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Corrosion and Corrosion Control An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering

by: Revie, R. Winston

Corrosion and Corrosion Control An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering

by: Revie, R. Winston

ISBN 13:
9780471732792
ISBN 10:
0471732796
Edition: 4th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 03/21/2008
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

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Summary

This Fourth Edition presents an updated overview of the essential aspects of corrosion science and engineering that underpin the tools and technologies used for managing corrosion, enhancing reliability, and preventing failures. Select features of this new edition include: expanded discussions on electrochemical polarization, predicting corrosion using thermodynamics, steel reinforcements in concrete, and applications of corrosion control technologies in various industries; and a stronger emphasis on environmental concerns and regulations in the context of their impact on corrosion engineering.

Preface	p. xvii
Definition and Importance of Corrosion	p. 1
Definition of Corrosion	p. 1
Corrosion Science and Corrosion Engineering	p. 1
Importance of Corrosion	p. 2
Risk Management	p. 5
Causes of Corrosion	p. 6
Change in Gibbs Free Energy	p. 6
Pilling-Bedworth Ratio	p. 6
References	p. 6
General References	p. 7
Problems	p. 7
Electrochemical Mechanisms	p. 9
The Dry-Cell Analogy and Faraday's Law	p. 9
Definition of Anode and Cathode	p. 11
Types of Cells	p. 13
Types of Corrosion Damage	p. 15
References	p. 18
General References	p. 19
Problems	p. 19
Thermodynamics: Corrosion Tendency and Electrode Potentials	p. 21
Change of Gibbs Free Energy	p. 21
Measuring the Emf of a Cell	p. 22
Calculating the Half-Cell Potential-The Nernst Equation	p. 22
The Hydrogen Electrode and the Standard Hydrogen Scale	p. 24
Convention of Signs and Calculation of Emf	p. 25
Measurement of pH	p. 28
The Oxygen Electrode and Differential Aeration Cell	p. 28
The Emf and Galvanic Series	p. 30
Liquid Junction Potentials	p. 33
Reference Electrodes	p. 34
Calomel Reference Electrode	p. 35
Silver-Silver Chloride Reference Electrode	p. 36
Saturated Copper-Copper Sulfate Reference Electrode	p. 36
References	p. 37
General References	p. 38
Problems	p. 38
Answers to Problems	p. 40
Thermodynamics: Pourbaix Diagrams	p. 43
Basis of Pourbaix Diagrams	p. 43
Pourbaix Diagram for Water	p. 44
Pourbaix Diagram for Iron	p. 45
Pourbaix Diagram for Aluminum	p. 47
Pourbaix Diagram for Magnesium	p. 48
Limitations of Pourbaix Diagrams	p. 49
References	p. 50
General References	p. 50
Problems	p. 50
Answers to Problem	p. 51
Kinetics: Polarization and Corrosion Rates	p. 53
Polarization	p. 53
The Polarized Cell	p. 54
How Polarization Is Measured	p. 56
Calculation of IR Drop in an Electrolyte	p. 58
Causes of Polarization	p. 58
Hydrogen Overpotential	p. 63
Polarization Diagrams of Corroding Metals	p. 66
Influence of Polarization on Corrosion Rate	p. 68
Calculation of Corrosion Rates from Polarization Data	p. 71
Anode-Cathode Area Ratio	p. 73
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy	p. 75
Theory of Cathodic Protection	p. 77
References	p. 79
General References	p. 80
Problems	p. 80
Answers to Problems	p. 82
Passivity	p. 83
Definition	p. 83
Characteristics of Passivation and the Flade Potential	p. 84
Behavior of Passivators	p. 88
Passivation of Iron by HNO[subscript 3]	p. 89
Anodic Protection and Transpassivity	p. 90
Theories of Passivity	p. 92
More Stable Passive Films with Time	p. 95
Action of Chloride Ions and Passive-Active Cells	p. 96
Critical Pitting Potential	p. 97
Critical Pitting Temperature	p. 99
Passivity of Alloys	p. 100
Nickel-Copper Alloys	p. 103
Other Alloys	p. 108
Effect of Cathodic Polarization and Catalysis	p. 108
References	p. 109
General References	p. 111
Problems	p. 112
Answers to Problems	p. 113
Iron and Steel	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Aqueous Environments	p. 116
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen	p. 116
Effect of Temperature	p. 120
Effect of pH	p. 120
Effect of Galvanic Coupling	p. 127
Effect of Velocity on Corrosion in Natural Waters	p. 129
Effect of Dissolved Salts	p. 131
Metallurgical Factors	p. 138
Varieties of Iron and Steel	p. 138
Effects of Composition	p. 138
Effect of Heat Treatment	p. 142
Steel Reinforcements in Concrete	p. 143
References	p. 145
General References	p. 147
Problems	p. 147
Answers to Problems	p. 148
Effect of Stress	p. 149
Cold Working	p. 149
Stress-Corrosion Cracking	p. 150
Iron and Steel	p. 151
Mechanism of Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Steel and Other Metals	p. 156
Electrochemical Dissolution	p. 157
Film-Induced Cleavage	p. 158
Adsorption-Induced Localized Slip	p. 158
Stress Sorption	p. 158
Initiation of Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Critical Potentials	p. 161
Rate of Crack Growth (Fracture Mechanics)	p. 162
Hydrogen Damage	p. 166
Mechanism of Hydrogen Damage	p. 167
Effect of Metal Flaws	p. 170
Radiation Damage	p. 172
Corrosion Fatigue	p. 173
Critical Minimum Corrosion Rates	p. 177
Remedial Measures	p. 178
Mechanism of Corrosion Fatigue	p. 179
Fretting Corrosion	p. 180
Mechanism of Fretting Corrosion	p. 182
Remedial Measures	p. 184
References	p. 185
General References	p. 188
Problems	p. 190
Answers to Problems	p. 190
Atmospheric Corrosion	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Types of Atmospheres	p. 192
Corrosion-Product Films	p. 192
Factors Influencing Corrosivity of the Atmosphere	p. 195
Particulate Matter	p. 196
Gases in the Atmosphere	p. 197
Moisture (Critical Humidity)	p. 199
Remedial Measures	p. 201
References	p. 202
General References	p. 203
Problems	p. 204
Corrosion in Soils	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
Factors Affecting the Corrosivity of Soils	p. 206
Bureau of Standards Tests	p. 207
Pitting Characteristics	p. 208
Stress-Corrosion Cracking	p. 210
Remedial Measures	p. 211
References	p. 212
General References	p. 212
Oxidation	p. 215
Introduction	p. 215
Initial Stages	p. 216
Thermodynamics of Oxidation: Free Energy-Temperature Diagram	p. 218
Protective and Nonprotective Scales	p. 218
Three Equations of Oxidation	p. 220
Wagner Theory of Oxidation	p. 223
Oxide Properties and Oxidation	p. 224
Galvanic Effects and Electrolysis of Oxides	p. 227
Hot Ash Corrosion	p. 229
Hot Corrosion	p. 229
Oxidation of Copper	p. 230
Internal Oxidation	p. 231
Reaction with Hydrogen ("Hydrogen Disease")	p. 231
Oxidation of Iron and Iron Alloys	p. 232
Life Test for Oxidation-Resistant Wires	p. 233
Oxidation-Resistant Alloys	p. 234
Reactive Element Effect (REE)	p. 234
Chromium-Iron Alloys	p. 235
Chromium-Aluminum-Iron Alloys	p. 236
Nickel and Nickel Alloys	p. 236
Furnace Windings	p. 237
References	p. 237
General References	p. 239
Problems	p. 239
Answers to Problems	p. 240
Stray-Current Corrosion	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Sources of Stray Currents	p. 242
Quantitative Damage by Stray Currents	p. 244
Detection of Stray Currents	p. 245
Soil-Resistivity Measurement	p. 246
Means for Reducing Stray-Current Corrosion	p. 246
References	p. 247
General References	p. 247
Problems	p. 247
Answers to Problems	p. 249
Cathodic Protection	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Brief History	p. 252
How Applied	p. 253
Sacrificial Anodes	p. 254
Combined Use with Coatings	p. 255
Magnitude of Current Required	p. 257
Anode Materials and Backfill	p. 258
Overprotection	p. 259
Criteria of Protection	p. 260
Potential Measurements	p. 260
Doubtful Criteria	p. 262
Position of Reference Electrode	p. 262
Economics of Cathodic Protection	p. 263
Anodic Protection	p. 263
References	p. 265
General References	p. 265
Problems	p. 266
Answers to Problems	p. 267
Metallic Coatings	p. 269
Methods of Application	p. 269
Classification of Coatings	p. 271
Specific Metal Coatings	p. 272
Nickel Coatings	p. 272
Lead Coatings	p. 274
Zinc Coatings	p. 274
Cadmium Coatings	p. 276
Tin Coatings	p. 277
Chromium-Plated Steel for Containers	p. 279
Aluminum Coatings	p. 280
References	p. 281
General References	p. 282
Inorganic Coatings	p. 285
Vitreous Enamels	p. 285
Portland Cement Coatings	p. 286
Chemical Conversion Coatings	p. 286
References	p. 288
General References	p. 288
Organic Coatings	p. 289
Introduction	p. 289
Paints	p. 289
Requirements for Corrosion Protection	p. 291
Metal Surface Preparation	p. 293
Cleaning All Dirt, Oils, and Greases from the Surface	p. 293
Complete Removal of Rust and Mill Scale	p. 294
Applying Paint Coatings	p. 295
Wash Primer	p. 296
Painting of Aluminum and Zinc	p. 296
Filiform Corrosion	p. 296
Theory of Filiform Corrosion	p. 298
Plastic Linings	p. 299
References	p. 300
General References	p. 301
Inhibitors and Passivators	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
Passivators	p. 304
Mechanism of Passivation	p. 304
Applications of Passivators	p. 308
Pickling Inhibitors	p. 310
Applications of Pickling Inhibitors	p. 312
Slushing Compounds	p. 313
Vapor-Phase Inhibitors	p. 313
Inhibitor to Reduce Tarnishing of Copper	p. 314
References	p. 315
General References	p. 316
Treatment of Water and Steam Systems	p. 317
Deaeration and Deactivation	p. 317
Hot- and Cold-Water Treatment	p. 321
Cooling Waters	p. 322
Boiler-Water Treatment	p. 323
Boiler Corrosion	p. 323
Boiler-Water Treatment for Corrosion Control	p. 326
Mechanisms	p. 328
References	p. 330
General References	p. 331
Alloying for Corrosion Resistance; Stainless Steels	p. 333
Introduction	p. 333
Stainless Steels	p. 335
Brief History	p. 336
Classes and Types	p. 337
Intergranular Corrosion	p. 343
Pitting and Crevice Corrosion	p. 350
Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Cracking	p. 354
Cracking of Sensitized Austenitic Alloys in Polythionic Acids	p. 359
Galvanic Coupling and General Corrosion Resistance	p. 361
References	p. 362
General References	p. 365
Copper and Copper Alloys	p. 367
Copper	p. 367
Corrosion in Natural Waters	p. 369
Copper Alloys	p. 371
Copper-Zinc Alloys (Brasses)	p. 371
Dealloying/Dezincification	p. 372
Stress-Corrosion Cracking (Season Cracking)	p. 374
Condenser Tube Alloys Including Copper-Nickel Alloys	p. 378
References	p. 379
General References	p. 381
Problems	p. 381
Answers to Problems	p. 381
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys	p. 383
Aluminum	p. 383
Clad Alloys	p. 384
Corrosion in Water and Steam	p. 384
Effect of pH	p. 387
Corrosion Characteristics	p. 388
Galvanic Coupling	p. 392
Aluminum Alloys	p. 393
Stress-Corrosion Cracking	p. 394
References	p. 396
General References	p. 397
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys	p. 399
Introduction	p. 399
Magnesium	p. 399
Magnesium Alloys	p. 400
Stress-Corrosion Cracking	p. 402
Coatings	p. 403
Summary	p. 404
References	p. 405
General References	p. 405
Nickel and Nickel Alloys	p. 407
Introduction	p. 407
Nickel	p. 408
Nickel Alloys	p. 411
General Behavior	p. 411
Ni-Cu System: Alloy 400-70% Ni, 30% Cu	p. 414
Ni-Cr-Fe System: Alloy 600-76% Ni, 16% Cr, 7% Fe	p. 414
Ni-Mo System: Alloy B-60% Ni, 30% Mo, 5% Fe	p. 415
Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo-Cu System: Alloy G-Ni, 22% Cr, 20% Fe, 6.5% Mo, 2% Cu	p. 416
Ni-Cr-Mo System: Alloy C-54% Ni, 15% Cr, 16% Mo, 4% W, 5% Fe	p. 416
Ni-Fe-Cr System: Alloy 825-Ni, 31% Fe, 22% Cr	p. 417
References	p. 417
General References	p. 418
Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys	p. 419
Introduction	p. 419
Cobalt Alloys	p. 420
References	p. 423
General References	p. 423
Titanium	p. 425
Titanium	p. 425
Titanium Alloys	p. 427
Pitting and Crevice Corrosion	p. 429
Intergranular Corrosion and Stress-Corrosion Cracking	p. 430
References	p. 432
General References	p. 434
Problem	p. 434
Zirconium	p. 435
Introduction	p. 435
Zirconium Alloys	p. 436
Behavior in Hot Water and Steam	p. 437
References	p. 439
General References	p. 440
Tantalum	p. 441
Introduction	p. 441
Corrosion Behavior	p. 441
References	p. 443
General Reference	p. 443
Lead	p. 445
Introduction	p. 445
Corrosion Behavior of Lead and Lead Alloys	p. 446
Lead-Acid Battery	p. 447
Summary	p. 448
References	p. 449
General References	p. 449
Appendix	p. 451
Activity and Activity Coefficients of Strong Electrolytes	p. 451
Derivation of Stern-Geary Equation for Calculating Corrosion Rates from Polarization Data Obtained at Low Current Densities	p. 456
The General Equation	p. 458
Derivation of Equation Expressing the Saturation Index of a Natural Water	p. 461
Derivation of Potential Change along a Cathodically Protected Pipeline	p. 467
Derivation of the Equation for Potential Drop along the Soil Surface Created by Current Entering or Leaving a Buried Pipe	p. 469
Derivation of the Equation for Determining Resistivity of Soil by Four-Electrode Method	p. 470
Derivation of the Equation Expressing Weight Loss by Fretting Corrosion	p. 471
Conversion Factors	p. 474
Additional Conversion Factors	p. 475
Current Density Equivalent to a Corrosion Rate of 1 gmd	p. 475
Standard Potentials	p. 476
Notation and Abbreviations	p. 476
References	p. 478
Index	p. 479
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Corrosion and Corrosion Control An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering

Corrosion and Corrosion Control An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering

9780471732792

0471732796

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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