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Clinical Research in Occupational Therapy

by: Stein, Franklin; Cutler, Susan K.

Clinical Research in Occupational Therapy

by: Stein, Franklin; Cutler, Susan K.

ISBN 13:
9780769300474
ISBN 10:
0769300472
Edition: 4th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 03/28/2000
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Summary

A comprehensive text for occupational therapy clinicians and special educators, Clinical Research in Occupational Therapy, 4E focuses on evaluating and designing research projects. Step-by-step procedures and examples are used throughout to guide the reader through the research process of selecting a topic, reviewing literature, designing research protocols, selecting outcome measures, implementing research, and writing the results. Descriptive and inferential statistics are explained in a step-by-step procedure, and examples of qualitative and quantitative research are included so as to provide the reader with tools for their own research and evaluating current research data. A section on writing questionnaires and surveys helps the reader construct reliable and valid instruments and information on scientific writing and thesis preparation is presented. Additionally, ethical considerations for informed consent are addressed, with examples of consent forms included.

Preface to the Fourth Edition

xiii

Acknowledgments

Introduction

xvii

A Short History of the Scientific Method in Medicine, Rehabilitation, and Habilitation

(38)

Definition and Purposes of Research in Occupational Therapy and Special Education

(1)

Historical Review of Research in Medicine, Rehabilitation, and Habilitation

(1)

Biological Description, Stage I

(6)

The Growth of Scientific Anatomy and Physiology

(2)

The Hippocratic Writings

(1)

Galen

(1)

Renaissance Medicine in the 16th and 17th Centuries

(1)

Andreas Vesalius and the Refinement of Human Anatomy

(1)

Paracelsus the Medical Chemist

(1)

William Harvey

(1)

Methodological Process, Stage II

(2)

Development of Medical Technology in the 18th and 19th Centuries

(2)

The Practice of Medicine in the First Half of the 19 Century

(1)

Etiological Advances, Stage III

(2)

Medical Research in the Latter Half of the 19 Century

(2)

Prevention, Stage IV

(1)

Preventive Medicine in the 20th Century

(1)

Chemotherapy, Surgery, and Hospital Care: The Bases of Treatment, Stage V

(2)

Chemotherapy

(1)

Surgery

(1)

Hospital Care

(1)

Rehabilitation Movement, Stage VI

(8)

Social Welfare and Rehabilitation

(1)

The Evolution of Allied Health Professions: Phase I

(1)

The Education and Professionalization: Phase II

(1)

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

(1)

Allied Health Treatment Technologies

(3)

Psychiatric Rehabilitation

(1)

Third Phase of Allied Health, 1960 to Present

(1)

Rehabilitation Research Trends (1950-1975)

(2)

Habilitation and Special Education, Stage VII

(8)

Initial Concern for Those With Disabilities

(2)

Itard's Influence

(1)

Montessori's Contribution to Special Education

(1)

Services in the United States

(1)

Special Education and Testing

(2)

Recent Trends in Services for Individuals With Disabilities

(1)

Research and the Future of Health Care

(7)

The Scientific Method and Research Models

(24)

Science, Research, and Theory

(3)

Theory Building

(1)

Characteristics of a Theory

(3)

Fallacies Related to Research

(4)

Irrelevant Conclusion

(1)

Appeal to Authority

(1)

False Cause

(1)

Ambiguity

(1)

Generalization

(1)

Critical Analysis of the Research Process

(3)

Qualities of a Researcher

(3)

Dissonance

(1)

Objectivity

(1)

Perseverance

(1)

Intellectual Curiosity

(1)

Self-Criticism

(1)

Creativity

(1)

Integrity

(1)

Replication

(1)

Nomothetic Versus Idiographic Methods

(1)

Nomothetic Approach to Science

(1)

Idiographic Approach to Science

(1)

Types of Inquiry

(1)

Models of Research

(8)

Action Research

(2)

Scholarly Models not Based on the Scientific Method

(2)

Quantitative Research Models

(70)

Factors in Quantitative Research Models

(2)

Experimental Research

(18)

Purposes of Experimental Research

(1)

Comparison of Treatment Methods

(1)

Clinical Research

(4)

Designing Experimental Groups

(2)

Experimental Research Methods and the Effects of Clinical Treatment

(1)

Control of Factors Affecting patient Improvement

(5)

Analysis of Human Processes in Typical Subjects

(1)

Operational Definitions of Normality

(5)

Methodological Research

(7)

Purposes of Methodological Research

(1)

Strategies

(3)

Designing Treatment Protocol

(1)

Assessment Instruments

(1)

Questionnaires and Interviews

(2)

Treatment Facilities

(1)

Methodological Review: Treatment Facilities

(1)

Designing Education Curricula

(1)

Physical Evaluation Techniques and Treatment Hardware

(1)

Evaluation Research

(9)

Purposes of Evaluation Research

(4)

Strategies of Evaluation Research

(5)

Heuristic Research

(8)

Purposes of Heuristic Research

(1)

Application of Pilot Studies in Heuristic Research

(3)

Assumptions Underlying Heuristic Research

102

(1)

Method of Heuristic Research

102

(1)

Identification of Correlating Factors

103

(1)

Interactional Effects in Heuristic Research

104

(1)

Analysis of Time Factors in Client Treatment

104

(1)

Analysis of Cost Effectiveness Factors in Treatment

105

(1)

Analysis of Space Factors in Patient Care

105

(2)

Correlational Research

107

(6)

Purposes of Correlational Research

107

(1)

Identification of Research Variables

107

(4)

Formulating Hypotheses in Correlational Research

111

(1)

Operational Definitions of Variables

112

(1)

Selection of Sample

112

(1)

Data Selection Procedure

112

(1)

Interpretation of Results

113

(1)

Survey Research

113

(18)

Definition of Survey Research

113

(1)

Purposes of Survey Research

113

(2)

Statement of Problem in Survey Research

115

(2)

Survey Research Methodology

117

(1)

Selection of Questionnaire

117

(1)

Constructing a Questionnaire in Survey Research

117

(3)

Item Construction

120

(1)

Evaluation of Survey

121

(1)

Application of Survey Research to Occupational Therapy

122

(9)

Summary

131

(2)

Qualitative Research Models

133

(44)

Gwynnyth Llewellyn

Susan K. Cutler

Franklin Stein

Defining Qualitative Research

133

(1)

Characteristics of Qualitative Research

134

(1)

Types of Qualitative Research

135

(29)

Individual Case Study

137

(5)

Operations Research

142

(5)

Developmental Observations

147

(3)

Longitudinal Research (Prospective Designs)

150

(1)

Field Observation (Ethnography)

150

(7)

Historical Research

157

(7)

Collecting Qualitative Data

164

(8)

Interviewing

164

(5)

Observation

169

(1)

Field Notes

170

(1)

Political and Ethical Context for Research

171

(1)

Analyzing Qualitative Data

172

(2)

Principles

173

(1)

Practice

174

(1)

Credibility in Qualitative Research

174

(3)

The Research Problem

177

(16)

The Need for Problem-Oriented Research in the Health Professions

177

(1)

Selecting a Significant Research Problem

178

(2)

Identifying Problems Resulting From a Disability

180

(1)

Identifying Significant Issues in Professional Education

181

(1)

Justifying the Research Problem

182

(2)

Narrowing the Investigation

184

(2)

Determining Feasibility

186

(1)

Psychological Blocks in Selection of a Research Problem

186

(1)

Worksheet Guide for Selecting a Research Problem

187

(2)

Why Research Proposals Are Disapproved

189

(4)

Review of the Literature

193

(30)

The Need for a Literature Review

193

(1)

Conceptual View of a Literature Search

194

(2)

Locating Sources of Related Literature

196

(18)

Information Retrieval Systems

202

(6)

Bibliographic Indexes and Abstracting Periodicals

208

(3)

Sources for Health Statistics

211

(2)

Directories of References

213

(1)

Current Research

214

(1)

Journals

214

(1)

Recording Information From Research Articles

214

(1)

Evaluating Validity of Research Findings

215

(2)

Outlining the Literature Review Section

217

(4)

Worksheet for Literature Review

221

(2)

Research Design and Methodology

223

(31)

Proposing a Feasible Research Question

224

(1)

Statement of Hypothesis

224

(1)

Operationally Defining a Variable

224

(4)

Stating Assumptions

228

(1)

Diagrammatical Relationship Between Variables

229

(6)

Theoretical Rationale

235

(3)

Internal Validity

238

(1)

Methodology Section

238

(1)

Selection of Participants

239

(5)

External Validity

241

(1)

Random Sampling

242

(1)

Convenience Sample and Volunteers

243

(1)

Size of Sample

244

(1)

Selection of Measuring Instrument

244

(8)

Selecting a Specific Test for a Research Study

244

(2)

Concept of Measurement and Numbers: Data

246

(1)

Measurement Scales

246

(3)

Reliability

249

(2)

Item Analysis

251

(1)

Validity

251

(1)

Ethical Principles Guiding Human Research

252

(2)

The Declaration of Helsinki

252

(1)

Harvard University Medical School

252

(2)

The University of South Dakota Human Subjects Review Protocol (HSRP)

254

(1)

Data Collection Procedures

254

(15)

Informed Consent and Forms

257

(8)

Example of an Informed Consent Form

265

(1)

Methodological Limitations of a Study

265

(4)

Data Analysis and Statistics

269

(102)

Definition and Meaning of Statistics

269

(2)

Relationship of Statistics to Clinical Practice

271

(2)

the Process of Statistical Analysis

273

(1)

Key Definitions of Statistical Concepts

273

(6)

Universal Symbols Used in Statistics

278

(1)

Seven Statistical Models for Clinical Research

279

(3)

Model I: Descriptive Statistics

279

(1)

Model II: One-Sample Problems

279

(1)

Model III: Two Independent Samples

280

(1)

Model IV: Paired-Data Sample

281

(1)

Model V: Independent Samples

281

(1)

Model VI: Correlational Sample

281

(1)

Model VII: Observed Minus Expected Frequencies

281

(1)

Model I: Descriptive Statistics: Organization and Tabulation of Descriptive Data

282

(41)

Table of Percentage

282

(2)

Frequency Distribution Table

284

(6)

Graphs and Other Pictorial Representations

290

(1)

Frequency Polygon

290

(1)

Histograms and Bar Graphs

291

(1)

Cumulative Frequency Distributive Polygon

292

(1)

Statistical Pie

293

(2)

Scatter Diagrams

295

(5)

Measures of Central Tendency

300

(11)

Measures of Variability

311

(3)

Stem and Leaf

314

(4)

z Scores and the Normal Curve

318

(3)

Vital Statistics

321

(2)

Inferential Statistics and Testing a Hypothesis

323

(4)

Probability and Clinical Research

323

(1)

Procedure for Statistically Testing a Hypothesis

323

(1)

Potential Sources of Research Errors Affecting Statistical Significance

324

(2)

Exploratory Data Analysis

326

(1)

The Concept of Statistical Power and Effect Size

326

(1)

Model II: One-Sample Problems (One-Sample t Test)

327

(4)

Hypothetical Example for Testing for Statistically Significant Differences Between Sample Mean and Parameter Mean Values

328

(3)

Model III: Two Independent Groups

331

(8)

Independent t Test

331

(7)

Mann-Whitney U Test

338

(1)

Model IV: Paired Data Sample

339

(6)

Correlated t Test

339

(4)

Wilcoxon Test for Paired Data Samples

343

(2)

Model V: k-Independent Samples

345

(9)

Analysis of Variance

345

(7)

Kruskal-Wallis Test for k Sample

352

(2)

Model VI: Correlation (Pearson and Spearman Correlation Coefficients)

354

(5)

Definition of Correlation

354

(1)

Example of a Correlation in the Literature

354

(1)

Stepwise Procedure for Correlation

355

(4)

Model VII: Observed Frequencies (Chi-Square)

359

(7)

Example of Chi-Square

359

(1)

Operational Procedure of Observed Versus Expected Frequencies (Chi-Square)

360

(3)

Kappa

363

(3)

Statistical Software Packages

366

(2)

Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS)

366

(1)

SAS System

367

(1)

SYSTAT

367

(1)

UNISTAT

368

(1)

Summary

368

(3)

Selecting a Test Instrument

371

(44)

Key Concepts in Testing

371

(1)

Early History of Test Development

371

(6)

Influence of Binet on IQ Testing

374

(1)

Alternative Tests to the Binet

374

(1)

Factor Analytical Theories of Intelligence

375

(1)

Alternative Theories of Intelligence

376

(1)

Group Attitude and Achievement Tests

376

(1)

Outline of Overall Evaluative Process of Testing

377

(1)

Characteristics of a Good Test in Clinical Research

378

(2)

Assumptions in Clinical Evaluation

380

(1)

Major Purposes of Testing in Clinical Research

380

(1)

Conceptual Model for Selecting a Test Instrument for Clinical Research

381

(2)

Bibliographic Sources

383

(1)

Test Instruments

384

(24)

Psychosocial Tests

384

(9)

Physical Dysfunction, Motor Control, Pain, and Independent Living

393

(4)

Vocational and Prevocational

397

(1)

Geriatrics

397

(1)

Pediatrics

397

(8)

Special Populations

405

(1)

Neuropsychological Batteries

405

(3)

Reviewing and Evaluating Tests

408

(3)

Outline for Reviewing Tests

409

(1)

Example of Test Review

410

(1)

Criterion-References Tests and Normative-Referenced Tests

411

(2)

Applying Criterion-Referenced Concepts to Research

412

(1)

Test Publishers

413

(1)

Ethical Considerations in Testing

414

(1)

Conclusion

414

(1)

Scientific Writing and Thesis Preparation

415

(50)

Preparation for Writing

415

(2)

Outlining the Research Study

417

(4)

Introduction to the Research Paper

417

(1)

Review of the Literature

418

(1)

Methodology

419

(1)

Results

420

(1)

Summary Discussion, and Implications of the Findings

420

(1)

Reference List and Appendices

420

(1)

Abstract

421

(1)

Writing the First Draft

421

(1)

Making Revisions

422

(9)

Gender or Ethnic Bias

422

(1)

People First Language

423

(1)

Mechanics of Writing

423

(7)

Transitional Words, Phrases, and Sentences

430

(1)

Clarity of Thought

430

(1)

Organization

430

(1)

Quotations, Referenced Material, and Bibliographic Citations

431

(1)

Format of a Paper

432

(5)

Outline of a Research Proposal

432

(5)

Sample Proposal of a Graduate Research Project

437

(1)

Preparation for Presentation

437

(5)

Poster Session

437

(2)

Conference Paper

439

(1)

Publication

440

(2)

Conclusion

442

(23)

Appendix A-1 Web Addresses of Selected Professional Associations

465

(2)

Appendix A-2 Selected List of Consumer Health Organizations

467

(2)

Appendix A-3 Commonly Used Medical Abbreviations

469

(2)

Appendix B Landmarks in the History of Occupational Therapy

471

(1)

Appendix C Statistical Tables

471

(28)

C-1 Random Numbers

478

(1)

C-2 Proportion of Areas Under the Normal Curve (Percentile Rank)

479

(1)

C-3 Critical Values for t Test

480

(2)

C-4 Critical Values for F (Analysis of Variance ANOVA)

482

(3)

C-5 Critical Values for the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient

485

(2)

C-6 Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient

487

(1)

C-7 Critical Values for the Mann-Whitney U Test

488

(5)

C-8 Critical Values of T for Wilcoxson's Signed Ranks Test

493

(1)

C-9 Student Range Statistic for Tukey's Honestly Significantly Difference Test (HSD)

494

(2)

C-10 Critical Values for the Chi-Square Distribution

496

(3)

Glossary

499

(14)

References

513

(26)

Index

539

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Clinical Research in Occupational Therapy

Clinical Research in Occupational Therapy

9780769300474

0769300472

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Clinical Research in Occupational Therapy

Clinical Research in Occupational Therapy

9780769300474

0769300472

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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