9780130659033

The #1 guide to Web capacity planning -- now completely updated! bull; bull;A quantitative analysis of Web service availability bull;An integrated coverage of benchmarking, load testing, workload forecasting, and performance modeling of Web services bull;Example and case studies show how to use each technique in the latest Web services, portals, search engines, mobile and streaming-media applications bull;A quantitative framework for planning the capacity of Web services and understanding their behavior The world's #1 book on Web capacity planning now covers the latest Web services, e-business, and mobile applications! Capacity Planning for Web Services: Metrics, Models, and Methods introduces quantitative performance predictive models for every major Web scenario, showing precisely how to identify and address both potential and actual performance problems. Coverage includes: bull; bull;Web services: proTOCols, interaction models, and unique performance, reliability, and availability challenges bull;State-of-the-art capacity planning methodologies bull;Spreadsheets implement the solutions of the models presenteed in the book bull;Specific issues and workloads associated with HTTP and TCP/IP proTOCols bull;Benchmarking current performance at system and component levels From accommodating current usage peaks to defining service provider SLAs, Daniel A. Menasce and Virgilio Almeida cover every aspect of capacity planning - helping you optimize every tradeoff between cost and performance. " This bookis the best guide available to understanding the uniqueperformance challenges involved in delivering today's Web services. " - Mark Crovella,Associate Professor, Boston University; Technical Director, Network Appliance " ...asuperb starting point for anyone wishing to explore the world of Web performance. " - Jeffrey P. Buzen, President of CMG; Co-Founder, BGS Systems " There is no other book like this. It is a first. " - Peter J. Denning, Professor of Computer Science, George Mason University and former President of the ACM " Web servers have bursty andhighly-skewed load characteristics. This book presents a new way tomodel, analyze, and plan for these new performance problems. " - Jim Gray, Senior Researcher, Microsoft Research; 1998 ACM Turing Award Recipient " ...a welcome approach to the performance analysis of today'sWeb-based Internet. ... no simple and practical treatment has been offered before, andtheirs is a timely contribution. " - Leonard Kleinrock, Professor of Computer Science, UCLA; Chairman and Founder, Nomadix, Inc.

TERM	PRICE	DUE
SEMESTER	$47.51	Aug 02
QUARTER	$45.13	Jul 19
SHORT TERM	$42.76	Jun 21

DANIEL A. MENASCÉ is Professor of Computer Science at George Mason Universityand a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He has consulted extensivelyon Web performance worldwide. Menascé holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science fromUCLA.

VIRGILIO ALMEIDA, Professor of Computer Science at the FederalUniversity of Minas Gerais, Brazil, holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from VanderbiltUniversity and was formerly a visiting researcher at Xerox PARC and at HP Labs. Menascé and Almeida co-authored Scaling for E-Business (Prentice Hall PTR).

Preface

xv

About the Authors

xxiii

When Web Performance Is a Problem

1

(22)

Introduction

1

(3)

Web Site Performance

4

(2)

Client/Server Performance

6

(6)

The Capacity Planning Concept

12

(3)

Corporate Portal Performance

15

(2)

ISP Performance

17

(1)

Concluding Remarks

18

(5)

Bibliography

20

(3)

Protocols and Interaction Models for Web Services

23

(44)

Introduction

23

(2)

The World of Networks

25

(21)

Genesis

25

(1)

Types of Networks

26

(8)

Protocols

34

(12)

The World of Clients and Servers

46

(11)

The C/S Paradigm

46

(4)

Server Types

50

(2)

HTTP

52

(5)

The Peer-to-Peer Model

57

(2)

Web Service Protocols

59

(3)

SOAP

61

(1)

WSDL

62

(1)

UDDI

62

(1)

Concluding Remarks

62

(5)

Bibliography

63

(4)

Basic Performance Concepts

67

(54)

Introduction

67

(1)

The Big Picture of Response Time

68

(4)

Service Times and Service Demands

72

(27)

Service Times at Single Disks and Disk Arrays

72

(18)

Service Times in Networks

90

(8)

Service Times at Routers

98

(1)

Web Page Download Time

99

(7)

Queues and Contention

106

(2)

Some Basic Performance Results

108

(7)

Utilization Law

109

(1)

Forced Flow Law

110

(1)

Service Demand Law

110

(1)

Little's Law

111

(2)

Response Time Law

113

(2)

Summary of Basic Results

115

(1)

Performance Metrics in Web Systems

115

(3)

Concluding Remarks

118

(3)

Bibliography

118

(3)

Performance Issues of Web Services

121

(54)

Introduction

121

(2)

From Boxes to Services

123

(5)

Web Server Overview

125

(3)

Perception of Performance

128

(5)

Metrics

128

(3)

Quality of Service

131

(2)

Where Are the Delays?

133

(7)

Anatomy of a Web Transaction

134

(3)

Bottlenecks

137

(3)

Web Infrastructure

140

(9)

Basic Components

141

(1)

Proxy, Cache, and Mirror

142

(3)

Content Delivery Networks

145

(1)

The WAP Infrastructure

146

(3)

Server Architectures

149

(14)

Web Server

149

(2)

Application Server

151

(3)

Transaction and Database Server

154

(2)

Streaming Server

156

(2)

Multi-Tier Architecture

158

(3)

Dynamic Load Balancing

161

(2)

Networks

163

(7)

Bandwidth and Latency

163

(2)

Traffic

165

(2)

Special Features

167

(3)

Concluding Remarks

170

(5)

Bibliography

170

(5)

Planning the Capacity of Web Services

175

(30)

Introduction

175

(1)

Adequate Capacity

176

(2)

A Capacity Planning Methodology for Web Services

178

(2)

Understanding the Environment

180

(4)

Workload Characterization

184

(7)

Breaking Down the Global Workload

186

(2)

Data Collection Issues

188

(2)

Validating Workload Models

190

(1)

Workload Forecasting

191

(1)

Performance/Availability Modeling and Prediction

192

(5)

Performance Models

192

(3)

Performance Prediction Techniques

195

(1)

Performance Model Validation

196

(1)

Availability Modeling

197

(1)

Development of a Cost Model

197

(5)

Cost/Performance Analysis

202

(1)

Concluding Remarks

202

(3)

Bibliography

203

(2)

Understanding and Characterizing the Workload

205

(56)

Introduction

205

(2)

Characterizing the Workload of a Corporate Portal

207

(17)

A First Approach

209

(3)

A Simple Example

212

(6)

Workload Model

218

(4)

Graph-Based Models

222

(2)

A Workload Characterization Methodology

224

(24)

Choice of an Analysis Standpoint

224

(1)

Identification of the Basic Component

224

(1)

Choice of the Characterizing Parameter

225

(1)

Data Collection

225

(1)

Partitioning the Workload

226

(7)

Calculating Class Parameters

233

(15)

Web Workloads

248

(8)

Power-Laws

249

(3)

Bursty Workloads

252

(2)

Streaming Media Workloads

254

(2)

Concluding Remarks

256

(5)

Bibliography

256

(5)

Benchmarks and Performance Tests

261

(44)

Introduction

261

(2)

The Nature of Benchmarks

263

(6)

Benchmark Hierarchy

265

(2)

Avoiding Pitfalls

267

(1)

Common Benchmarks

268

(1)

Processor Benchmarks

269

(3)

Workload

269

(1)

Results

270

(2)

Web Server Benchmarks

272

(11)

SPECweb

273

(4)

Webstone

277

(3)

Analytically-Based Generators

280

(3)

System Benchmarks

283

(7)

TPC-C

284

(3)

TPC-W

287

(3)

Performance Testing

290

(9)

Types of Performance Tests

291

(1)

A Methodology for Performance Testing

292

(7)

Concluding Remarks

299

(6)

Bibliography

301

(4)

System-Level Performance Models

305

(36)

Introduction

305

(1)

Simple Server Model I---Infinite Queue

306

(11)

Simple Server Model II---Finite Queue

317

(8)

Generalized System-Level Models

325

(2)

Other System-Level Models

327

(11)

Infinite Population Models

328

(5)

Finite Population Models

333

(5)

Concluding Remarks

338

(3)

Bibliography

339

(2)

Component-Level Performance Models

341

(38)

Introduction

341

(1)

Queuing Networks

342

(2)

Open Systems

344

(5)

Single-Class Open Queuing Networks

345

(3)

Multiple-Class Open Queuing Networks

348

(1)

Closed Models

349

(14)

Single-Class Closed Models

351

(7)

Multiple-Class Closed Models

358

(5)

Modeling Multiprocessors

363

(3)

Combining System- and Component-Level Models

366

(5)

An Intranet Model

371

(5)

Concluding Remarks

376

(3)

Bibliography

376

(3)

Web Performance Modeling

379

(36)

Introduction

379

(1)

Incorporating New Phenomena

380

(8)

Burstiness Modeling

380

(6)

Accounting for Heavy Tails in the Model

386

(2)

Client-Side Models

388

(11)

No Cache Proxy Server Case

388

(8)

Using a Cache Proxy Server

396

(3)

Server-Side Models

399

(13)

Single Web Server

400

(7)

Mirrored Web Servers

407

(5)

Concluding Remarks

412

(3)

Bibliography

413

(2)

Availability of Web Services

415

(36)

Introduction

415

(1)

A Motivating Availability Example

416

(1)

Why and How Systems Fail

417

(2)

Reliability and Availability Basics

419

(5)

The Reliability of Systems of Components

424

(6)

Revisiting the Online Broker Example

430

(2)

Performance and Availability

432

(10)

Availability Analysis

433

(4)

Performance Analysis

437

(3)

Performability Analysis

440

(2)

Software Aging and Rejuvenation

442

(6)

Load-Dependent Software Aging Rate

447

(1)

Concluding Remarks

448

(3)

Bibliography

449

(2)

Workload Forecasting

451

(28)

Introduction

451

(1)

Why Workloads Change?

452

(3)

Traditional Workloads

453

(1)

Web Workloads

453

(2)

Forecasting Strategy

455

(3)

Forecasting Process

458

(5)

Workload Forecasting Models

460

(2)

A Business-Oriented Methodology

462

(1)

Forecasting Techniques

463

(12)

Regression Methods

464

(1)

Linear Regression

465

(4)

Nonlinear Methods

469

(2)

Moving Average

471

(2)

Exponential Smoothing

473

(2)

Concluding Remarks

475

(4)

Bibliography

476

(3)

Measuring Performance

479

(46)

Introduction

479

(3)

Performance Measurement Framework

482

(3)

Infrastructure Measurement

484

(1)

Application Performance Measurement

484

(1)

The Meaning of Measurements

485

(4)

Measurement Process

489

(2)

Data Collection Techniques and Tools

491

(9)

Event-driven

491

(2)

Sampling

493

(1)

Tools

493

(7)

Performance Model Parameters

500

(8)

Queues

500

(1)

Workload Classes

501

(1)

Workload Intensity

502

(1)

Service Demands

502

(2)

Parameter Estimation

504

(4)

Obtaining Model Parameters

508

(11)

Network

508

(2)

Server

510

(9)

Concluding Remarks

519

(6)

Bibliography

520

(5)

Wrapping Up

525

(12)

Introduction

525

(2)

Characteristics of Large-Scale Systems

527

(2)

Model-Based Approach

529

(3)

Concluding Remarks

532

(5)

Bibliography

533

(4)

A Glossary of Terms

537

(16)

B Downloads

553

(3)

B.1 The Microsoft Excel Workbooks

553

(2)

B.2 HTTP Log Sample and Program

555

(1)

Index

556

What is included with this book?

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PrefaceThis is what makes this book unique and worth reading: Businesses, government agencies, and individuals are increasingly dependent on Web services for their day-to-day operation. As a consequence, quality of service, in particular performance and availability considerations, are becoming extremely important. Performance analysis of Web services is unique in many ways. First, Web services rely on large-scale systems that consist of thousands of computers, networks, software components, and users. Large-scale systems are inherently complex. The randomness associated with the way users request Web services compounds the problem of managing and planning the capacity of those services.This book uses a quantitative approach to analyzing Web services. It provides a framework to understand the Web's complex relationships and how these relationships impact performance and availability of Web services. This approach lends itself to the development of performance and availability predictive models for managing and planning the capacity of Web services. Instead of relying on intuition, ad hoc procedures, and rules of thumb, we provide a uniform and sound way for dealing with performance problems. The models discussed here are based on probability fundamentals and on the theory of queuing networks. The techniques and models presented in this book provide a simple and practical approach to dealing with Web-based systems. Models are essential tools to simplifying the representation of complex systems and, at the same time, to capturing the most relevant characteristics of those systems.There are several books on computer system performance evaluation, but they do not focus on Web-based systems. The Web has special features that make its performance problems unique and demand novel approaches to dealing with them. This book presents a sound and practical approach to addressing these challenges. Also, this book is not tied to any specific technology or product; it is general enough to be valuable in any Web-based environment.This is an example-driven book. Many real-world examples with solutions are used to illustrate the use of models and analytic techniques. The models are available as Microsoft Excel worksheets, which makes it easy for readers to understand detailed situations of capacity planning of real-world Web services. The case studies presented are inspired in problems that come up very often in the course of planning, designing, implementing, operating, and managing Web services. The examples, case studies, and spreadsheets allow the reader to immediately put into practice the methods and models discussed here. Who Should Read This BookInformation technology professionals must ensure that the Web services under their management provide an acceptable quality of service to their users. Managers must avoid the pitfalls of inadequate capacity and meet users' performance expectations in a cost-effective manner. System administrators, Web masters, network administrators, capacity planners and analysts, managers, consultants, and other IT professionals will benefit from reading parts or the entire book. Its practical, yet sound and formal, approach provides the basis for understanding modern and complex networked environments.This book can be used as a textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in Computer Science and Computer Engineering. At the undergraduate level, the book is a good starting point to motivate students to learn the important implications and solutions to performance problems. In particular, this book is very useful to in providing students with the quantitative skills required to analyze the behavior of Web systems. At the graduate level, it can be used in System Performance Evaluation courses. This book offers a theoretical and practical foundation in performance modeling. The book can also be used as a supplement for systems courses, includ

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Capacity Planning for Web Services Metrics, Models, and Methods

Capacity Planning for Web Services Metrics, Models, and Methods

0130659037

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