Rent 9780534545178 | Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies

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This text offers comprehensive coverage of all areas of criminology�from crime, law, criminological theory, and crime typologies to broader issues concerning the criminal justice system. This text is ideal for those courses that concentrate on criminologi

Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology
Crime and Criminology	p. 2
Introduction	p. 3
The Study of Criminology	p. 4
What Is Criminology?	p. 4
A Brief History of Criminology	p. 4
Classical Criminology	p. 5
Nineteenth-Century Positivism	p. 6
The Development of Sociological Criminology	p. 7
The Foundations of So... MOREciological Criminology	p. 7
The Chicago School and Beyond	p. 8
Conflict Criminology	p. 9
Criminology Today	p. 9
Criminology and Criminal Justice	p. 10
The Distinction Between Criminology and Criminal Justice	p. 10
The Distinction Between Criminology and Deviance	p. 10
What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise	p. 11
Criminal Statistics	p. 12
Sociology of Law	p. 12
Theory Construction	p. 12
Criminal Behavior Systems	p. 13
race, culture, gender, and criminology: The Changing Face of International Crime Rates	p. 14
Penology	p. 14
Victimology	p. 15
How Criminologists View Crime	p. 16
The Consensus View of Crime	p. 17
The Conflict View of Crime	p. 17
The Interactionist View of Crime	p. 18
Defining Crime	p. 19
Criminology Research Methods	p. 20
Survey Research	p. 20
Cohort Research	p. 20
Aggregate Data Research	p. 21
Experimental Research	p. 21
Observational and Interview Research	p. 22
Ethical Issues in Criminology	p. 23
Summary	p. 24
Thinking Like a Criminologist	p. 24
Key Terms	p. 24
Notes	p. 25
Criminal Law and Its Processes	p. 26
Introduction	p. 27
The Origin of Law	p. 28
Early Crime, Punishment, and Law in Chaos	p. 29
Origins of Common Law	p. 30
Compensation for Crime	p. 30
The Norman Conquest	p. 30
Common Law	p. 31
Policy and praotice in criminology Origin of the Jury Trial	p. 32
Common Law and Statutory Law	p. 32
Common Law and Statutory Law in America	p. 33
Common Law in Other Cultures	p. 34
Classification of Law	p. 34
Crimes and Torts	p. 34
Felonies and Misdemeanors	p. 35
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibitum	p. 35
Functions of Criminal Law	p. 36
Enforcing Social Control	p. 36
Discouraging Revenge	p. 37
Expressing Public Opinion and Morality	p. 37
Deterring Criminal Behavior	p. 38
Punishing Wrongdoing	p. 38
Maintaining Social Order	p. 39
The Legal Definition of a Crime	p. 39
Actus Reus	p. 39
Mens Rea	p. 40
Criminal Defenses	p. 41
Ignorance or Mistake	p. 41
Insanity	p. 42
Intoxication	p. 43
Duress	p. 43
Policy and practice in criminology: The Insanity Controversy	p. 44
Necessity	p. 45
Self-Defense	p. 45
Entrapment	p. 45
Exotic Defenses	p. 46
Changing Criminal Law	p. 46
Summary	p. 47
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 48
Key Terms	p. 48
Notes	p. 49
The Nature and Extent of Crime	p. 50
Introduction	p. 51
The Uniform Crime Report	p. 51
Collecting the Uniform Crime Report	p. 51
How Accurate Are the Uniform Crime Reports?	p. 52
The Future of the Uniform Crime Report	p. 54
Victim Surveys	p. 55
The National Crime Victimization Survey	p. 55
Is the NCVS Valid?	p. 55
Self-Report Surveys	p. 56
The Focus of Self-Reports	p. 56
Are Self-Reports Accurate?	p. 57
The "Missing Cases"	p. 58
Are Crime Statistics Sources Compatible?	p. 58
Crime Trends	p. 59
The Criminological Enterprise: Explaining Crime Trends	p. 60
Trends in Violent Crime	p. 62
Trends in Property Crime	p. 62
Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization	p. 62
What the Future Holds	p. 63
Crime Patterns	p. 64
The Ecology of Crime	p. 64
Use of Firearms	p. 65
Policy and practice in criminology: Gun Control Practices	p. 66
Social Class and Crime	p. 67
Age and Crime	p. 69
Gender and Crime	p. 72
Race and Crime	p. 74
Criminal Careers	p. 77
Delinquency in a Birth Cohort	p. 77
Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept	p. 78
Summary	p. 79
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 79
Key Terms	p. 79
Notes	p. 80
Victims and Victimization	p. 84
Introduction	p. 85
Problems of Crime Victims	p. 85
Loss	p. 85
Suffering	p. 86
Fear	p. 87
Antisocial Behavior	p. 87
The Nature of Victimization	p. 88
The Social Ecology of Victimization	p. 89
The Victim's Household	p. 90
Victim Characteristics	p. 90
The Victims and Their Criminals	p. 93
The Criminological Enterprise: Victims of Stalking	p. 94
Theories of Victimization	p. 95
Victim Precipitation Theory	p. 95
The Criminological Enterprise: Parents Who Get Killed and the Children Who Kill Them	p. 96
Lifestyle Theories	p. 97
Routine Activities Theory	p. 98
The Criminological Enterprise: Crime and Everyday Life	p. 100
Caring for the Victim	p. 101
The Government's Response	p. 101
Victim Service Programs	p. 102
Victims' Rights	p. 103
Self-Protection	p. 104
Community Organization	p. 105
Summary	p. 105
Thinking Like a Criminologist	p. 106
Key Terms	p. 107
Notes	p. 107
Theories of Crime Causation
Choice Theory	p. 112
Introduction	p. 113
The Development of Rational Choice Theory	p. 113
The Classical Theory of Crime	p. 114
Choice Theory Emerges	p. 114
The Concepts of Rational Choice	p. 115
Rational Choice and Routine Activities	p. 118
Is Crime Rational?	p. 120
Are Street Crimes Rational?	p. 121
Is Drug Use Rational?	p. 122
Can Violence Be Rational?	p. 122
The Criminological Enterprise: In the Drug Business	p. 123
The Seductions of Crime	p. 125
Eliminating Crime	p. 125
Situational Crime Prevention	p. 126
Policy and practice in criminology: Reducing Subway Crime	p. 128
General Deterrence	p. 129
Specific Deterrence	p. 134
race, culture, gender, and criminology: Deterring Domestic Violence	p. 136
Rethinking Deterrence	p. 138
Incapacitation	p. 138
Policy Implications of Choice Theory	p. 140
Just Desert	p. 140
Summary	p. 141
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 142
Key Terms	p. 142
Notes	p. 143
Trait Theories	p. 148
Introduction	p. 149
Foundations of Biological Trait Theory	p. 150
Impact of Sociobiology	p. 151
Modern Trait Theories	p. 151
The Criminological Enterprise: The Nature Assumption	p. 152
Biological Trait Theories	p. 153
Biochemical Conditions and Crime	p. 154
Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime	p. 157
Genetics and Crime	p. 160
Evolutionary Views of Crime	p. 162
Evaluation of the Biological Branch of Trait Theory	p. 163
Psychological Trait Theories	p. 164
Theory of Imitation	p. 164
Psychodynamic Perspective	p. 165
Behavioral Theories	p. 167
Cognitive Theory	p. 168
The Criminological Enterprise: The Media and Violence	p. 170
Crime and Mental Illness	p. 172
Personality and Crime	p. 172
The Criminological Enterprise: The Antisocial Personality	p. 174
Intelligence and Crime	p. 174
Social Policy Implications	p. 177
Summary	p. 179
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 179
Key Terms	p. 179
Notes	p. 180
Social Structure Theories	p. 186
Introduction	p. 187
Sociological Criminology	p. 187
Economic Structure and Crime	p. 188
Lower-Class Culture	p. 188
Are the Poor Undeserving?	p. 190
race, culture, gender, and criminology: When Work Disappears	p. 191
Social Structure Theories	p. 192
Branches of Social Structure Theory	p. 192
Social Disorganization Theory	p. 193
The Work of Shaw and McKay	p. 193
The Social Ecology School	p. 196
Strain Theories	p. 200
Anomie	p. 200
Theory of Anomie	p. 201
Institutional Anomie Theory	p. 202
Relative Deprivation Theory	p. 204
General Strain Theory (GST)	p. 205
Cultural Deviance Theory	p. 209
Conduct Norms	p. 209
Focal Concerns	p. 209
Theory of Delinquent Subcultures	p. 210
Theory of Differential Opportunity	p. 211
Evaluation of Social Structure Theories	p. 213
Is the Structural Approach Valid?	p. 213
Social Structure Theory and Social Policy	p. 213
Policy and practice in criminology: Operation Weed and Seed	p. 214
Summary	p. 215
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 217
Key Terms	p. 217
Notes	p. 217
Social Process Theories	p. 222
Introduction	p. 223
Socialization and Crime	p. 224
Family Relations	p. 224
Educational Experience	p. 226
Peer Relations	p. 226
Institutional Involvement and Belief	p. 227
The Effects of Socialization on Crime	p. 227
Social Learning Theories	p. 228
Differential Association Theory	p. 228
Differential Reinforcement Theory	p. 233
Neutralization Theory	p. 234
Are Learning Theories Valid?	p. 236
Social Control Theories	p. 236
Self-Concept and Crime	p. 237
Social Control Theory	p. 238
Elements of the Social Bond	p. 238
Testing Social Control Theory	p. 239
Social Reaction Theory	p. 241
Crime and Labeling Theory	p. 242
Differential Enforcement	p. 243
Becoming Labeled	p. 243
Consequences of Labeling	p. 243
Primary and Secondary Deviance	p. 244
Research on Social Reaction Theory	p. 245
Is Labeling Theory Valid?	p. 246
An Evaluation of Social Process Theory	p. 247
Social Process Theory and Social Policy	p. 248
Policy and practice in criminology: Head Start	p. 249
Summary	p. 250
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 251
Key Terms	p. 251
Notes	p. 251
Conflict Theory	p. 256
Introduction	p. 257
Marxist Thought	p. 257
Productive Forces and Productive Relations	p. 258
Surplus Value	p. 259
Marx on Crime	p. 260
Developing a Conflict Theory of Crime	p. 260
The Contribution of Willem Bonger	p. 260
The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf	p. 261
The Contribution of George Vold	p. 262
Conflict Theory	p. 262
Conflict Criminology	p. 262
Research on Conflict Theory	p. 265
Analysis of Conflict Theory	p. 265
Marxist Criminology	p. 266
The Development of a Radical Criminology	p. 266
Fundamentals of Marxist Criminology	p. 267
Instrumental Marxism	p. 269
Structual Marxism	p. 270
Research on Marxist Criminology	p. 271
The Criminological Enterprise: Marxist Theories of Crime	p. 272
Critique of Marxist Criminology	p. 274
Emerging Forms of Conflict Theory	p. 274
Left Realism	p. 274
Radical Feminist Theory	p. 275
Power-Control Theory	p. 277
Postmodern Theory	p. 278
Peacemaking Criminology	p. 279
Social Conflict Theory and Social Policy	p. 279
The Criminological Enterprise: Restorative Justice	p. 280
Summary	p. 281
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 282
Key Terms	p. 282
Notes	p. 283
Integrated Theories: Latent Trait and Developmental Theories	p. 287
Introduction	p. 288
Developing Complex Theories	p. 289
The Criminological Enterprise: The Crime Prism	p. 290
Latent Trait Theories	p. 291
Human Nature Theory	p. 292
General Theory of Crime	p. 294
The Criminological Enterprise: Mating Habits and Crime	p. 298
Control-Balance Theory	p. 299
Developmental Theories	p. 299
The Glueck Research	p. 301
Developmental Concepts	p. 301
Theories of Criminal Development	p. 305
race, culture, gender, and criminology: Violent Female Criminals	p. 306
The Social Development Model	p. 306
Elliott's Integrated Theory	p. 309
Farrington's Theory of Delinquent Development	p. 309
Interactional Theory	p. 311
Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory	p. 313
Commonalities and Distinctions	p. 316
Summary	p. 316
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 316
Key Terms	p. 317
Notes	p. 317
Crime Typologies
Violent Crime	p. 324
Introduction	p. 325
The Roots of Violence	p. 326
Personal Traits	p. 326
The Criminological Enterprise: Violent Land	p. 327
Ineffective Families	p. 328
race, culture, gender, and criminology: Mothers Who Kill Their Children	p. 329
Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct	p. 329
Exposure to Violence	p. 330
Substance Abuse	p. 330
Firearm Availability	p. 330
Cultural Values	p. 331
Forcible Rape	p. 333
History of Rape	p. 333
Incidence of Rape	p. 334
Types of Rape/Rapists	p. 334
TheCauses of Rape	p. 337
Rape and the Law	p. 338
Murder and Homicide	p. 339
Degrees of Murder	p. 340
The Nature and Extent of Murder	p. 340
Murderous Relations	p. 341
Types of Murders	p. 343
The Criminological Enterprise: Mass Murder and Serial Killing	p. 344
Assault and Battery	p. 346
Patterns of Assault	p. 346
The Nature and Extent of Assaults	p. 347
Assault in the Home	p. 347
Robbery	p. 350
The Criminological Enterprise: Armed Robbers in Action	p. 352
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence	p. 353
Hate Crimes	p. 353
Workplace Violence	p. 354
Political Violence	p. 356
Terrorism	p. 356
Forms of Terrorism	p. 357
Extent of Terrorism	p. 360
Who Is the Terrorist?	p. 360
Responses to Terrorism	p. 361
Summary	p. 361
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 362
Key Terms	p. 362
Notes	p. 362
Property Crimes	p. 368
Introduction	p. 369
A Brief History of Theft	p. 370
Modern Thieves	p. 370
Occasional Criminals	p. 370
race, culture, gender, and criminology: Catching Thieves in Eighteenth-Century England	p. 371
Professional Criminals	p. 372
The Criminological Enterprise: Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safe Crackers	p. 374
Larceny/Theft	p. 375
Larceny Today	p. 376
Varieties of Larceny	p. 377
Shoplifting	p. 377
Bad Checks	p. 378
Credit Card Theft	p. 379
Auto Theft	p. 379
False Pretenses or Fraud	p. 380
Confidence Games	p. 381
Embezzlement	p. 381
Burglary	p. 381
The Nature and Extent of Burglary	p. 382
Careers in Burglary	p. 383
race, culture, gender, and criminology: The Female Burglar	p. 385
The Criminological Enterprise: What Motivates Juvenile Firesetters?	p. 386
Arson	p. 387
Summary	p. 387
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 388
Key Terms	p. 388
Notes	p. 388
White-Collar and Organized Crime	p. 390
Introduction	p. 391
White-Collar Crime	p. 392
Redefining White-Collar Crime	p. 392
The White-Collar Crime Problem	p. 393
International White-Collar Crime	p. 393
Components of White-Collar Crime	p. 394
Stings and Swindles	p. 394
Chiseling	p. 395
Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position	p. 397
Influence Peddling and Bribery	p. 397
Embezzlement and Employee Fraud	p. 400
Client Fraud	p. 400
The Criminological Enterprise: The Savings and Loan Cases	p. 402
Corporate Crime	p. 404
High-Tech Crime	p. 407
The Cause of White-Collar Crime	p. 409
Greedy or Needy?	p. 409
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems	p. 411
Corporate Policing	p. 412
Controlling White-Collar Crime	p. 412
Organized Crime	p. 415
The Criminological Enterprise: Can Corporations Commit Murder?	p. 416
Characteristics of Organized Crime	p. 417
Activities of Organized Crime	p. 417
The Concept of Organized Crime	p. 418
Organized Crime Groups	p. 421
Controlling Organized Crime	p. 422
The Future of Organized Crime	p. 422
Summary	p. 423
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 424
Key Terms	p. 424
Notes	p. 424
Public Order Crimes	p. 429
Introduction	p. 430
Law and Morality	p. 430
Debating Morality	p. 431
Homosexuality	p. 433
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality	p. 435
Homosexuality and the Law	p. 435
Paraphilias	p. 436
Prostitution	p. 438
Incidence of Prostitution	p. 438
Types of Prostitutes	p. 439
Becoming a Prostitute	p. 440
Legalize Prostitution?	p. 441
Pornography	p. 442
The Dangers of Pornography	p. 442
Does Pronography Cause Violence?	p. 443
Pornography and the Law	p. 444
Controlling Sex for Profit	p. 445
Substance Abuse	p. 446
When Did Drug Use Begin?	p. 446
Alcohol and Its Prohibition	p. 447
Commonly Abused Drugs	p. 447
The Extent of Substance Abuse	p. 451
AIDS and Drug Use	p. 453
The Causes of Substance Abuse	p. 454
Types of Drug Users	p. 456
Drugs and Crime	p. 458
Drugs and the Law	p. 460
The Criminological Enterprise: How Substance Abuse Provokes Violence	p. 461
Drug Control Strategies	p. 462
Policy and practice in oriminology: Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)	p. 466
Summary	p. 469
Thinking Like A Criminologist	p. 469
Key Terms	p. 470
Notes	p. 470
Glossary	p. 475
Table of Cases	p. 493
Name Index	p. 494
Subject Index	p. 508
Photo Credits	p. 523
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