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Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition

by: Gilbert F. Froment (Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Belgium); Kenneth B. Bischoff (Univ. of Delaware)

Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition

by: Gilbert F. Froment (Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Belgium); Kenneth B. Bischoff (Univ. of Delaware)

ISBN 13:
9780471510444
ISBN 10:
0471510440
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/1990
Publisher: Wiley
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Summary

This is the Second Edition of the standard text on chemical reaction engineering, beginning with basic definitions and fundamental principles and continuing all the way to practical applications, emphasizing real-world aspects of industrial practice. The two main sections cover applied or engineering kinetics, reactor analysis and design. Includes updated coverage of computer modeling methods and many new worked examples. Most of the examples use real kinetic data from processes of industrial importance.

Notation

xxi

Greek Symbols

xxx

Subscripts

xxxiii

Superscripts

xxxiv

PART ONE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING KINETICS

(290)

Elements of Reaction Kinetics

(58)

Reaction Rate

(1)

Conversion and Extent of Reaction

(2)

Order of Reaction

(8)

The Rate of an Autocatalytic Reaction

(3)

Complex Reactions

(21)

Complex Reaction Networks

(4)

Catalytic Cracking of Gasoil

(3)

Rate Determining Step and Steady State Approximation

(2)

Classical Unimolecular Rate Theory

(4)

Thermal Cracking of Ethane

(3)

Free Radical Addition Polymerization Kinetics

(3)

Influence of Temperature

(3)

Determination of the Activation Energy

(1)

Activation Energy for Complex Reactions

(2)

Thermodynamically Nonideal Conditions

(4)

Reactions of Dilute Strong Electrolytes

(1)

Pressure Effects in Gas-Phase Reactions

(1)

Determination of Kinetic Parameters

(19)

Simple Reactions

(1)

Complex Reactions

(3)

Rate Constant Determination by the Himmelblau-Jones-Bischoff method

(2)

Thermal Cracking of Propane

(13)

Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions

(64)

Introduction

(6)

Adsorption on Solid Catalysts

(3)

Rate Equations

(14)

Single Reactions

(3)

Competitive Hydrogenation Reactions

(4)

Complex Reactions

(4)

Some Further Thoughts on the Hougen-Watson Rate Equations

(2)

Model Discrimination and Parameter Estimation

(41)

Experimental Reactors

(3)

The Differential Method of Kinetic Analysis

(5)

The Integral Method of Kinetic Analysis

(2)

Parameter Estimation and Statistical Testing of Models and Parameters in Single Reactions

(1)

Models that are Linear in the Parameters

(4)

Models that are Nonlinear in the Parameters

(1)

Parameter Estimation and Statistical Testing of Models and Parameters in Simultaneous Reactions

(2)

Benzothiophene Hydrogenolysis

101

(2)

Sequential Design of Experiments

103

(1)

Sequential Design

104

(1)

Single Response Case

104

(2)

Model Discrimination in the Dehydrogenation of 1-Butene into butadiene

106

(3)

Ethanol Dehydrogenation : Sequential Discrimination using the Integral Method of Kinetic Analysis

109

(3)

Multiresponse Case

112

(1)

Sequential Design for Optimal Estimation

113

(1)

Single Response Models

113

(1)

Multiresponse Models

113

(1)

Sequential Design for Optimal Parameter Estimation in Benzothiophene Hydrogenolysis

114

(1)

Expert Systems in Kinetic Studies

114

(3)

Physicochemical Tests

117

(8)

Transport Processes with Reactions Catalyzed By Solids

125

(73)

Interfacial Gradient Effects

125

(1)

Reaction of a Component of a Fluid at the Surface of a Solid

125

(2)

Mass and Heat Transfer Resistances

127

(5)

Mass Transfer Coefficients

127

(1)

Heat Transfer Coefficients

128

(2)

Multicomponent Diffusion in a Fluid

130

(2)

Use of Mean Effective Binary Diffusivity

132

(1)

Concentration or Partial Pressure and Temperature Differences between Bulk Fluid and Surface of a Catalyst Particle

132

(7)

Intefacial Gradients in Ethanol Dehydrogenation Experiments

133

(6)

Intraparticle Gradient Effects

139

(1)

Catalyst Internal Structure

139

(3)

Pore Diffusion

142

(15)

Definitions and Experimental Observations

142

(1)

Effect of Pore Diffusion in the Cracking of Alkanes on Zeolites

143

(2)

General Quantitative Description of Diffusion in a Porous Catalyst

145

(3)

The Random Pore Model

148

(1)

The Parallel Cross-Linked Pore Model

149

(2)

The Pore Network Model of Beeckman and Froment

151

(2)

Experimental Determination of the Effective Diffusivity of a Component Inside a Particle or of the Tortuosity Factor

153

(1)

Pore Diffusion with Adsorption; Surface Diffusion; Configurational Diffusion

154

(1)

Surface Diffusion in Liquid-Filled Pores

155

(2)

Diffusion and Reaction Inside Catalyst Particles

157

(18)

The Concept of Effectiveness Factor

157

(3)

Generalized Modulus

160

(2)

Generalized Modulus for Simple Rate Equations

162

(1)

Diffusional Falsification of Rate Coefficients and Activation Energy

163

(2)

Effectiveness Factors for Sucrose Inversion in Ion Exchange Resins

165

(1)

Criteria for Importance of Diffusional Limitations

166

(1)

Minimum Distance Between Bifunctional Catalyst Sites for Absence of Diffusional Limitations

167

(3)

Use of Extended Weisz-Prater Criterion

170

(1)

Combination of External and Internal Diffusion Resistance

171

(2)

On Diagnostic Experimental Criteria for the Absence of Mass Transfer Limitations

173

(1)

Multiplicity of Steady States in Catalyst Particles

174

(1)

Complex Reactions in the Presence of Diffusional Limitations

175

(5)

Accounting for the Structure of the Pore Network

180

(3)

Catalytic Demetallization and Desulfurization of Residuum Petroleum Fractions

181

(2)

Nonisothermal Particles

183

(15)

Thermal Gradients Inside Catalyst Particles

183

(3)

External and Internal Temperature Gradients

186

(2)

Temperature Gradients Inside the Catalyst Particles in Butene Hydrogenation

188

(10)

Noncatalytic Gas--Solid Reactions

198

(21)

A Qualitative Discussion of Gas-Solid Reactions

198

(3)

General Model with Interfacial and Intraparticle Gradients

201

(6)

Heterogeneous Model with Shrinking Unreacted Core

207

(5)

Combustion of Coke within Porous Catalyst Particles

209

(3)

Models Accounting Explicitly for the Structure of the Solid

212

(4)

On the Use of More Complex Kinetic Equations

216

(3)

Catalyst Deactivation

219

(37)

Types of Catalyst Deactivation

219

(1)

Solid-State Transformations

219

(1)

Poisoning

219

(1)

Coking

220

(1)

Kinetics of Catalyst Poisoning

220

(10)

Introduction

220

(1)

Kinetics of Uniform Poisoning

221

(2)

Shell-Progressive Poisoning

223

(4)

Effect of Shell-Progressive Poisoning on the Selectivity of Complex Reactions

227

(3)

Kinetics of Catalyst Deactivation by Coking

230

(26)

Introduction

230

(2)

Kinetics of Coking

232

(1)

Deactivation Functions

232

(1)

Catalyst Deactivation by Site Coverage Only

232

(5)

Catalyst Deactivation by Site Coverage and Pore Blockage

237

(2)

Deactivation by Site Coverage and Pore Blockage in the Presence of Diffusional Limitations

239

(4)

Deactivation by Site Coverage, Growth of Coke, and Blockage in Networks of Pores

243

(1)

Influence of Coking on the Selectivity

243

(2)

Kinetic Analysis of Deactivation by Coke Formation

245

(2)

Coking in the Dehydrogenation of 1-Butene into Butadiene

247

(3)

Rigorous Kinetic Equations for the Catalyst Deactivation by Coke Deposition in the Dehydrogenation of 1-Butene into Butadiene

250

(6)

Gas--Liquid Reactions

256

(35)

Introduction

256

(1)

Models for Transfer at a Gas--Liquid Interface

256

(3)

Two-Film Theory

259

(16)

Single Irreversible Reaction with General Kinetics

259

(1)

First-Order and Pseudo-First-Order Irreversible Reactions

260

(3)

Single, Instantaneous, and Irreversible Reactions

263

(4)

Some Remarks on Boundary Conditions and on Utilization and Enhancement Factors

267

(3)

Extension to Reactions with Higher Orders

270

(1)

Complex Reactions

271

(4)

Surface Renewal Theory

275

(7)

Single Instantaneous Reactions

276

(2)

Single Irreversible (Pseudo)-First-Order Reactions

278

(3)

Surface Renewal Models with Surface Elements of Limited Thickness

281

(1)

Experimental Determination of the Kinetics of Gas--Liquid Reactions

282

(9)

Introduction

282

(1)

Determination of kL and Av

283

(1)

Determination of kG and Av

284

(1)

Specific Equipment

284

(7)

PART TWO ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CHEMICAL REACTORS

291

(351)

The Fundamental Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balance Equations

293

(12)

Introduction

293

(2)

The Continuity Equations

293

(1)

The Energy Equation

294

(1)

The Momentum Equation

295

(1)

The Fundamental Equations

295

(10)

The Continuity Equations

295

(3)

Simplified Forms of the ``General'' Continuity Equation

298

(3)

The Energy Equation

301

(1)

Simplified Forms of the ``General'' Energy Equation

302

(3)

The Batch and Semibatch Reactors

305

(29)

The Isothermal Batch Reactor

305

(4)

Example of Derivation of a Kinetic Equation by Means of Batch Data

307

(2)

The Nonisothermal Batch Reactor

309

(5)

Decomposition of Acetylated Castor Oil Ester

312

(2)

Models for a Semibatch Reactor

314

(3)

Key Simulation of Semibatch Reactor Operation

315

(2)

Optimal Operation Policies and Control Strategies

317

(17)

Optimal Batch Operation Time

319

(2)

Optimum Conversion and Maximum Profit for a First-Order Reaction

321

(1)

Optimal Temperature Policies

321

(1)

Optimal Temperature Trajectories for First-Order Reversible Reactions

322

(5)

Optimum Temperature Policies for Consecutive and Parallel Reactions

327

(7)

The Plug Flow Reactor

334

(24)

The Continuity, Energy, and Momentum Equations

334

(6)

Derivation of a Kinetic Equation from Experiments in an Isothermal Tubular Reactor with Plug Flow. Thermal Cracking of Propane

338

(2)

Kinetic Analysis of Nonisothermal Data

340

(7)

Derivation of a Rate Equation for the Thermal Cracking of Acetone from Nonisothermal Data

343

(4)

Design of Tubular Reactors with Plug Flow

347

(11)

An Adiabatic Reactor with Plug Flow Conditions

348

(1)

Design of a Nonisothermal Reactor for Thermal Cracking of Ethane

349

(9)

The Perfectly Mixed Flow Reactor

358

(34)

Introduction

358

(1)

Mass and Energy Balances

358

(7)

Basic Equations

358

(1)

Steady-State Reactor Design

359

(6)

Design for Optimum Selectivity in Complex Reactions

365

(11)

General Considerations

365

(6)

Polymerization Reactions

371

(5)

Stability of Operation and Transient Behavior

376

(16)

Stability of Operation

376

(5)

Transient Behavior

381

(2)

Temperature Oscillations in a Mixed Reactor for the Vapor-Phase Chlorination of Methyl Chloride

383

(9)

Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors

392

(117)

Introduction

392

(1)

The Importance and Scale of Fixed Bed Catalytic Processes

392

(1)

Factors of Progress: Technological Innovations and Increased Fundamental Insight

393

(1)

Factors Involved in the Preliminary Design of Fixed Bed Reactors

394

(7)

Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors

401

(2)

Pseudohomogeneous Models

403

(1)

The Basic One-Dimensional Model

403

(43)

Model Equations

403

(3)

Calculation of Pressure Drop in Packed Beds

406

(1)

Design of a Fixed Bed Reactor According to the One-Dimensional Pseudohomogeneous Model

407

(2)

Runaway Criteria

409

(5)

Application of the First Runaway Criterion of Van Welsenaere and Froment

414

(2)

The Multibed Adiabatic Reactor

416

(7)

Fixed Bed Reactors with Heat Exchange between the Feed and Effluent or between the Feed and Reacting Gas. ``Autothermal Operation''

423

(14)

Nonsteady-State Behavior of Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors Due to Catalyst Deactivation

437

(9)

One-Dimensional Model with Axial Mixing

446

(5)

Two-Dimensional Pseudohomogeneous Models

451

(16)

The Effective Transport Concept

451

(3)

The Static Contribution

454

(2)

The Dynamic Contribution

456

(1)

Continuity and Energy Equations

456

(1)

Design or Simulation of a Fixed Bed Reactor for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Oxidation

457

(5)

An Equivalent One-Dimensional Model

462

(1)

A Two-Dimensional Model Accounting for Radial Variations in Bed Structure

463

(3)

Two-Dimensional Cell Models

466

(1)

Heterogeneous Models

467

(1)

One-Dimensional Model Accounting for Interfacial Gradients

467

(10)

Model Equations

467

(4)

Simulation of the Transient Behavior of a Reactor

471

(1)

A Gas-Solid Reaction in a Fixed Bed Reactor

472

(5)

One-Dimensional Model Accounting for Interfacial and Intraparticle Gradients

477

(19)

Model Equations

477

(5)

Simulation of a Primary Steam Reformer

482

(9)

Simulation of an Industrial Reactor for 1-Butene Dehydrogenation into Butadiene

491

(5)

Two-Dimensional Heterogeneous Models

496

(13)

Nonideal Flow Patterns and Population Balance Models

509

(57)

Introduction

509

(1)

Age Distribution Functions

509

(8)

RTD of a Perfectly Mixed Vessel

511

(1)

Determination of RTD from Experimental Tracer Curve

512

(2)

Calculation of Age Distribution Fuctions from Experimental Data

514

(3)

Flow Patterns from the Interpretation of Age Distribution Functions

517

(3)

Measures of the Spectrum of Fluid Residence Times

517

(1)

Age Distribution Functions for a Series of n Stirred Tanks

517

(2)

RTD for Combinations of Noninteracting Regions

519

(1)

Detection of Regions of Fluid Stagnancy from Characteristics of Age Distributions

520

(1)

The Direct Application of Age Distribution Functions

520

(4)

Mean Value of the Rate Constant in a Well-Mixed Reactor

522

(2)

Macro- and Micromixing

524

(5)

Models Accounting for Flow Patterns

529

(22)

Axial Dispersion Model and Tanks-in-Series Model

529

(2)

Axial Dispersion Model for Laminar Flow in Round Tubes

531

(6)

Multizone Models

537

(3)

Transient Mass Transfer in a Packed Column

540

(3)

Recycle Model for Large-Scale Mixing Effects

543

(4)

Parameter Estimation in Models Accounting for Flow Patterns

547

(4)

Population Balance Models

551

(15)

Population Balance Model for Micromixing

552

(6)

Surface Reaction-Induced Changes in Pore Size Distribution

558

(8)

Fluidized Bed and Transport Reactors

566

(37)

Introduction

566

(1)

Catalytic Cracking of Gasoil

567

(2)

Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking

567

(1)

Transport or Riser Catalytic Cracking

568

(1)

Some Features of the Fluidization and Transport of Solids

569

(5)

Heat Transfer in Fluidized Beds

574

(2)

Modeling of Fluidized Bed Reactors

576

(9)

Basic Two-Phase Model

576

(3)

Bubble Velocity, Size, and Growth

579

(1)

A Hydrodynamic Interpretation of the Interchange Coefficient, kI

579

(5)

One-Phase Model

584

(1)

Modeling of a Transport or Riser Reactor

585

(1)

The Catalytic Cracking of Gasoil

586

(17)

Modeling of the Catalytic Cracking of Gasoil in a Fluidized Bed Reactor

588

(1)

Simulation of Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking of Gasoil

589

(3)

Modeling of the Cracking of Gasoil in a Riser Reactor

592

(1)

Simulation of Riser Catalytic Cracking of Gasoil

593

(3)

Kinetics of the Regeneration of a Coked Cracking Catalyst

596

(1)

Modeling of the Regenerator

596

(1)

Simulation of the Regenerator of a Catalytic Cracking Unit

597

(1)

Simultaneous Simulation of a Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracker and Regenerator

597

(6)

Multiphase Flow Reactors

603

(39)

Types of Multiphase Flow Reactors

603

(3)

Packed Columns

603

(2)

Plate Columns

605

(1)

Empty Columns

605

(1)

Stirred Vessel Reactors

606

(1)

Miscellaneous Reactors

606

(1)

Design Models for Multiphase Flow Reactors

606

(4)

Gas and Liquid Phase Completely Mixed

607

(1)

Gas and Liquid Phase in Plug Flow

607

(1)

Gas Phase in Plug Flow. Liquid Phase Completely Mixed

608

(1)

An Effective Diffusion Model

608

(1)

A Two-Zone Model

609

(1)

An Alternate Approach

610

(1)

Specific Design Aspects

610

(32)

Packed Absorbers

610

(3)

The Simulation or Design of a Packed Bed Absorption Tower

613

(3)

The Absorption of CO2 in a Monoethanolamine (MEA) Solution

616

(3)

Two-Phase Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors with Cocurrent Downflow. ``Trickle'' Bed Reactors and Downflow Packed Bubble Reactors

619

(7)

Two-Phase Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors with Cocurrent Upflow. Upflow Packed Bubble Reactors

626

(1)

Plate Columns

627

(2)

The Simulation or Design of a Plate Column for Absorption and Reaction

629

(3)

The Absorption of CO2 in an Aqueous Solution of Mono- and Diethanolamine (MEA and DEA)

632

(4)

Spray Towers

636

(1)

Bubble Reactors

637

(1)

Stirred Vessel Reactors

638

(4)

Design of a Liquid-Phase o-Xylene Oxidation Reactor

642

(1)

A. Stirred Tank Reactor

642

(3)

B. Bubble Reactor

645

(6)

Acknowledgments

651

(2)

Author Index

653

(6)

Subject Index

659

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition

Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition

9780471510444

0471510440

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition

Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition

9780471510444

0471510440

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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