An Anaconda Myth

Raiding and Feuding in the Tribal World

Box: Mythic Jaguars and Anaconda Rainbows: The Symbolic Structure of Amazonian Cosmology

Yanomami Armed Conflict: Scientific Issues

The Yanomami and the Ethics of Anthropology

Mundurucu Headhunting and Resource Competition

Summary

Study Questions

Suggested Reading

4. African Cattle Peoples: Tribal Pastoralists

Making a Living With Cows

Cattle Herding and Tropical Grasslands

The Prehistory and History of African Pastoralism

Box: Cattle Carrying Capacity

The Cattle Complex: Obsession or Adaptation?

Pastoral Subsistence: Meat, Blood, and Milk