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Chapter One

Departures and Arrivals

Land, freedom, and hope. In the narrow stony valleys ofNorway and the heavily taxed towns of Saxony andWestphalia, in Ukrainian villages bled by the recruitingofficers of the czars and Bohemian farms that had been owned andtilled for generations by the same families, land, freedom, and hopemeant much the same thing in the last quarter of the nineteenthcentury: America. Word had spread throughout Europe that therewas land -- empty land, free land -- in the middle of the continentto the west. Land so flat and fertile and unencumbered that a familycould plant as soon as they got there and harvest their first season."Great prairies stretching out as far as one could see," wroteone Norwegian immigrant of the image that lured him and his wifeand three sons to America in 1876, "with never a stone to gatherup, a tree to cut down, or a stump to grub out -- the soil so blackand rich that as somebody said, you had only ‘to tickle it with aplow, and it would laugh with a beautiful harvest.'" As for the sky above this land, there was no need to worry. Rain, they werepromised, would fall abundantly and at just the right times. Winterswere bright and bracing, snowfalls light and quick to melt."Indeed, it may be justly claimed as one of the most beautiful climatesin the world," proclaimed a pamphlet written, translated,and distributed by agents of one of the railroad companies thatowned millions of the choicest acres of this land, "and one bestadapted to the enjoyment of long and vigorous life." And so theycame for land, freedom, and hope, some 16.5 million of them between1850 and 1900, the majority of them never getting beyondthe East Coast cities, but many hundreds of thousands, especiallythe Germans and Scandinavians, ultimately bound for the vastAmerican grassland frontier bordered by the Mississippi to the eastand the Missouri River to the west.

Gro Rollag was one of the seven hundred fifty thousand Norwegianswho emigrated to America in the nineteenth century. She wastwenty-two years old and a bride of several days when she left herfamily's farm in Tinn in the Telemark region of southern Norway inApril 1873. Gro had married a strapping blond boy named Ole,three years her junior, from a neighboring farm. Rollag was his surnameas well, since it was the custom in that part of Norway forfamilies to take the names of the farms where they lived. In Tinnthere were six Rollag farms scattered through the valley -- NorthRollag, South Rollag, Center Rollag, and so on -- all of them smalland niggardly in yields of barley, oats, potatoes, hay. Growing seasonswere short this far north, crop failures all too common in chillyovercast summers, fields so pinched that only the most primitivetools could be brought in. "Our honeymoon took us to America,"Gro Rollag wrote fifty-six years later with her dry humor, as if theymight have chosen Paris or Nice instead. While the truth, ofcourse, was that Gro and Ole left Tinn because the fields of the Rollagfarms were being divided into smaller and smaller parcels everygeneration, because they didn't want to leave their children with less than they had, because in Norway only the firstborn sons inheritedthe arable valley parcels known as bonde gaard, and becauseOle was facing five years of compulsory military service.

But it wasn't in Gro's nature to write this in the memoir she titled"Recollections from the Old Days." Nor did she mention howhard it was to leave behind this stunningly beautiful landscape atthe beginning of spring -- the mountains rising sharply from theshores of a twenty-five-mile-long lake known as the Tinnsjo, thefarms clustered on a level shelf of land at the head of the lake, thewaterfalls gleaming on the sides of the mountains and feedingstreams that merged into the broad Mana River, the red and whitefarmhouses scattered around the stately white church. Beauty wasabundant and free in the countryside of Tinn -- but you couldn'teat beauty, and the beautiful farms were yielding less and less whilethe population steadily grew. But they were comparatively lucky inTinn. Elsewhere in Telemark the farm fields had become so smallfrom repeated division that farmers had to harvest the hay thatgrew on the thatch of their roofs and grow vegetables by spreadingdirt and manure on top of rocks. It was a sad, haunted country forall its beauty. Men in the prime of their lives built their coffins andstored them inside until they were needed. "It was not a verypleasant thing to look at before you got used to it," recalled oneNorwegian immigrant.

Gro Rollag was no beauty, but she was a strong capable youngwoman with a long face, prominent cheekbones, high forehead,and a kindly intelligent look in her rather narrow eyes. Accordingto family lore, she was not the most conscientious housekeeper becauseshe preferred reading to housework. A love of books andreading ran in the family. Of all the possessions they were forced tosell or leave behind in Norway, what the Rollags remembered withdeepest regret was the library they inherited from an eighteenthcenturyancestor -- lovely old books sold to pay for their passage toAmerica.

Gro and Ole were the first of the family to emigrate, leavingOslo on April 24, 1873. "We traveled via England and with theCunard Line from Liverpool," Gro wrote in her recollections half acentury later, furnishing precious few details. "We were thirteendays on the Atlantic and landed at Boston. From there we wentwest in a railroad boxcar. We took a little snack for the journey -- apiece of sausage and a few crackers each."

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Excerpted from The Childrens Blizzard by David Laskin
All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher.