9780130096616

Designed to introduce readers to a broad range of relevant ideas and theories and to encourage critical thinking on a variety of sexuality and gender topics, this collection of articles, classic and current, addresses the relationships between sexuality, gender, and culture. The readings include descriptions of variations in sexual and gender ideologies, expressions of sexuality, gender diversity, and global issues. Gay rights, transgendered movements, intersexed awareness, female genital mutilation, male circumcision, AIDS, sex tourism, and the sex.com explosion on the internet are all current issues addressed.

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Preface

xi

Acknowledgments

xv

PART ONE RESEARCHING SEXUALITIES AND GENDER

1

(36)

Investigating Sex: Essentialism and Constructionism

6

(12)

Jennifer Harding

Sexing the Body: How Biologists Construct Human Sexuality

18

(5)

Anne Fausto-Sterling

The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles

23

(11)

Emily Martin

Sex in Primitive Society

34

(3)

Ruth Benedict

PART TWO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF GENDER AND REPRODUCTION

37

(29)

The Animal with the Weirdest Sex Life

41

(7)

Jared Diamond

Bonobo Sex and Society: The Behavior of a Close Relative Challenges Assumptions About Male Supremacy in Human Evolution

48

(8)

Frans B. M. de Waal

Human Apes

56

(10)

Alison Jolly

PART THREE SEXUAL POTENTIALITIES: LESSONS FROM EARLY ETHNOGRAPHIES

66

(49)

Prenuptial Intercourse Between the Sexes

72

(22)

Bronislaw Malinowski

Dani Sexuality: A Low Energy System

94

(2)

Karl Heider

Sexual Inversion Among the Azande

96

(7)

E. E. Evans-Pritchard

Sex and Repression in an Irish Folk Community

103

(12)

John Messenger

PART FOUR RITES OF PASSAGE AND GENITAL MUTILATION

115

(19)

The Geography of Genital Mutilations

120

(7)

James DeMeo

Unmasking Tradition: A Sudanese Anthropologist Confronts Female ``Circumcision'' and Its Terrible Tenacity

127

(7)

Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf

PART FIVE MARRIAGE AND LOVE

134

(28)

Mehinaku Men and Women: A Sociology of Marriage, Sex, and Affection

138

(11)

Thomas Gregor

Arranging a Marriage in India

149

(7)

Serena Nanda

Against Love: A Treatise on the Tyranny of Two

156

(6)

Laura Kipnis

PART SIX CONSTRUCTING AND DECONSTRUCTING BODIES

162

(26)

The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough

166

(6)

Anne Fausto-Sterling

Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political Activism

172

(16)

Cheryl Chase

PART SEVEN BEYOND THE BINARY

188

(31)

Hijra and Sadhin: Neither Man nor Woman in India

192

(10)

Serena Nanda

Lesbians, Men-Women and Two-Spirits: Homosexuality and Gender in Native American Cultures

202

(17)

Sabine Lang

PART EIGHT TRANS-ISMS/GENDER/SEXUAL/CULTURAL

219

(24)

Who Put the ``Trans'' in Transgender? Gender Theory and Everyday Life

223

(4)

Suzanne Kessler

Wendy McKenna

The Gender of Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes

227

(16)

Don Kulick

PART NINE SAME-SEX SEXUALITIES: CULTURE, DESIRE, AND FREEDOM

243

(57)

Sambia Sexual Culture

249

(24)

Gilbert Herdt

Culture and Women's Sexualities

273

(12)

Evelyn Blackwood

Redirecting Sexual Orientation: Techniques and Justifications

285

(15)

Timothy F. Murphy

PART TEN INTERNATIONAL ENCOUNTERS: SEXUALITIES IN THE GLOBAL VILLAGE

300

(29)

For Love and Money: Romance Tourism in Jamaica

304

(14)

Deborah Pruitt

Suzanne LaFont

Forced to Choose: Beyond the Voluntary v. Forced Prostitution Dichotomy

318

(11)

Jo Doezema

PART ELEVEN THE RIGHT TO SAY NO, THE RIGHT TO SAY YES: GENDER, SEXUALITIES, AND SELF-DETERMINATION

329

(29)

Arab Honor's Price: A Woman's Blood

334

(6)

Douglas Jehl

Women: Wives, Mothers, Daughters

340

(6)

Chris Beyrer

Negotiating Sex and Gender in the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography

346

(12)

Carole S. Vance

PART TWELVE THE FUTURE OF SEXUALITIES

358

(29)

. . . /Cybersex/no_gender/no_sexuality/no_body.html

362

(9)

Andy Miah

An Orgy of Abstinence

371

(5)

Sharon Lerner

An Unfinished Revolution: Sexuality in the 20th Century

376

(11)

Jeffrey Weeks

Glossary

387

(8)

A List of Journals for the Study of Sexuality, Gender, and Culture

395

(2)

Bibliography

397

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The average person, if there is such an animal, will probably have 100s, if not 1,000s, of sexual encounters in the course of his or her life. All of that sexual activity will result, on average, in two children. The point is that most human sexual behavior is not about reproducing, and in fact, most of us will spend a considerable amount of time and energy making sure that our sexual encounters do not lead to children. Despite this, until recently most discussions about gender and sexualities focused on reproduction. No one is denying that there is a link between sex and reproduction, yet social and physical scientists are still struggling with its role as the motivation for. gender roles and sex acts. Explanations put forth by biologists, psychologists, sociologist, sexologists, and anthropologists differ and even pit one discipline against the other. Hence, questions about the roles of sexuality and gender have generated some of the most contested hypotheses in the sciences. On one side of the debate, some sociobiologists reduce human sexuality to reproduction, looking for the sexual "whys" in how a behavior increases our reproductive success. Their views are very seductive and support the widely held belief that reproduction is the "true" purpose of sex and that gender has been "naturally" shaped to complement reproductive roles. Working under these assumptions, forms of sexual behavior that fall outside of what could be reproductive (even if reproduction is not desired) are thenipso factounnatural. On the other side of the debate, social construction theorists call for a revision in some of the evolutionary theories that make claims about gender behavior and sexuality. They question the widely held assumptions about an innate sexual drive (libido) and innate programming channeling sexual desire towards members of the opposite sex (sexual orientation). They suggest that beliefs about sexualities should be understood as hypotheses, not scientific truths. These "facts" have not, after all, been proven through the scientific method. Social constructionists argue that understanding precultural human sexualities may not be possible because of the intensive cultural intervention that begins at birth. The book is not closed on these debates, rather, the most exciting work has probably yet to be done, advances in research continuously add to our knowledge. Both schools of thought agree that no culture in the world treats sex as a physical act without meaning. Unlike other animals who mate and engage in sex acts without societal, parental, ideological, and legal influences, humans experience socialization that comes with a host of messages about sex, gender, and sexualities. That is why dog sex is more or less dog sex. It does not matter whether it involves Poodles or Great Danes (or a coupling of the two), basically the same thing is going to happen. Among humans, on the other hand, we find an immense amount of variation. The range of human sexual potentialities is best discerned by the ethnographic records, but even that data does not give us the whole story. To fully understand what sex and gender mean to humans, a three part investigation is necessary. Primate modeling is useful because of our close connection with primates. They are used extensively in evolutionary studies as prehominid prototypes. Primates, unlike us, do not mind being observed. They lack the moral/privacy/honest issues that interfere with sexuality and gender research among humans. Secondly, history is important to sexuality/ gender research because it demonstrates how ideas about sexualities have changed over time. Changes in sexual and gender behavior support the idea that there is a fixed, biological basis for such behavior. Finally, cross-cultural studies of sexualities suggest that we cannot really talk about much sexual behavior in terms of human universals. For example, in some societies women should be virgins

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Constructing Sexualities : Readings in Sexuality, Gender, and Culture

Constructing Sexualities : Readings in Sexuality, Gender, and Culture

013009661X

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