JOHN SOMMERS-FLANAGAN, PHD, is a clinical psychologist and professor of counselor education at the University of Montana. He is a long-time member of both the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Psychological Association (APA).

RITA SOMMERS-FLANAGAN, PHD, is professor emeritus at the University of Montana. As a clinical psychologist, she has worked with youth, families, couples, and women for many years.

Preface ix

About the Authors xv

Chapter 1

Psychotherapy and Counseling Essentials: An Introduction 1

Why Learn Theories? 1

Historical Context 3

Definitions of Counseling and Psychotherapy 6

The Scientific Context of Counseling and Psychotherapy 7

Ethical Essentials 13

Neuroscience in Counseling and Psychotherapy 18

Emergence of Personal Theory 22

Our Biases 25

Concluding Comments 27

Chapter Summary and Review 27

Introductory Key Terms 28

Chapter 2

Psychoanalytic Approaches 29

Introduction 29

Historical Context 30

Theoretical Principles 32

Evolution and Development in Psychoanalytic Theory and Practice 35

The Practice of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 41

Case Presentation 47

Evaluations and Applications 49

Concluding Comments 55

Chapter Summary and Review 55

Psychoanalytic Key Terms 56

Chapter 3

Individual Psychology and Adlerian Therapy 59

Introduction 59

Historical Context 60

Theoretical Principles 61

The Practice of Adlerian Therapy 69

Case Presentation 80

Evaluations and Applications 83

Concluding Comments 86

Chapter Summary and Review 86

Individual Psychology Key Terms 87

Chapter 4

Existential Theory and Therapy 89

Introduction 89

Key Figures and Historical Context 90

Theoretical Principles 93

The Practice of Existential Therapy 99

Case Presentation 105

Evaluations and Applications 108

Concluding Comments 111

Chapter Summary and Review 111

Existential Key Terms 112

Chapter 5

Person-Centered Theory and Therapy 113

Introduction 113

Historical Context 114

Theoretical Principles 116

The Practice of PCT: A Way of Being with Clients 123

Case Presentation 133

Evaluations and Applications 136

Concluding Comments 138

Chapter Summary and Review 139

Person-Centered Key Terms 139

Chapter 6

Gestalt Theory and Therapy 141

Introduction 141

Historical Context 142

Theoretical Principles 145

The Practice of Gestalt Therapy 151

Case Presentation 160

Evaluations and Applications 162

Concluding Comments 164

Chapter Summary and Review 165

Gestalt Therapy Key Terms 166

Chapter 7

Behavioral Theory and Therapy 167

Introduction 167

Key Figures and Historical Context 168

Theoretical Principles 170

The Practice of Behavior Therapy 173

Case Presentation 188

Evaluations and Applications 191

Concluding Comments 195

Chapter Summary and Review 195

Behavior Therapy Key Terms 196

Chapter 8

Cognitive Behavioral Theory and Therapy 199

Introduction 199

Key Figures and Historical Context 201

Theoretical Principles 204

The Practice of Cognitive Behavior Therapy 209

Case Presentation 218

Evaluations and Applications 222

Concluding Comments 225

Chapter Summary and Review 226

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Key Terms 226

Chapter 9

Choice Theory and Reality Therapy 229

Introduction 229

Historical Context 230

Theoretical Principles 230

The Practice of Reality Therapy 237

Case Presentation 244

Evaluations and Applications 249

Concluding Comments 251

Chapter Summary and Review 251

Choice Theory and Reality Therapy Key Terms 252

Chapter 10

Feminist Theory and Therapy 255
With Maryl J. Baldridge

Introduction 255

Historical Context 257

Theoretical Principles 261

The Practice of Feminist Therapy 266

Case Presentation 277

Evaluations and Applications 279

Concluding Comments 281

Chapter Summary and Review 281

Feminist Key Terms 282

Chapter 11

Constructive Theory and Therapy 283

Introduction 283

Key Figures and Historical Context 284

Theoretical Principles 288

The Practice of Constructive Psychotherapies 291

Case Presentation 303

Evaluations and Applications 304

Concluding Comments 307

Chapter Summary and Review 308

Constructive Therapy Key Terms 308

Chapter 12

Family Systems Theory and Therapy 311
With Kirsten W. Murray

Introduction 311

Historical Context and Highlights 312

Theoretical Principles 314

Family Systems Therapy in Practice 320

Contemporary Family Therapy Developments 329

Case Presentation 331

Evaluations and Applications 334

Concluding Comments 336

Chapter Summary and Review 336

Family Systems Key Terms 337

Chapter 13

Developing Your Multicultural Orientation and Skills 339

Introduction 339

Historical and Contemporary Context 341

Theoretical Principles 345

The Practice of Multiculturally Sensitive Therapy 348

Case Presentation 357

Evaluations and Applications 360

Concluding Comments 364

Chapter Summary and Review 364

Multicultural Key Terms 364

Chapter 14

Psychotherapy and Counseling Integration 367

Introduction 367

Psychotherapy Integration: Historical and Theoretical Trends 369

The Practice of Integrative Therapies: Early Models 371

The Practice of Integrative Therapies: Third Wave Models 375

Stepping Back and Looking Forward 387

Concluding Comments 391

Chapter Summary and Review 391

Integrative Key Terms 392

References 393

Name Index 431

Subject Index 441

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