9780321154910

bull; bull;Anders Hejlsberg is the architect of C#, and Scott Wiltamuth is the author of the C# specification bull;The book will have a thorough print index, a searchable online index, and helpful navigation tools bull;Fully up to date for C# version 1.1 and Visual Studio 2003, it also has extensive coverage of new features being added to the next version of C#

Anders Hejlsberg is a programming legend. He is the architect of the C# language and a Microsoft Distinguished Engineer. He joined Microsoft in 1996, following a thirteen-year career at Borland Scott Wiltamuth is the Product Unit Manager for Visual C# .NET at Microsoft. Before his recent retirement, Peter Golde served as the lead developer of Microsoft's C# compiler

Preface	p. xiii
C# 1.0	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
Hello World	p. 4
Program Structure	p. 5
Types and Variables	p. 7
Expressions	p. 11
Statements	p. 14
Classes and Objects	p. 18
Structs	p. 34
Arrays	p. 35
Interfaces	p. 37
Enums	p. 39
Delegates	p. 40
Attributes	p. 42
Lexical Structure	p. 45
Programs	p. 45
Grammars	p. 45
Lexical Analysis	p. 47
Tokens	p. 51
Preprocessing Directives	p. 61
Basic Concepts	p. 73
Application Startup	p. 73
Application Termination	p. 74
Declarations	p. 75
Members	p. 77
Member Access	p. 79
Signatures and Overloading	p. 86
Scopes	p. 87
Namespace and Type Names	p. 93
Automatic Memory Management	p. 95
Execution Order	p. 99
Types	p. 101
Value Types	p. 101
Reference Types	p. 110
Boxing and Unboxing	p. 112
Variables	p. 115
Variable Categories	p. 115
Default Values	p. 119
Definite Assignment	p. 119
Variable References	p. 133
Atomicity of Variable References	p. 133
Conversions	p. 135
Implicit Conversions	p. 135
Explicit Conversions	p. 138
Standard Conversions	p. 142
User-Defined Conversions	p. 143
Expressions	p. 147
Expression Classifications	p. 147
Operators	p. 149
Member Lookup	p. 156
Function Members	p. 157
Primary Expressions	p. 170
Unary Operators	p. 193
Arithmetic Operators	p. 198
Shift Operators	p. 207
Relational and Type-Testing Operators	p. 209
Logical Operators	p. 216
Conditional Logical Operators	p. 218
Conditional Operator	p. 220
Assignment Operators	p. 221
Expression	p. 226
Constant Expressions	p. 226
Boolean Expressions	p. 227
Statements	p. 229
End Points and Reachability	p. 230
Blocks	p. 232
The Empty Statement	p. 233
Labeled Statements	p. 233
Declaration Statements	p. 234
Expression Statements	p. 236
Selection Statements	p. 237
Iteration Statements	p. 243
Jump Statements	p. 248
The try Statement	p. 255
The checked and unchecked Statements	p. 258
The lock Statement	p. 259
The using Statement	p. 260
Namespaces	p. 263
Compilation Units	p. 263
Namespace Declarations	p. 264
Using Directives	p. 265
Namespace Members	p. 271
Type Declarations	p. 271
Classes	p. 273
Class Declarations	p. 273
Class Members	p. 277
Constants	p. 287
Fields	p. 290
Methods	p. 299
Properties	p. 317
Events	p. 327
Indexers	p. 333
Operators	p. 338
Instance Constructors	p. 343
Static Constructors	p. 349
Destructors	p. 352
Structs	p. 355
Struct Declarations	p. 355
Struct Members	p. 356
Class and Struct Differences	p. 357
Struct Examples	p. 362
Arrays	p. 367
Array Types	p. 367
Array Creation	p. 369
Array Element Access	p. 369
Array Members	p. 369
Array Covariance	p. 369
Array Initializers	p. 370
Interfaces	p. 373
Interface Declarations	p. 373
Interface Members	p. 375
Fully Qualified Interface Member Names	p. 380
Interface Implementations	p. 380
Enums	p. 393
Enum Declarations	p. 393
Enum Modifiers	p. 394
Enum Members	p. 394
The System.Enum Type	p. 397
Enum Values and Operations	p. 397
Delegates	p. 399
Delegate Declarations	p. 399
Delegate Instantiation	p. 402
Delegate Invocation	p. 403
Exceptions	p. 407
Causes of Exceptions	p. 407
The System.Exception Class	p. 408
How Exceptions Are Handled	p. 408
Common Exception Classes	p. 409
Attributes	p. 411
Attribute Classes	p. 411
Attribute Specification	p. 414
Attribute Instances	p. 420
Reserved Attributes	p. 422
Attributes for Interoperation	p. 427
Unsafe Code	p. 429
Unsafe Contexts	p. 429
Pointer Types	p. 433
Fixed and Moveable Variables	p. 436
Pointer Conversions	p. 437
Pointers in Expressions	p. 438
The fixed Statement	p. 446
Stack Allocation	p. 450
Dynamic Memory Allocation	p. 451
C# 2.0	p. 455
Introduction to C# 2.0	p. 457
Generics	p. 457
Anonymous Methods	p. 463
Iterators	p. 467
Partial Types	p. 471
Generics	p. 473
Generic Class Declarations	p. 473
Generic Struct Declarations	p. 484
Generic Interface Declarations	p. 484
Generic Delegate Declarations	p. 486
Constructed Types	p. 487
Generic Methods	p. 493
Constraints	p. 500
Expressions and Statements	p. 508
Revised Lookup Rules	p. 511
Right-Shift Grammar Changes	p. 522
Anonymous Methods	p. 525
Anonymous Method Expressions	p. 525
Anonymous Method Signatures	p. 525
Anonymous Method Conversions	p. 526
Anonymous Method Blocks	p. 528
Outer Variables	p. 528
Anonymous Method Evaluation	p. 532
Delegate Instance Equality	p. 533
Definite Assignment	p. 533
Method Group Conversions	p. 534
Implementation Example	p. 535
Iterators	p. 539
Iterator Blocks	p. 539
Enumerator Objects	p. 540
Enumerable Objects	p. 544
The yield Statement	p. 545
Implementation Example	p. 547
Partial Types	p. 553
Partial Declarations	p. 553
Name Binding	p. 557
Appendixes	p. 559
Documentation Comments	p. 561
Introduction	p. 561
Recommended Tags	p. 563
Processing the Documentation File	p. 572
An Example	p. 577
Grammar	p. 583
Lexical Grammar	p. 583
Syntactic Grammar	p. 591
Grammar Extensions for Unsafe Code	p. 614
Index	p. 619
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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The C# project started almost five years ago, in December 1998, with the goal to create a simple, modern, object-oriented, and type-safe programming language for the new and yet to be named .NET platform. Since then, C# has come a long way. The language is now in use by hundreds of thousands of programmers, it has been standardized by both ECMA and ISO/IEC, and the development of a second version of the language with several major new features is close to completion. This book is a complete technical specification of the C# programming language. The book is divided into three parts. Part I, "C# 1.0," includes Chapters 1-18 and describes the C# 1.0 language, as delivered in Visual Studio .NET 2002 and 2003. Part II, "C# 2.0," includes Chapters 19-23 and describes the four major new features of C# 2.0: generics, anonymous methods, iterators, and partial types. Part III, "Appendixes," describes documentation comments and summarizes the lexical and syntactic grammars found in Part I of the book. As of this writing, C# 2.0 is close to entering beta testing. Because C# 2.0 is still a work in progress, some of the new features described in the second part of the book might change in the final release. We do, however, expect any such changes to be minor. Many people have been involved in the creation of the C# language. The language design team for C# 1.0 consisted of Anders Hejlsberg, Scott Wiltamuth, Peter Golde, Peter Sollich, and Eric Gunnerson. For C# 2.0, the language design team consisted of Anders Hejlsberg, Peter Golde, Peter Hallam, Shon Katzenberger, Todd Proebsting, and Anson Horton. Furthermore, the design and implementation of generics in C# and the .NET Common Language Runtime is based on the "Gyro" prototype built by Don Syme and Andrew Kennedy of Microsoft Research. It is impossible to acknowledge all the people who have influenced the design of C#, but we are nonetheless grateful to all of them. Nothing good gets designed in a vacuum, and the constant feedback we receive from our large and enthusiastic user base is invaluable. C# has been and continues to be one of the most challenging and exciting projects on which we've worked. We hope you enjoy using C# as much as we enjoyed creating it. Anders Hejlsberg Scott Wiltamuth Peter Golde Seattle, August 2003 0321154916P11242003

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The C# Programming Language

The C# Programming Language

0321154916

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