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Summary Table of Contents

Absolute C++, offers complete coverage of the C++ programming language. It provides all the tools necessary for experienced and novice programmers to master C++, including: thorough coverage of the Standard Template Library; complete and fully executable code throughout; sections highlighting programming tips and common pitfalls; and a logical order of coverage of C++ topics in order for students to better understand the language. This book is appropriate for introductory courses covering the C++ language, intermediate programming courses introducing C++ to students familiar with another language and will act as a total reference beyond a student's coursework. This book also comes with Addison-Wesley's CodeMate. This online program competency builder transforms a student's reading experience into a dynamic programming environment with a click of a mouse. CodeMate allows students to view, compile, run, and edit programming problems directly from the textbook without installing a compiler.

Chapter 1 C++ Basics

(42)

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO C++

(4)

Origins of the C++ Language

(1)

... MORE

C++ and Object-Oriented Programming

(1)

The Character of C++

(1)

C++ Terminology

(1)

A Sample C++ Program

(2)

1.2 VARIABLES, EXPRESSIONS, AND ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS

(22)

Identifiers

(2)

Variables

(2)

Assignment Statements

(2)

PITFALL Uninitialized Variables

(1)

TIP Use Meaningful Names

(9)

More Assignment Statements

(1)

Assignment Compatibility

(1)

Literais

(2)

Escape Sequences

(1)

Naming Constants

(2)

Arithmetic Operators and Expressions

(2)

Integer and Floating-Point Division

(1)

PITFALL Division with Whole Numbers

(5)

Type Casting

(2)

Increment and Decrement Operators

(2)

PITFALL Order of Evaluation

(1)

1.3 CONSOLE INPUT/OUTPUT

(7)

Output Using cont

(1)

New Lines in Output

(1)

TIP End Each Program with \n or end l

(4)

Formatting for Numbers with a Decimal Point

(2)

Output with cerr

(1)

Input Using do

(2)

TIP Line Breaks in I/O

(1)

1.4 PROGRAM STYLE

(1)

Comments

(1)

1.5 LIBRARIES AND NAMESPACES

(2)

Libraries and include Directives

(1)

Namespaces

(1)

PITFALL Problems with Library Names

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

(2)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

(2)

Chapter 2 Flow of Control

(48)

2.1 BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS

(10)

Building Boolean Expressions

(1)

PITFALL Strings of Inequalities

(7)

Evaluating Boolean Expressions

(2)

Precedence Rules

(4)

PITFALL Integer Values Can Be Used as Boolean Values

(2)

2.2 BRANCHING MECHANISMS

(12)

if-else Statements

(2)

Compound Statements

(1)

PITFALL Using = in Place of ==

(6)

Omitting the else

(1)

Nested Statements

(1)

Multiway if-else Statement

(2)

The switch Statement

(2)

PITFALL Forgetting a break in a switch Statement

(1)

TIP Use switch Statements for Menus

(3)

Enumeration Types

(1)

The Conditional Operator

(2)

2.3 LOOPS

(17)

The while and do-while Statements

(3)

Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited

(3)

The Comma Operator

(1)

The for Statement

(3)

TIP Repeat-N-Times loops

(1)

PITFALL Extra Semicolon in a for Statement

(1)

PITFALL Infinite Loops

(26)

The break and continue Statements

(3)

Nested loops

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

(5)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

(2)

Chapter 3 Function Basics

(42)

3.1 PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS

(11)

Predefined Functions That Return a Value

(5)

Predefined void Functions

(2)

A Random Number Generator

(4)

3.2 PROGRAMMER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS

103

(14)

Defining Functions That Return a Value

103

(3)

Alternate Form for Function Declarations

106

(1)

PITFALL Arguments in the Wrong Order

107

(1)

PITFALL Use of the Terms Parameter and Argument

107

(1)

Functions Calling Functions

107

(1)

EXAMPLE A Rounding Function

107

(10)

Functions That Return a Boolean Value Bio Defining void Functions

111

(1)

Return Statements in void Functions

112

(1)

Preconditions and Postconditions

113

(2)

Main Is a Function

115

(1)

Recursive Functions

116

(1)

3.3 SCOPE RULES

117

(9)

Local Variables

117

(3)

Procedural Abstraction

120

(1)

Global Constants and Global Variables

121

(3)

Blocks

124

(1)

Nested Scopes

124

(1)

TIP Use Function Calls in Branching and Loop Statements

125

(9)

Variables Declared in a for Loop

125

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

126

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

127

(3)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

130

(3)

Chapter 4 Parameters and Overloading

133

(38)

4.1 PARAMETERS

134

(17)

Call-by-Value Parameters

134

(3)

A First Look at Call-by-Reference Parameters

137

(2)

Call-by-Reference Mechanism in Detail

139

(2)

EXAMPLE The swapValues Function

141

(2)

Constant Reference Parameters

142

(1)

TIP Think of Actions, Not Code

143

(2)

Mixed Parameter Lists

144

(1)

TIP What Kind of Parameter to Use

145

(1)

PITFALL Inadvertent Local Variables

146

(1)

TIP Choosing Formal Parameter Names

147

(1)

EXAMPLE Buying Pizza

147

(4)

4.2 OVERLOADING AND DEFAULT ARGUMENTS

151

(10)

Introduction to Overloading

151

(3)

PITFALL Automatic Type Conversion and Overloading

154

(3)

Rules for Resolving Overloading

156

(1)

EXAMPLE Revised Pizza-Buying Program

157

(15)

Default Arguments

159

(2)

4.3 TESTING AND DEBUGGING FUNCTIONS

161

(4)

The assert Macro

161

(1)

Stubs and Drivers

162

(3)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

165

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

166

(2)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

168

(3)

Chapter 5 Arrays

171

(52)

5.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARRAYS

172

(9)

Declaring and Referencing Arrays

172

(3)

TIP Use for Loops with Arrays

175

(1)

PITFALL Array Indexes Always Start with Zero

175

(1)

TIP Use a Defined Constant for the Size of an Array

175

(2)

Arrays in Memory

176

(1)

PITFALL Array Index Out of Range

177

(4)

Initializing Arrays

178

(3)

5.2 ARRAYS IN FUNCTIONS

181

(13)

Indexed Variables as Function Arguments

181

(1)

Entire Arrays as Function Arguments

182

(3)

The const Parameter Modifier

185

(2)

PITFALL Inconsistent Use of const Parameters

187

(1)

Functions That Return an Array

188

(1)

EXAMPLE Production Graph

188

(6)

5.3 PROGRAMMING WITH ARRAYS

194

(10)

Partially Filled Arrays

194

(1)

TIP Do Not Skimp on Formal Parameters

194

(3)

EXAMPLE Searching an Array

197

(2)

EXAMPLE Sorting an Array

199

(5)

5.4 MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS

204

(7)

Multidimensional Array Basics

204

(1)

Multidimensional Array Parameters

205

(2)

EXAMPLE Two-Dimensional Grading Program

207

(4)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

211

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

212

(4)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

216

(7)

Chapter 6 Structures and Classes

223

(34)

6.1 STRUCTURES

224

(12)

Structure Types

226

(4)

PITFALL Forgetting a Semicolon in a Structure Definition

230

(1)

Structures as Function Arguments

230

(1)

TIP Use Hierarchical Structures

231

(5)

Initializing Structures

234

(2)

6.2 CLASSES

236

(16)

Defining Classes and Member Functions

236

(6)

Encapsulation

242

(1)

Public and Private Members

243

(4)

Accessor and Mutator Functions

247

(1)

TIP Separate Interface and Implementation

248

(1)

TIP A Test for Encapsulation

249

(3)

Structures versus Classes

250

(2)

TIP Thinking Objects

252

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

252

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

253

(2)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

255

(2)

Chapter 7 Constructors and Other Tools

257

(44)

7.1 CONSTRUCTORS

258

(19)

Constructor Definitions

258

(5)

PITFALL Constructors with No Arguments

263

(2)

Explicit Constructor Calls

265

(1)

TIP Always Include a Default Constructor

265

(3)

EXAMPLE Bank Account Class

268

(9)

Class Type Member Variables

274

(3)

7.2 MORE TOOLS

277

(13)

The const Parameter Modifier

277

(2)

PITFALL Inconsistent Use of const

279

(11)

Inline Functions

284

(2)

Static Members

286

(3)

Nested and Local Class Definitions

289

(1)

7.3 VECTORS-A PREVIEW OF THE STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY

290

(6)

Vector Basics

290

(3)

PITFALL Using Square Brackets beyond the Vector Size

293

(1)

TIP Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved

294

(8)

Efficiency Issues

294

(2)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

296

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

296

(2)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

298

(3)

Chapter 8 Operator Overloading, Friends, and References

301

(48)

8.1 BASIC OPERATOR OVERLOADING

302

(16)

Overloading Basics

303

(5)

TIP A Constructor Can Return an Object

308

(4)

Returning by const Value

309

(3)

TIP Returning Member Variables of a Class Type

312

(4)

Overloading Unary Operators

313

(1)

Overloading as Member Functions

314

(2)

TIP A Class Has Access to All Its Objects

316

(1)

Overloading Function Application ( )

317

(1)

PITFALL Overloading &&,||, and the Comma Operator

317

(1)

8.2 FRIEND FUNCTIONS AND AUTOMATIC TYPE CONVERSION

318

(6)

Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion

318

(1)

PITFALL Member Operators and Automatic Type Conversion

319

(4)

Friend Functions

320

(3)

PITFALL Compilers without Friends

323

(1)

Friend Classes

323

(1)

8.3 REFERENCES AND MORE OVERLOADED OPERATORS

324

(18)

References

325

(2)

PITFALL Returning a Reference to Certain Member Variables

327

(8)

Overloading � and �

327

(8)

TIP What Mode of Returned value to Use

335

(16)

The Assignment Operator

336

(1)

Overloading the Increment and Decrement Operators

337

(1)

Overloading the Array Operator []

337

(4)

Overloading Based on L-Value versus R-Value

341

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

342

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

342

(3)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

345

(4)

Chapter 9 Strings

349

(54)

9.1 AN ARRAY TYPE FOR STRINGS

351

(12)

C-String Values and C-String Variables

351

(4)

PITFALL Using = and == with C-strings

355

(8)

Other Functions in "cstring"

357

(3)

C-String Input and Output

360

(3)

9.2 CHARACTER MANIPULATION TOOLS

363

(12)

Character I/O

363

(1)

The Member Functions get and put

364

(2)

EXAMPLE Checking Input Using a Newline Function

366

(2)

PITFALL Unexpected '\n' in Input

368

(6)

The putback, peek, and ignore Member Functions

369

(3)

Character-Manipulating Functions

372

(2)

PITFALL toupper and tolower Return int Values

374

(1)

9.3 THE STANDARD CLASS string

375

(18)

Introduction to the Standard Class string

376

(3)

I/O with the Class string

379

(3)

TIP More Versions of getline

382

(1)

PITFALL Mixing cin variable; and getline

383

(5)

String Processing with the Class string

384

(4)

EXAMPLE Palindrome Testing

388

(16)

Converting between string Objects and C-Strings

392

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

393

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

393

(4)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

397

(6)

Chapter 10 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays

403

(54)

10.1 POINTERS

404

(18)

Pointer Variables

405

(9)

Basic Memory Management

414

(2)

PITFALL Dangling Pointers

416

(1)

Dynamic Variables and Automatic Variables

416

(1)

TIP Define Pointer Types

417

(2)

PITFALL Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters

419

(3)

Uses for Pointers

421

(1)

10.2 DYNAMIC ARRAYS

422

(11)

Array Variables and Pointer Variables

422

(1)

Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays

423

(4)

EXAMPLE A Function That Returns an Array

427

(6)

Pointer Arithmetic

429

(1)

Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays

430

(3)

10.3 CLASSES, POINTERS, AND DYNAMIC ARRAYS

433

(18)

The "arrow" Operator

433

(1)

The this Pointer

434

(1)

Overloading the Assignment Operator

435

(2)

EXAMPLE A Class for Partially Filled Arrays

437

(21)

Destructors

445

(1)

Copy Constructors

446

(5)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

451

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

452

(2)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

454

(3)

Chapter 11 Separate Compilation and Namespaces

457

(42)

11.1 SEPARATE COMPILATION

458

(15)

Encapsulation Reviewed

459

(1)

Header Files and Implementation Files

460

(8)

EXAMPLE DigitalTime Class

468

(1)

TIP Reusable Components

469

(3)

Using #ifndef

469

(3)

TIP Defining Other Libraries

472

(1)

11.2 NAMESPACES

473

(22)

Namespaces and using Directives

473

(2)

Creating a Namespace

475

(3)

Using Declarations

478

(2)

Qualifying Names

480

(2)

EXAMPLE A Class Definition in a Namespace

482

(1)

TIP Choosing a Name for a Namespace

482

(8)

Unnamed Namespaces

484

(6)

PITFALL Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace

490

(1)

TIP Unnamed Namespaces Replace the static Qualifier

491

(1)

TIP Hiding Helping Functions

491

(1)

Nested Namespaces

491

(1)

TIP What Namespace Specification Should You Use?

492

(3)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

495

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

495

(2)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

497

(2)

Chapter 12 Streams and File I/O

499

(48)

12.1 I/O STREAMS

501

(16)

File I/O

501

(5)

PITFALL Restrictions on Stream Variables

506

(2)

Appending to a File

506

(2)

TIP Another Syntax for Opening a File

508

(1)

TIP Check That a File Was Opened Successfully

509

(8)

Character I/O

512

(1)

Checking for the End of a File

513

(4)

12.2 TOOLS FOR STREAM I/O

517

(11)

File Names as Input

517

(1)

Formatting Output with Stream Functions

518

(3)

Manipulators

521

(2)

Saving Flag Settings

523

(1)

More Output Stream Member Functions

524

(1)

EXAMPLE Cleaning Up a File Format

525

(3)

EXAMPLE Editing a Text File

528

(1)

12.3 STREAM HIERARCHIES: A PREVIEW OF INHERITANCE

528

(8)

Inheritance among Stream Classes

528

(5)

EXAMPLE Another newLine Function

533

(3)

12.4 Random Access to Files

536

(2)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

538

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

539

(2)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

541

(6)

Chapter 13 Recursion

547

(36)

13.1 RECURSIVE VOID FUNCTIONS

549

(12)

EXAMPLE Vertical Numbers

549

(7)

Tracing a Recursive Call

552

(3)

A Closer Look at Recursion

555

(1)

PITFALL Infinite Recursion

556

(3)

Stacks for Recursion

558

(1)

PITFALL Stack Overflow

559

(2)

Recursion versus Iteration

559

(2)

13.2 RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS THAT RETURN A VALUE

561

(5)

General Form for a Recursive Function That Returns a Value

561

(1)

EXAMPLE Another Powers Function

561

(5)

13.3 THINKING RECURSIVELY

566

(10)

Recursive Design Techniques

566

(2)

Binary Search

568

(8)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

576

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

576

(5)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

581

(2)

Chapter 14 Inheritance

583

(44)

14.1 INHERITANCE BASICS

584

(22)

Derived Classes

584

(10)

Constructors in Derived Classes

594

(2)

PITFALL use of Private Member variables from the Base Class

596

(2)

PITFALL Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited

598

(8)

The protected Qualifier

598

(3)

Redefinition of Member Functions

601

(2)

Redefining versus Overloading

603

(1)

Access to a Redefined Base Function

604

(1)

Functions That Are Not Inherited

605

(1)

14.2 PROGRAMMING WITH INHERITANCE

606

(17)

Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors in Derived Classes

606

(1)

Destructors in Derived Classes

607

(1)

EXAMPLE Partially Filled Array with Backup

608

(9)

PITFALL Same Object on Both Sides of the Assignment Operator

617

(1)

EXAMPLE Alternate Implementation of PFArrayDBak

617

(1)

TIP A Class Has Access to Private Members of All Objects of the Class

618

(2)

TIP Is a" versus "Has a"

620

(8)

Protected and Private Inheritance

621

(1)

Multiple Inheritance

622

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

623

(2)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES 623 PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

625

(2)

Chapter 15 Polymorphism and Virtual Functions

627

(26)

15.1 VIRTUAL FUNCTION BASICS

628

(13)

Late Binding

628

(1)

Virtual Functions in C++

629

(7)

TIP The Virtual Property Is Inherited

636

(1)

TIP When to Use a Virtual Function

636

(1)

PITFALL Omitting the Definition of a Virtual Member Function

637

(1)

Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions

637

(1)

EXAMPLE An Abstract Class

638

(3)

15.2 POINTERS AND VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS

641

(9)

Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility

641

(4)

PITFALL The Slicing Problem

645

(1)

TIP Make Destructors Virtual

646

(8)

Downcasting and Upcasting

647

(2)

How C++ Implements Virtual Functions

649

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

650

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

651

(1)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

651

(2)

Chapter 16 Templates

653

(36)

16.1 FUNCTION TEMPLATES

654

(13)

Syntax for Function Templates

656

(3)

PITFALL Compiler Complications

659

(2)

EXAMPLE A Generic Sorting Function

661

(4)

TIP How to Define Templates

665

(1)

PITFALL Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type

665

(2)

16.2 CLASS TEMPLATES

667

(11)

Syntax for Class Templates

667

(4)

EXAMPLE An Array Template Class

671

(7)

The vector and basic_string Templates

677

(1)

16.3 TEMPLATES AND INHERITANCE

678

(6)

EXAMPLE Template Class for a Partially Filled Array with Backup

678

(6)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

684

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

684

(4)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

688

(1)

Chapter 17 Linked Data Structures

689

(68)

17.1 NODES AND LINKED LISTS

691

(24)

Nodes

691

(5)

Linked Lists

696

(2)

Inserting a Node at the Head of a List

698

(2)

PITFALL Losing Nodes

700

(6)

Inserting and Removing Nodes Inside a List

702

(4)

PITFALL Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures

706

(5)

Searching a Linked List

706

(5)

EXAMPLE Template Version of Linked List Tools

711

(4)

17.2 LINKED LIST APPLICATIONS

715

(14)

EXAMPLE A Stack Template Class

715

(7)

EXAMPLE A Queue Template Class

722

(3)

TIP A Comment on Namespaces

725

(4)

Friend Classes and Similar Alternatives

726

(3)

17.3 ITERATORS

729

(9)

Pointers as Iterators

729

(1)

Iterator Classes

730

(1)

EXAMPLE An Iterator Class

731

(7)

17.4 TREES

738

(11)

Tree Properties

739

(3)

EXAMPLE A Tree Template Class

742

(7)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

749

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

747

(7)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

754

(3)

Chapter 18 Exception Handling

757

(30)

18.1 EXCEPTION HANDLING BASICS

759

(20)

A Toy Example of Exception Handling

759

(9)

Defining Your Own Exception Classes

768

(1)

Multiple Throws and Catches

768

(4)

PITFALL Catch the More Specific Exception First

772

(1)

TIP Exception Classes Can Be Trivial

773

(4)

Throwing an Exception in a Function

773

(2)

Exception Specification

775

(2)

PITFALL Exception Specification in Derived Classes

777

(2)

18.2 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES FOR EXCEPTION HANDLING

779

(5)

When to Throw an Exception

779

(2)

PITFALL Uncaught Exceptions

781

(1)

PITFALL Nested try-catch Blocks

781

(1)

PITFALL Overuse of Exceptions

782

(7)

Exception Class Hierarchies

782

(1)

Testing for Available Memory

782

(1)

Rethrowing an Exception

783

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

784

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

784

(1)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

785

(2)

Chapter 19 Standard Template Library

787

(50)

19.1 ITERATORS

789

(14)

Iterator Basics

789

(6)

Kinds of Iterators

795

(3)

Constant and Mutable Iterators

798

(2)

Reverse Iterators

800

(2)

PITFALL Compiler Problems

802

(1)

Other Kinds of Iterators

802

(1)

19.2 CONTAINERS

803

(14)

Sequential Containers

803

(5)

PITFALL Iterators and Removing Elements

808

(1)

TIP Type Definitions in Containers

808

(30)

The Container Adapters stack and queue

809

(1)

The Associative Containers set and map

810

(5)

Efficiency

815

(2)

19.3 GENERIC ALGORITHMS

817

(14)

Running Times and Big-o Notation

818

(4)

Container Access Running Times

822

(1)

Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms

823

(5)

Modifying Sequence Algorithms

828

(1)

Set Algorithms

828

(1)

Sorting Algorithms

829

(2)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

831

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

832

(1)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

833

(4)

Chapter 20 Patterns and UML

837

(18)

20.1 PATTERNS

838

(11)

Adapter Pattern

839

(1)

The Model-View-Controller Pattern

839

(2)

EXAMPLE A Sorting Pattern

841

(6)

Efficiency of the Sorting Pattern

845

(2)

TIP Pragmatics and Patterns

847

(2)

Pattern Formalism

848

(1)

20.2 UML

849

(2)

History of UML

849

(1)

UML Class Diagrams

850

(1)

Class Interactions

850

(1)

CHAPTER SUMMARY

851

(1)

ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST EXERCISES

851

(2)

PROGRAMMING PROJECTS

853

(2)

Appendix 1 C++ Keywords

855

(2)

Appendix 2 Precedence of Operators

857

(2)

Appendix 3 The ASCII Character Set

859

(2)

Appendix 4 Some Library Functions

861

(8)

Arithmetic Functions

861

(1)

Input and Output Member Functions

862

(1)

Character Functions

863

(1)

C-String Functions

864

(2)

string Class Functions

866

(1)

Random Number Generator

867

(1)

Trigonometric Functions

868

(1)

Appendix 5 Old and New Header Files

869

(2)

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