The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing
by: Meyer
The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing
by: Meyer
- ISBN 13:
9780312469597
- ISBN 10:
0312469594
- Edition: 8th
- Format: Paperback
- Copyright: 02/04/2008
- Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's
- Newer Edition
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Summary
The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literatureis designed to bring literature to life and to make students lifelong readers. As an instructor of literature and writing, editor Michael Meyer understands that a particular challenge in today's classroom is that students may not see literature as relevant to their lives. They may have difficulty reading it critically and lack confidence in their writing skills. With these factors in mind, Meyer has put together a lively collection of literature drawn from many periods, cultures, and voices, with an excellent representation of contemporary authors, women authors, and authors of color.These works are presented with more than a dozen chapters of critical reading and writing support, and a generous helping of sample close readings, writing assignments, and student papers. And, because everyone teaches a little differently, the book offers more options for working with the literature than any comparable anthology including in-depth chapters on major authors and case studies on individual works and universal themes.
Author Biography
Read moreMICHAEL MEYER (Ph.D., University of Connecticut) has taught introductory writing and literature courses for more than thirty years — since 1981 at the University of Connecticut and before that at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and the College of William and Mary. His articles have appeared in such distinguished journals as American Literature, Studies in American Renaissance, and the Virginia Quarterly Review, and he is former president of the Thoreau Society and coauthor (with Walter Harding) of The New Thoreau Handbook, a standard reference source. His other books for Bedford/St. Martin’s include The Bedford Introduction to Literature, Eighth Edition, Poetry: An Introduction, Fifth Edition, and Thinking and Writing About Literature, Second Edition.
Table of Contents
Read moreResources For Reading and Writing about Literature
Preface for Instructors
Introduction: Reading Imaginative
The Nature of Literature
Emily Dickinson, A narrow Fellow in the Grass
The Value of Literature
The Changing Literary Canon
FICTION
THE ELEMENTS OF FICTION
1. Reading Fiction
Reading Fiction Responsively
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "The Story of an Hour"
A SAMPLE PAPER: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour"
Explorations and Formulas
A Comparison of Two Stories
Karen Van Der Zee, From A Secret Sorrow
Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Woman
PERSPECTIVES
Kay Mussell, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive?
Thomas Jefferson, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction
2. Writing about Fiction
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
A SAMPLE PAPER IN PROGRESS
A First Response to "A Secret Sorrow" and A Sorrowful Woman
A Sample Brainstorming List
A Sample First Draft: Separate Sorrows
A Sample Second Draft: Separate Sorrows
FINAL PAPER: Fulfillment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman"
3. Plot
Edgar Rice Burroughs, From Tarzan of the Apes
]Ha Jin, Love in the Air
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
PERSPECTIVE: William Faulkner, On "A Rose for Emily"
]A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "A Rose for Emily"
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Conflict and Crisis in William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"
Andre Dubus, Killings
PERSPECTIVES: Thomas E. Kennedy, On Morality and Revenge in "Killings"; A. L. Bader, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories
4. Character
Charles Dickens, From Hard Times
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Character in Charles Dickens's Hard Times
May-lee Chai, Saving Sourdi
Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener
PERSPECTIVES: Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Herman Melville's Philosophic Stance; Dan McCall, On the Lawyer's Character in "Bartleby, the Scrivener"
]Susan Straight, Mines
5. Setting
Ernest Hemingway, Soldier's Home
PERSPECTIVES: e. e. cummings, my sweet old etcetera; Ernest Hemingway, On What Every Writer Needs
Fay Weldon, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo
PERSPECTIVE: Fay Weldon, On the Importance of Place in "IND AFF"
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Setting in Fay Weldon's "IND, AFF"
]Robert Olen Butler, Christmas 1910
6. Point of View
Third-Person Narrator
First-Person Narrator
]Achy Obejas, We Came All the Way from Cuba so You Could Dress Like This?
Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVES: Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov's "The Lady with the Pet Dog"
Anton Chekhov, From "The Lady and the Dog"
Anton Chekhov, From "A Lady with a Dog"
PERSPECTIVE
Anton Chekhov, On Morality in Fiction
Joyce Carol Oates, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVE: Matthew C. Brennan, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov's and Oates's "The Lady with the Pet Dog"
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Point of View in Anton Chekhov's "The Lady with the Pet Dog"
Alice Walker, Roselily
7. Symbolism
Colette, The Hand
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
PERSPECTIVE: Mordecai Marcus, "What Is an Initiation Story?"
]A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "Battle Royal"
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Symbolism Ralph Ellison's in "Battle Royal"
]Peter Meinke, The Cranes
8. Theme
Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A.
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Theme in Dagoberto Gilb's "Love in L.A."
]Daley Walker, I am the Grass
9. Style, Tone, and Irony
Style
Tone
Irony
Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Minimalist Style in Raymond Carver's "Popular Mechanics"
Susan Minot, Lust
]Lydia Davis, Letter to a Funeral Parlor
10. Combining the Elements of Fiction: A Writing Process
The Elements Together
Mapping the Story
David Updike, Summer
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Developing a Topic into a Revised Thesis
A Sample Brainstorming List
A Sample First Thesis
A Sample Revised Thesis
]A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Inaction and Setting in David Updike's "Summer"
APPROACHES TO FICTION
11. A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne
A Brief Biography and Introduction
Young Goodman Brown
The Minister's Black Veil
The Birthmark
PERSPECTIVES on Hawthorne:
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Solitude
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On the Power of the Writer's Imagination
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On His Stories
Herman Melville, On Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tragic Vision
]Gaylord Brewer, "The Joys of Secret Sin"
12. A Study of Flannery O'Connor
A Brief Biography and Introduction
A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Good Country People
Revelation
PERSPECTIVES on O'Connor:
Flannery O'Connor, On Faith
Flannery O'Connor, On the Materials of Fiction
Flannery O'Connor, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion
Flannery O'Connor, On Theme and Symbol
Josephine Hendin, On O'Connor's Refusal to "Do Pretty"
Claire Kahane, The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction
Edward Kessler, On O'Connor's Use of History
]Time Magazine, On "A Good Man is Hard to Find"
13. A Critical Case Study: William Faulkner's "Barn Burning"
Barn Burning
PERSPECTIVES on Faulkner:
Jane Hiles, Blood Ties in "Barn Burning"
Benjamin DeMott, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class
Gayle Edward Wilson, Conflict in "Barn Burning"
James Ferguson, Narrative Strategy in "Barn Burning"
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Incorporating the Critics
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Fires of Class Conflict in William Faulkner's "Barn Burning"
14. A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's "Eveline"
A Brief Biography and Introduction
Eveline
Documents
(photo) Poole Street, Dublin
(almanac) The Alliance Temperance Almanack, On the Resources of Ireland
(letter) Bridget Burke, A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant
(essay) A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl
(poster) The Bohemian Girl
15. Thematic Case Study: Literature of the South
(map) U.S. Bureau of the Census, "The South"
(essay) John Shelton Reed and Dale Volberg Reed, Definitions of the South
(essay) W.J. Cash, The Old and the New South
(movie still) Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Gone with the Wind
(lithograph) Currier and Ives, "The Old Plantation Home"
(essay) Irving Howe, The Southern Myth
(painting) John Richards, The Battle of Gettysburg
(essay) Flannery O'Connor, The Regional Writer
(painting) Clyde Broadway, Trinity: Elvis, Jesus, and Robert E. Lee
(photo) Ernest C. Withers, "Bus Station, Colored Waiting Room, Memphis, Tennessee"
(photo) Library of Congress, Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock Central High School
(photo) Ernest C. Withers, "Sanitation Workers' Strike, Memphis, Tennessee"
(essay) Richard Wright, The Ethics of Living Jim Crow
(collage) Romare Bearden, Watching the Good Trains Go
(essay) Donald R. Noble, The Future of Southern Writing
(essay) Lee Smith, On Southern Change and Permanence
]16. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
E. Annie Proulx, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump
T.C. Boyle, Carnal Knowledge
]Lee Smith, The Happy Memories Club
]Mark Twain, The Story of the Good Little Boy
Encountering Fiction: Comics
(comic strip) Matt Groening, from Life in Hell
(comic strip) Lynda Barry, Spelling
A COLLECTION OF STORIES
17. An Album of Contemporary Stories
]Martin Amis, The Last Days of Muhammad Atta
]Rick Bass, Her First Elk
Amy Bloom, By-and-by
18. Stories for Further Reading
]Joseph Conrad, An Outpost of Progress
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Clothes
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
Tim O'Brien, How to Tell a True War Story
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado
Katherine Anne Porter, The Witness
John Updike, A & P
POETRY
THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY
19. Reading Poetry
Reading Poetry Responsively
Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
John Updike, Dog's Death
The Pleasure of Words
William Hathaway, Oh, Oh
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of ÒOh, OhÓ
Robert Francis, Catch
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Tossing Metaphors Together in Robert Francis's ÒCatchÓ
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits
Robert Morgan, Mountain Graveyard
e. e. cummings, l(a
Anonymous, Western Wind
Regina Barreca, Nighttime Fires
Suggestions for Approaching Poetry
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
Encountering Poetry: Images of Poetry in Popular Culture
(poster) Dorothy Parker, Unfortunate Coincidence
(photo) Carl Sandburg, Window
(photo) Philip Levine and Terry Allen, Corporate Head
(cartoon) Roz Chast, The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew
(photo) Tim Taylor, I shake the delicate apparatus
(poster) Eric Dunn and Mike Wigton, National Poetry Slam Poster
(photos) David Huang, National Poetry Slam Photographs
(image) Poetry-portal.com
](webscreen) Ted Kooser, ÒAmerican Life in PoetryÓ
(column) David Allan Evans, ÒNeighborsÓ
Poetry in Popular Forms
Helen Farries, Magic of Love
John Frederick Nims, Love Poem
Bruce Springsteen, You're Missing
S. Pearl Sharp, It's the Law
PERSPECTIVE: Robert Francis, On ÒHardÓ Poetry
Poems for Further Study
Alberto R'os, Seniors
]Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Crossing the Bar
Li Ho, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair
Louisa Lopez, Junior Year Abroad
]Thomas Lux, The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently
20. Writing about Poetry
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
Elizabeth Bishop, Manners
]A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of ÒMannersÓ
]A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's ÒMannersÓ
21. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone
Word Choice
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
e. e. cummings, she being Brand
Word Order
Tone
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Common Ground
]Colette Inez, Back When All was Continuous Chuckles
Katharyn Howd Machan, Hazel Tells LaVerne
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Tone of Katharyn Howd Machan's ÒHazel Tells LaVerneÓ
Mart'n Espada, Latin Night at the Pawnshop
]Paul Lawrence Dunbar, To a Captious Critic
Diction and Tone in Three Love Poems
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
]Sharon Olds, Last Night
Poems for Further Study
]Barbara Hamby, Ode to American English
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
David R. Slavitt, Titanic
]Joanne Diaz, On My Father's Loss of Hearing
Sharon Olds, Sex without Love
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
]Joan Murray, We Old Dudes
Alice Jones, The Larynx
Louis Simpson, In the Suburbs
A Note on Reading Translation
Three Translations of a Poem by Sappho
Sappho, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (translated by Henry T. Wharton)
Sappho, Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (translated by T. W. Higginson)
Sappho, Prayer to my lady of Paphos (translated by Mary Barnard)
]Three Translations of a Poem by Pablo Neruda
]Pablo Neruda, Verbo (original Spanish version)
]Pablo Neruda, Word (translated by Ben Belitt)
]Pablo Neruda, Word (translated by Kristin Linklater)
]Pablo Neruda, Verb (translated by Ilan Stavins)
22. Images
Poetry's Appeal to the Senses
William Carlos Williams, Poem
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
David Solway, Windsurfing
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile
Poems for Further Study
]Amy Lowell, The Pond
]Sheila Wingfield, A Bird
Mary Robinson, London's Summer Morning
William Blake, London
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Imagery in William Blake's ÒLondonÓ and Mary Robinson's ÒLondon's Summer MorningÓ
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
Patricia Smith, What It is Like to Be a Black Girl
]Charles Simic, To the One Upstairs
Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther
Sally Croft, Home-Baked Bread
John Keats, To Autumn
]Kate Clanchy, Spell
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
]Charles R. Feldstein, Maddie Clifton, 1990-1998
PERSPECTIVE: T. E. Hulme, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose
23. Figures of Speech
William Shakespeare, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene v)
Simile and Metaphor
Margaret Atwood, you fit into me
Emily Dickinson, Presentiment — is that long Shadow — on the lawn —
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
Other Figures
Edmund Conti, Pragmatist
Dylan Thomas, The Hand That Signed the Paper
Janice Townley Moore, To a Wasp
J. Patrick Lewis, The Unkindest Cut
Poems for Further Study
]Gary Snyder, How Poetry Comes to Me
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Figurative Language in Gary Snyder's ÒHow Poetry Comes to MeÓ
Margaret Atwood, February
]William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady
Ernest Slyman, Lightning Bugs
]Cathy Song, Sunworshippers
William Wordsworth, London, 1802
Jim Stevens, Schizophrenia
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
Linda Pastan, Marks
Ronald Wallace, Building an Outhouse
Ruth Fainlight, The Clarinettist
PERSPECTIVE: John R. Searle, Figuring Out Metaphors
24. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony
Symbol
Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night
Allegory
Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace
Irony
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Symbolism in Edwin Arlington Robinson's ÒRichard CoryÓ
Kenneth Fearing, AD
e. e. cummings, next to of course god america i
Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe
Poems for Further Study
]Bob Hicock, Making It in Poetry
Jane Kenyon, Surprise
Mart'n Espada, Bully
Carl Sandburg, Buttons
]Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Alden Nowlan, The Bull Moose
Julio Marz‡n, Ethnic Poetry
James Merrill, Casual Wear
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
]Rachel Hadas, The Compact
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
PERSPECTIVE: Ezra Pound, On Symbols
25. Sounds
Listening to Poetry
Anonymous, Scarborough Fair
John Updike, Player Piano
May Swenson, A Nosty Fright
Emily Dickinson, A Bird came down the Walk —
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Sound in Emily Dickinson's ÒA Bird came down the Walk — Ó
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
Rhyme
Richard Armour, Going to Extremes
Robert Southey, From The Cataract of Lodore
PERSPECTIVE: David Lenson, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme
Sound and Meaning
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
Poems for Further Study
]Thomas Lux, Onomatopoeia
Lewis Carroll [Charles Lutwidge Dodgson], Jabberwocky
William Heyen, The Trains
]Eliza Griswold, Occupation
]Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls
John Donne, Song
Alexander Pope, From An Essay on Criticism
]Haki R. Madhbuti, The B Network
Maxine Hong Kingston, Restaurant
Paul Humphrey, Blow
Robert Francis, The Pitcher
Helen Chasin, The Word Plum
]Howard Nemerov, Because you Asked Me about the Line Between Prose and Poetry
26. Patterns of Rhythm
Some Principles of Meter
Walt Whitman, From Song of the Open Road
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up
Suggestions for Scanning a Poem
Timothy Steele, Waiting for the Storm
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Rhythm in Timothy Steele's ÒWaiting for the StormÓ
William Butler Yeats, That the Night Come
Poems for Further Study
Alice Jones, The Foot
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
]Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
Ben Jonson, Still to Be Neat
William Blake, The Lamb
William Blake, The Tyger
]Carl Sandburg, Chicago
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz
Norman Stock, What I Said
]Lenard D. Moore, Black Girl Tap Dancing
PERSPECTIVE: Louise Bogan, On Formal Poetry
27. Poetic Forms
Some Common Poetic Forms
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Sonnet
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Edna St. Vincent Millay, I will put Chaos into fourteen lines
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Fixed Form in Edna St. Vincent Millay's ÒI will put Chaos into fourteen linesÓ
]Seamus Heaney, The Forge
Molly Peacock, Desire
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet
Villanelle
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
]Wendy Cope, Lonely Heart
Sestina
Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sestina
Florence Cassen Mayers, All-American Sestina
Epigram
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?
A. R. Ammons, Coward
David McCord, Epitaph on a Waiter
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Theology
Limerick
Anonymous, There was a young lady named Bright
Laurence Perrine, The limerick's never averse
Keith Casto, She Don't Bop
Haiku
Matsuo Basho-, Under cherry trees
Carolyn Kizer, After Basho-
Sonia Sanchez, c'mon man hold me
Elegy
]Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
Ode
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind
Picture Poem
Michael McFee, In Medias Res
Parody
X. J. Kennedy, A Visit from St. Sigmund
PERSPECTIVES: Robert Morgan, On the Shape of a Poem; Elaine Mitchell, Form
28. Open Form
e. e. cummings, in Just —
Walt Whitman, From I Sing the Body Electric
PERSPECTIVE: Walt Whitman, On Rhyme and Meter
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Open Form of Walt Whitman's ÒI Sing the Body ElectricÓ
]Louis Jenkins, The Prose Poem
Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
Kelly Cherry, Alzheimer's
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
]Natasha Trethewey, Domestic Work, 1937
Gary Gildner, First Practice
Marilyn Nelson Waniek, Emily Dickinson's Defunct
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Julio Marzan, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers
]Robert Morgan, Overalls
Anonymous, The Frog
Tato Laviera, AmeR'can
Peter Meinke, The ABC of Aerobics
Found Poem
Donald Justice, Order in the Streets
29. Combining Elements of Poetry: A Writing Process
The Elements Together
Mapping the Poem
Asking Questions about the Elements
John Donne, Death Be Not Proud
]A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of ÒDeath Be Not ProudÓ
A SAMPLE FIRST RESPONSE PAPER
Organizing Your Thoughts
A SAMPLE INFORMAL OUTLINE
The Elements and Theme
A SAMPLE EXPLICATION: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne's ÒDeath Be Not ProudÓ
APPROACHES TO POETRY
30. A Study of Emily Dickinson
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to Her Work
If I can stop one Heart from breaking
If I shouldn't be alive
The Thought beneath so slight a film —
To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee
Success is counted sweetest
Water, is taught by thirst
Safe in their alabaster chambers — (1859 version)
Safe in their alabaster chambers — (1861 version)
Portraits are to daily faces
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church —
ÒHeavenÓ — is what I cannot reach!
]HopeÓ is the thing with Feathers
I like a look of Agony
Wild Nights — Wild Nights!
]I reason, Earth is short —
What Soft — Cherubic Creatures —
The Soul selects her own Society —
Much Madness is divinest Sense —
I dwell in Possibility
After great pain, a formal feeling comes —
I heard a Fly buzz
— when I died —
Because I could not stop for Death —
I felt a cleaving in my mind
]A Light exists in Spring
The Bustle in a House
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant —
]A Word dropped careless on a Page
]There is no Frigate like a Book
]I took one Draught of Life
PERSPECTIVES on Dickinson
Emily Dickinson, Dickinson's Description of Herself
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time
Mabel Loomis Todd, The Character of Amherst
Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson's Sense of Privation
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, On Dickinson's White Dress
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, On the Many Voices in Dickinson's Poetry
Paula Bennett, On ÒI heard a Fly buzz — when I died —Ó
Martha Nell Smith, On ÒBecause I could not stop for Death — Ó
Ronald Wallace, Miss Goff
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Writing About an Author in Depth
A SAMPLE IN-DEPTH STUDY: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson
ÒFaithÓ is a fine invention
I know that He exists
I never saw a Moor —
Apparently with no surprise
31. A Study of Robert Frost
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to His Work
The Road Not Taken
The Pasture
Mowing
]My November Guest
]Storm Fear
Mending Wall
Home Burial
After Apple-Picking
Birches
ÒOut, Out — Ó
Fire and Ice
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Nothing Gold Can Stay
]Unharvested
Design
Neither Out Far nor In Deep
The Silken Tent
]The Most of It
PERSPECTIVES on Frost:
Robert Frost, ÒIn WhiteÓ: an Early Version of ÒDesignÓ
Robert Frost, On the Living Part of a Poem
Amy Lowell, On Frost's Realistic Technique
Robert Frost, On the Figure a Poem Makes
Robert Frost, On the Way to Read a Poem
Herbert R. Coursen Jr., A Parodic Interpretation of ÒStopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningÓ
Blanche Farley, The Lover Not Taken —
Peter D. Poland, On ÒNeither Out Far nor In DeepÓ
32. A Study of Langston Hughes
A Brief Biography
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
An Introduction to His Life and Work
I, Too
Negro
Danse Africaine
Mother to Son
Dream Variations
The Weary Blues
Formula
]Esthete in Harlem
Lenox Avenue: Midnight
Song for a Dark Girl
Red Silk Stockings
Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer
]Drum
]Park Bench
Ballad of the Landlord
]Morning After
Dream Boogie
]125th Street
Harlem
Un-American Investigators
Old Walt
Dinner Guest: Me
Frederick Douglass: 1817-1895
PERSPECTIVES on Hughes
Langston Hughes, On Harlem Rent Parties
Donald B. Gibson, The Essential Optimism of Hughes and Whitman
James A. Emanuel, Hughes's Attitudes toward Religion
Richard K. Barksdale, On Censoring ÒBallad of the LandlordÓ
David Chinitz, The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s
]33. A Study of Julia Alvarez: Five Poems
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to Her Work
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒQueens, 1963Ó
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, Queens, 1963
(interview) Marny Requa, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, Housekeeping Cages
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒDustingÓ
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, Dusting
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒIroning Their ClothesÓ
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, Ironing Their Clothes
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒSonnet 42Ó
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, Sonnet 42
(manuscript) ] Julia Alvarez, Four Drafts of Sonnet 42: A Poet's Writing Process
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒFirst MuseÓ
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, First Muse
(essay) Kelli Lyon Johnson, Mapping an Identity
34. Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot's ÒThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockÓ
An Introduction to His Work
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
PERSPECTIVES on Eliot
Elisabeth Schneider, Hints of Eliot in Prufrock
Barbara Everett, The Problem of Tone in Prufrock
Michael L. Baumann, The ÒOverwhelming QuestionÓ for Prufrock
Frederik L. Rusch, Society and Character in ÒThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockÓ
Robert Sward, A Personal Analysis of ÒThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockÓ
A Thematic Case Study: Border Crossings (color insert)
(poem) Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
(painting) William Turner, The Slave Ship
(diagram) An 18th Century Slave Ship
(poster) A 1784 Slave Auction Poster
(poem) Wole Soyinka, Telephone Conversation
(poster) Columbia Pictures, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?
(poem) Pat Mora, Legal Alien
(collage) Jacalyn L—pez Garcia, I Just Wanted to Be Me
(poem) Sandra M. Gilbert, Mafioso
(photo) ÒBaggage Examined Here,Ó Ellis Island
(poem) Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey
(album cover) Rawal Films, Ladki Pasano Hai (I Like This Girl)
(poem) Janice Mirikatani, Recipe
(photo) Chiaki Tsukumo, Girl and Licca Doll
(poem) Thomas Lynch, Liberty
(photo) Alex MacLean, Somerville, Massachusetts
35. A Thematic Case Study: Love and Longing
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband
Elizabeth Barret Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count The Ways
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
e. e. cummings, since feeling is first
]Mark Doty, The Embrace
]Billie Bolton, Memorandum
36. A Thematic Case Study: Teaching and Learning
]Robert Bly, Gratitude to Old Teachers
Linda Pastan, Pass/Fail
Paul Zimmer, Zimmer's Head Thudding Against the Blackboard
]Richard Hague, Directions for Resisting the SAT
Mark Halliday, Graded Paper
Judy Page Heitzman, A Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill
Richard Wakefield, In a Poetry Workshop
]Maggie Anderson, The Thing You Must Remember
Jeffrey Harrison, Fork
PERSPECTIVE: Jeffrey Harrison, On ÒForkÓ as a Work of Fiction
]37. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
]Fleur Adcock, The Video
John Ciardi, Suburban
]Daisy Fried, Wit's End
]Ronald Wallace, In a Rut
Howard Nemerov, Walking the Dog
]Peter Schmitt, Friends with Numbers
]Mart'n Espada, The Community College Revises its Curriculum in Response to Changing Demographics
M. Carl Holman, Mr. Z
Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging
Bob Hicok, Spam Leaves an Aftertaste
]Thomas Lux, Commercial Leech Farming Today
]Ann Lauinger, Marvell Noir
AN ANTHOLOGY OF POEMS
38. An Album of Contemporary Poems
Michelle Boisseau, Self-Pity's Closet
Billy Collins, Marginalia
]Tony Hoagland, America
]Rachel Loden, Locked Ward, Newtown, Connecticut
]Susan Minot, My Husband's Back
Alberto R'os, The Gathering Evening
Cathy Song, A Poet in the House
William Trowbridge, Poet's Corner
39. A Collection of Poems
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
William Blake, The Garden of Love
William Blake, Infant Sorrow
Anne Bradstreet, Before the Birth of One of Her Children
]William Cullen Bryant, To a Waterfowl
]Robert Burns, The Red, Red Rose
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty
Lucille Clifton, this morning (for the girls of easter high)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream
]Richard Crashaw, An Epitaph upon a Young Married Couple, Dead and Buried Together
e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill's
]John Donne, The Apparition
John Donne, The Flea
George Eliot [Mary Ann Evans], In a London Drawingroom
]Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Whatever Is
Thomas Hardy, Hap
George Herbert, The Collar
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
A. E. Housman, Is my team ploughing
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
]Julia Ward Howe, Battle-Hymn of the Republic
Ben Jonson, To Celia
]John Keats, The Human Seasons
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
Yusef Komunyakaa, Slam, Dunk, and Hook
]Ted Kooser, A Death at the Office
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
]Christina Georgina Rossetti, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White
Christina Georgina Rossetti, Promises Like Pie Crusts
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold
]William Shakespeare, When forty winters shall besiege thy brow
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
]Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Indian Names
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Walt Whitman, One's-Self I Sing
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer
Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
]William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
]William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
William Wordsworth, Mutability
William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
DRAMA
THE STUDY OF DRAMA
40. Reading Drama
Reading Drama Responsively
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Scene from Trifles
PERSPECTIVE: Susan Glaspell, From the Short Story Version of Trifles
Elements of Drama
]Michael Hollinger, Naked Lunch
Drama in Popular Forms
Larry David, ÒThe Pitch,Ó a Seinfeld Episode
PERSPECTIVE: Geoffrey O'Brien, On Seinfeld as a Moneymaker
Kari Lizer, ÒDolls and Dolls,Ó a Will & Grace Episode
41. Writing about Drama
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Feminist Evidence in Susan Glaspell's Trifles
42. A Study of Sophocles
Theatrical Conventions of Geek Drama
Tragedy
Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles)
PERSPECTIVES on Sophocles:
Aristotle, On Tragic Character
Sigmund Freud, On the Oedipus Complex
Sophocles, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King
Muriel Rukeyser, On Oedipus the King
David Wiles, On Oedpius the King as a Political Play
43. A Study of William Shakespeare
Shakespeare's Theater
The Range of Shakespeare's Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy
A Note on Reading Shakespeare
William Shakespeare, Othello the Moor of Venice
PERSPECTIVES on Shakespeare:
The Mayer of London, Objections to the Elizabethan Theater
Lisa Jardin, On Boy Actors in Female Roles
Samuel Johnson, On Shakespeare's Characters
Jane Adamson, On Desdemona's Role in Othello
David Bevington, On Othello's Heroic Struggle
James Kincaid, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy
44. Modern Drama
Realism
Naturalism
Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House
(Translated by Rolf Fjelde)
PERSPECTIVE: Henrik Ibsen, Notes for A Doll House
45. A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House
PERSPECTIVES for A Doll House
Anonymous, A Nineteenth-Century Husband's Letter to His Wife
Barry Witham and John Lutterbie, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House
Carol Strongin Tufts, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora
Joan Templeton, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Applying a Critical Strategy
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: On the Other Side of the Slammed Door in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House
46. A Thematic Case Study: An Album of Contemporary Humor and Satire
]Woody Allen, Old Saybrook
Jane Anderson, The Reprimand
]David Ives, Moby-Dude, Or: The Three-Minute Whale
John Leguizamo, Mambo Mouth
]Rich Orloff, Playwriting 101: The Rooftop Lesson
A COLLECTION OF PLAYS
47. Plays for Further Reading
]David Henry Hwang, Trying to Find Chinatown
]Jane Martin, Rodeo
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
PERSPECTIVES on Death of a Salesman:
Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man
Arthur Miller, On Biff and Willy Loman
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
PERSPECTIVES on The Glass Menagerie:
Tennessee Williams, Production Notes to The Glass Menagerie
Tennessee Williams, On Theme
]August Wilson, Fences
PERSPECTIVE: David Savran, An Interview with August Wilson
CRITICAL THINKING AND WRITING
48. Critical Strategies for Reading
Critical Thinking
The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy
Formalist Strategies
Biographical Strategies
Psychological Strategies
Historical Strategies
Gender Strategies
Mythological Strategies
Reader-Response Strategies
Deconstructionist Strategies
Selected Bibliography
PERSPECTIVES on Critical Reading
Susan Sontag, Against Interpretation
Andrew P. Debicki, New Criticism and Deconstructionism: Two Attitudes in Teaching Poetry
Peter Rabinowitz, On Close Readings
Harriet Hawkins, Should We Study King Kong or King Lear?
Morris Dickstein, On the Social Responsibility of the Critic
49. Reading and Writing
The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature
Reading the Work Closely
Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking
Choosing a Topic
Developing a Thesis
Arguing about Literature
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Arguing About Literature
Organizing a Paper
Writing a Draft
Revising and Editing
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: A Revision Checklist
Manuscript Form
Types of Writing Assignments
Emily Dickinson, There's a certain Slant of light
A SAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION: A Reading of Emily Dickinson's
"There's a certain Slant of light"
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: John Updike's "A&P" as a State of Mind
A SAMPLE STUDENT COMPARISON: The Struggle for Women's Self-Definition in James Joyce's "Eveline" and Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House
50. The Literary Research Paper
Choosing a Topic
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper
Revising
Documenting Sources
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESEARCH PAPER: How the Narrator Cultivates William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"
51. Taking Essay Examinations
Preparing for an Essay Exam
Types of Exams
Strategies for Writing Essay Exams
Glossary of Literary Terms
Indexes
Index of First Lines
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Terms ] new to this edition
Preface for Instructors
Introduction: Reading Imaginative
The Nature of Literature
Emily Dickinson, A narrow Fellow in the Grass
The Value of Literature
The Changing Literary Canon
FICTION
THE ELEMENTS OF FICTION
1. Reading Fiction
Reading Fiction Responsively
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "The Story of an Hour"
A SAMPLE PAPER: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour"
Explorations and Formulas
A Comparison of Two Stories
Karen Van Der Zee, From A Secret Sorrow
Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Woman
PERSPECTIVES
Kay Mussell, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive?
Thomas Jefferson, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction
2. Writing about Fiction
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
A SAMPLE PAPER IN PROGRESS
A First Response to "A Secret Sorrow" and A Sorrowful Woman
A Sample Brainstorming List
A Sample First Draft: Separate Sorrows
A Sample Second Draft: Separate Sorrows
FINAL PAPER: Fulfillment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman"
3. Plot
Edgar Rice Burroughs, From Tarzan of the Apes
]Ha Jin, Love in the Air
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
PERSPECTIVE: William Faulkner, On "A Rose for Emily"
]A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "A Rose for Emily"
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Conflict and Crisis in William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"
Andre Dubus, Killings
PERSPECTIVES: Thomas E. Kennedy, On Morality and Revenge in "Killings"; A. L. Bader, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories
4. Character
Charles Dickens, From Hard Times
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Character in Charles Dickens's Hard Times
May-lee Chai, Saving Sourdi
Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener
PERSPECTIVES: Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Herman Melville's Philosophic Stance; Dan McCall, On the Lawyer's Character in "Bartleby, the Scrivener"
]Susan Straight, Mines
5. Setting
Ernest Hemingway, Soldier's Home
PERSPECTIVES: e. e. cummings, my sweet old etcetera; Ernest Hemingway, On What Every Writer Needs
Fay Weldon, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo
PERSPECTIVE: Fay Weldon, On the Importance of Place in "IND AFF"
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Setting in Fay Weldon's "IND, AFF"
]Robert Olen Butler, Christmas 1910
6. Point of View
Third-Person Narrator
First-Person Narrator
]Achy Obejas, We Came All the Way from Cuba so You Could Dress Like This?
Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVES: Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov's "The Lady with the Pet Dog"
Anton Chekhov, From "The Lady and the Dog"
Anton Chekhov, From "A Lady with a Dog"
PERSPECTIVE
Anton Chekhov, On Morality in Fiction
Joyce Carol Oates, The Lady with the Pet Dog
PERSPECTIVE: Matthew C. Brennan, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov's and Oates's "The Lady with the Pet Dog"
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Point of View in Anton Chekhov's "The Lady with the Pet Dog"
Alice Walker, Roselily
7. Symbolism
Colette, The Hand
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
PERSPECTIVE: Mordecai Marcus, "What Is an Initiation Story?"
]A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "Battle Royal"
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Symbolism Ralph Ellison's in "Battle Royal"
]Peter Meinke, The Cranes
8. Theme
Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A.
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Theme in Dagoberto Gilb's "Love in L.A."
]Daley Walker, I am the Grass
9. Style, Tone, and Irony
Style
Tone
Irony
Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Minimalist Style in Raymond Carver's "Popular Mechanics"
Susan Minot, Lust
]Lydia Davis, Letter to a Funeral Parlor
10. Combining the Elements of Fiction: A Writing Process
The Elements Together
Mapping the Story
David Updike, Summer
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Developing a Topic into a Revised Thesis
A Sample Brainstorming List
A Sample First Thesis
A Sample Revised Thesis
]A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Inaction and Setting in David Updike's "Summer"
APPROACHES TO FICTION
11. A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne
A Brief Biography and Introduction
Young Goodman Brown
The Minister's Black Veil
The Birthmark
PERSPECTIVES on Hawthorne:
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Solitude
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On the Power of the Writer's Imagination
Nathaniel Hawthorne, On His Stories
Herman Melville, On Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tragic Vision
]Gaylord Brewer, "The Joys of Secret Sin"
12. A Study of Flannery O'Connor
A Brief Biography and Introduction
A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Good Country People
Revelation
PERSPECTIVES on O'Connor:
Flannery O'Connor, On Faith
Flannery O'Connor, On the Materials of Fiction
Flannery O'Connor, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion
Flannery O'Connor, On Theme and Symbol
Josephine Hendin, On O'Connor's Refusal to "Do Pretty"
Claire Kahane, The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction
Edward Kessler, On O'Connor's Use of History
]Time Magazine, On "A Good Man is Hard to Find"
13. A Critical Case Study: William Faulkner's "Barn Burning"
Barn Burning
PERSPECTIVES on Faulkner:
Jane Hiles, Blood Ties in "Barn Burning"
Benjamin DeMott, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class
Gayle Edward Wilson, Conflict in "Barn Burning"
James Ferguson, Narrative Strategy in "Barn Burning"
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Incorporating the Critics
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Fires of Class Conflict in William Faulkner's "Barn Burning"
14. A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's "Eveline"
A Brief Biography and Introduction
Eveline
Documents
(photo) Poole Street, Dublin
(almanac) The Alliance Temperance Almanack, On the Resources of Ireland
(letter) Bridget Burke, A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant
(essay) A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl
(poster) The Bohemian Girl
15. Thematic Case Study: Literature of the South
(map) U.S. Bureau of the Census, "The South"
(essay) John Shelton Reed and Dale Volberg Reed, Definitions of the South
(essay) W.J. Cash, The Old and the New South
(movie still) Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Gone with the Wind
(lithograph) Currier and Ives, "The Old Plantation Home"
(essay) Irving Howe, The Southern Myth
(painting) John Richards, The Battle of Gettysburg
(essay) Flannery O'Connor, The Regional Writer
(painting) Clyde Broadway, Trinity: Elvis, Jesus, and Robert E. Lee
(photo) Ernest C. Withers, "Bus Station, Colored Waiting Room, Memphis, Tennessee"
(photo) Library of Congress, Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock Central High School
(photo) Ernest C. Withers, "Sanitation Workers' Strike, Memphis, Tennessee"
(essay) Richard Wright, The Ethics of Living Jim Crow
(collage) Romare Bearden, Watching the Good Trains Go
(essay) Donald R. Noble, The Future of Southern Writing
(essay) Lee Smith, On Southern Change and Permanence
]16. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
E. Annie Proulx, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump
T.C. Boyle, Carnal Knowledge
]Lee Smith, The Happy Memories Club
]Mark Twain, The Story of the Good Little Boy
Encountering Fiction: Comics
(comic strip) Matt Groening, from Life in Hell
(comic strip) Lynda Barry, Spelling
A COLLECTION OF STORIES
17. An Album of Contemporary Stories
]Martin Amis, The Last Days of Muhammad Atta
]Rick Bass, Her First Elk
Amy Bloom, By-and-by
18. Stories for Further Reading
]Joseph Conrad, An Outpost of Progress
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Clothes
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
Tim O'Brien, How to Tell a True War Story
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado
Katherine Anne Porter, The Witness
John Updike, A & P
POETRY
THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY
19. Reading Poetry
Reading Poetry Responsively
Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
John Updike, Dog's Death
The Pleasure of Words
William Hathaway, Oh, Oh
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of ÒOh, OhÓ
Robert Francis, Catch
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Tossing Metaphors Together in Robert Francis's ÒCatchÓ
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits
Robert Morgan, Mountain Graveyard
e. e. cummings, l(a
Anonymous, Western Wind
Regina Barreca, Nighttime Fires
Suggestions for Approaching Poetry
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry
Encountering Poetry: Images of Poetry in Popular Culture
(poster) Dorothy Parker, Unfortunate Coincidence
(photo) Carl Sandburg, Window
(photo) Philip Levine and Terry Allen, Corporate Head
(cartoon) Roz Chast, The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew
(photo) Tim Taylor, I shake the delicate apparatus
(poster) Eric Dunn and Mike Wigton, National Poetry Slam Poster
(photos) David Huang, National Poetry Slam Photographs
(image) Poetry-portal.com
](webscreen) Ted Kooser, ÒAmerican Life in PoetryÓ
(column) David Allan Evans, ÒNeighborsÓ
Poetry in Popular Forms
Helen Farries, Magic of Love
John Frederick Nims, Love Poem
Bruce Springsteen, You're Missing
S. Pearl Sharp, It's the Law
PERSPECTIVE: Robert Francis, On ÒHardÓ Poetry
Poems for Further Study
Alberto R'os, Seniors
]Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Crossing the Bar
Li Ho, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair
Louisa Lopez, Junior Year Abroad
]Thomas Lux, The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently
20. Writing about Poetry
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
Elizabeth Bishop, Manners
]A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of ÒMannersÓ
]A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's ÒMannersÓ
21. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone
Word Choice
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
e. e. cummings, she being Brand
Word Order
Tone
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Common Ground
]Colette Inez, Back When All was Continuous Chuckles
Katharyn Howd Machan, Hazel Tells LaVerne
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Tone of Katharyn Howd Machan's ÒHazel Tells LaVerneÓ
Mart'n Espada, Latin Night at the Pawnshop
]Paul Lawrence Dunbar, To a Captious Critic
Diction and Tone in Three Love Poems
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
]Sharon Olds, Last Night
Poems for Further Study
]Barbara Hamby, Ode to American English
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
David R. Slavitt, Titanic
]Joanne Diaz, On My Father's Loss of Hearing
Sharon Olds, Sex without Love
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
]Joan Murray, We Old Dudes
Alice Jones, The Larynx
Louis Simpson, In the Suburbs
A Note on Reading Translation
Three Translations of a Poem by Sappho
Sappho, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (translated by Henry T. Wharton)
Sappho, Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (translated by T. W. Higginson)
Sappho, Prayer to my lady of Paphos (translated by Mary Barnard)
]Three Translations of a Poem by Pablo Neruda
]Pablo Neruda, Verbo (original Spanish version)
]Pablo Neruda, Word (translated by Ben Belitt)
]Pablo Neruda, Word (translated by Kristin Linklater)
]Pablo Neruda, Verb (translated by Ilan Stavins)
22. Images
Poetry's Appeal to the Senses
William Carlos Williams, Poem
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
David Solway, Windsurfing
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile
Poems for Further Study
]Amy Lowell, The Pond
]Sheila Wingfield, A Bird
Mary Robinson, London's Summer Morning
William Blake, London
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Imagery in William Blake's ÒLondonÓ and Mary Robinson's ÒLondon's Summer MorningÓ
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
Patricia Smith, What It is Like to Be a Black Girl
]Charles Simic, To the One Upstairs
Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther
Sally Croft, Home-Baked Bread
John Keats, To Autumn
]Kate Clanchy, Spell
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
]Charles R. Feldstein, Maddie Clifton, 1990-1998
PERSPECTIVE: T. E. Hulme, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose
23. Figures of Speech
William Shakespeare, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene v)
Simile and Metaphor
Margaret Atwood, you fit into me
Emily Dickinson, Presentiment — is that long Shadow — on the lawn —
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
Other Figures
Edmund Conti, Pragmatist
Dylan Thomas, The Hand That Signed the Paper
Janice Townley Moore, To a Wasp
J. Patrick Lewis, The Unkindest Cut
Poems for Further Study
]Gary Snyder, How Poetry Comes to Me
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Figurative Language in Gary Snyder's ÒHow Poetry Comes to MeÓ
Margaret Atwood, February
]William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady
Ernest Slyman, Lightning Bugs
]Cathy Song, Sunworshippers
William Wordsworth, London, 1802
Jim Stevens, Schizophrenia
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
Linda Pastan, Marks
Ronald Wallace, Building an Outhouse
Ruth Fainlight, The Clarinettist
PERSPECTIVE: John R. Searle, Figuring Out Metaphors
24. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony
Symbol
Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night
Allegory
Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace
Irony
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Symbolism in Edwin Arlington Robinson's ÒRichard CoryÓ
Kenneth Fearing, AD
e. e. cummings, next to of course god america i
Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe
Poems for Further Study
]Bob Hicock, Making It in Poetry
Jane Kenyon, Surprise
Mart'n Espada, Bully
Carl Sandburg, Buttons
]Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark
Alden Nowlan, The Bull Moose
Julio Marz‡n, Ethnic Poetry
James Merrill, Casual Wear
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
]Rachel Hadas, The Compact
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
PERSPECTIVE: Ezra Pound, On Symbols
25. Sounds
Listening to Poetry
Anonymous, Scarborough Fair
John Updike, Player Piano
May Swenson, A Nosty Fright
Emily Dickinson, A Bird came down the Walk —
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Sound in Emily Dickinson's ÒA Bird came down the Walk — Ó
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating
Rhyme
Richard Armour, Going to Extremes
Robert Southey, From The Cataract of Lodore
PERSPECTIVE: David Lenson, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme
Sound and Meaning
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
Poems for Further Study
]Thomas Lux, Onomatopoeia
Lewis Carroll [Charles Lutwidge Dodgson], Jabberwocky
William Heyen, The Trains
]Eliza Griswold, Occupation
]Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls
John Donne, Song
Alexander Pope, From An Essay on Criticism
]Haki R. Madhbuti, The B Network
Maxine Hong Kingston, Restaurant
Paul Humphrey, Blow
Robert Francis, The Pitcher
Helen Chasin, The Word Plum
]Howard Nemerov, Because you Asked Me about the Line Between Prose and Poetry
26. Patterns of Rhythm
Some Principles of Meter
Walt Whitman, From Song of the Open Road
William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up
Suggestions for Scanning a Poem
Timothy Steele, Waiting for the Storm
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Rhythm in Timothy Steele's ÒWaiting for the StormÓ
William Butler Yeats, That the Night Come
Poems for Further Study
Alice Jones, The Foot
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
]Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder
Ben Jonson, Still to Be Neat
William Blake, The Lamb
William Blake, The Tyger
]Carl Sandburg, Chicago
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz
Norman Stock, What I Said
]Lenard D. Moore, Black Girl Tap Dancing
PERSPECTIVE: Louise Bogan, On Formal Poetry
27. Poetic Forms
Some Common Poetic Forms
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Sonnet
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Edna St. Vincent Millay, I will put Chaos into fourteen lines
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Fixed Form in Edna St. Vincent Millay's ÒI will put Chaos into fourteen linesÓ
]Seamus Heaney, The Forge
Molly Peacock, Desire
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet
Villanelle
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
]Wendy Cope, Lonely Heart
Sestina
Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sestina
Florence Cassen Mayers, All-American Sestina
Epigram
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?
A. R. Ammons, Coward
David McCord, Epitaph on a Waiter
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Theology
Limerick
Anonymous, There was a young lady named Bright
Laurence Perrine, The limerick's never averse
Keith Casto, She Don't Bop
Haiku
Matsuo Basho-, Under cherry trees
Carolyn Kizer, After Basho-
Sonia Sanchez, c'mon man hold me
Elegy
]Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
Ode
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind
Picture Poem
Michael McFee, In Medias Res
Parody
X. J. Kennedy, A Visit from St. Sigmund
PERSPECTIVES: Robert Morgan, On the Shape of a Poem; Elaine Mitchell, Form
28. Open Form
e. e. cummings, in Just —
Walt Whitman, From I Sing the Body Electric
PERSPECTIVE: Walt Whitman, On Rhyme and Meter
]A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Open Form of Walt Whitman's ÒI Sing the Body ElectricÓ
]Louis Jenkins, The Prose Poem
Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps
Kelly Cherry, Alzheimer's
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
]Natasha Trethewey, Domestic Work, 1937
Gary Gildner, First Practice
Marilyn Nelson Waniek, Emily Dickinson's Defunct
Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage
Julio Marzan, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers
]Robert Morgan, Overalls
Anonymous, The Frog
Tato Laviera, AmeR'can
Peter Meinke, The ABC of Aerobics
Found Poem
Donald Justice, Order in the Streets
29. Combining Elements of Poetry: A Writing Process
The Elements Together
Mapping the Poem
Asking Questions about the Elements
John Donne, Death Be Not Proud
]A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of ÒDeath Be Not ProudÓ
A SAMPLE FIRST RESPONSE PAPER
Organizing Your Thoughts
A SAMPLE INFORMAL OUTLINE
The Elements and Theme
A SAMPLE EXPLICATION: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne's ÒDeath Be Not ProudÓ
APPROACHES TO POETRY
30. A Study of Emily Dickinson
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to Her Work
If I can stop one Heart from breaking
If I shouldn't be alive
The Thought beneath so slight a film —
To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee
Success is counted sweetest
Water, is taught by thirst
Safe in their alabaster chambers — (1859 version)
Safe in their alabaster chambers — (1861 version)
Portraits are to daily faces
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church —
ÒHeavenÓ — is what I cannot reach!
]HopeÓ is the thing with Feathers
I like a look of Agony
Wild Nights — Wild Nights!
]I reason, Earth is short —
What Soft — Cherubic Creatures —
The Soul selects her own Society —
Much Madness is divinest Sense —
I dwell in Possibility
After great pain, a formal feeling comes —
I heard a Fly buzz
— when I died —
Because I could not stop for Death —
I felt a cleaving in my mind
]A Light exists in Spring
The Bustle in a House
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant —
]A Word dropped careless on a Page
]There is no Frigate like a Book
]I took one Draught of Life
PERSPECTIVES on Dickinson
Emily Dickinson, Dickinson's Description of Herself
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time
Mabel Loomis Todd, The Character of Amherst
Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson's Sense of Privation
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, On Dickinson's White Dress
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, On the Many Voices in Dickinson's Poetry
Paula Bennett, On ÒI heard a Fly buzz — when I died —Ó
Martha Nell Smith, On ÒBecause I could not stop for Death — Ó
Ronald Wallace, Miss Goff
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Writing About an Author in Depth
A SAMPLE IN-DEPTH STUDY: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson
ÒFaithÓ is a fine invention
I know that He exists
I never saw a Moor —
Apparently with no surprise
31. A Study of Robert Frost
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to His Work
The Road Not Taken
The Pasture
Mowing
]My November Guest
]Storm Fear
Mending Wall
Home Burial
After Apple-Picking
Birches
ÒOut, Out — Ó
Fire and Ice
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Nothing Gold Can Stay
]Unharvested
Design
Neither Out Far nor In Deep
The Silken Tent
]The Most of It
PERSPECTIVES on Frost:
Robert Frost, ÒIn WhiteÓ: an Early Version of ÒDesignÓ
Robert Frost, On the Living Part of a Poem
Amy Lowell, On Frost's Realistic Technique
Robert Frost, On the Figure a Poem Makes
Robert Frost, On the Way to Read a Poem
Herbert R. Coursen Jr., A Parodic Interpretation of ÒStopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningÓ
Blanche Farley, The Lover Not Taken —
Peter D. Poland, On ÒNeither Out Far nor In DeepÓ
32. A Study of Langston Hughes
A Brief Biography
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
An Introduction to His Life and Work
I, Too
Negro
Danse Africaine
Mother to Son
Dream Variations
The Weary Blues
Formula
]Esthete in Harlem
Lenox Avenue: Midnight
Song for a Dark Girl
Red Silk Stockings
Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer
]Drum
]Park Bench
Ballad of the Landlord
]Morning After
Dream Boogie
]125th Street
Harlem
Un-American Investigators
Old Walt
Dinner Guest: Me
Frederick Douglass: 1817-1895
PERSPECTIVES on Hughes
Langston Hughes, On Harlem Rent Parties
Donald B. Gibson, The Essential Optimism of Hughes and Whitman
James A. Emanuel, Hughes's Attitudes toward Religion
Richard K. Barksdale, On Censoring ÒBallad of the LandlordÓ
David Chinitz, The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s
]33. A Study of Julia Alvarez: Five Poems
A Brief Biography
An Introduction to Her Work
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒQueens, 1963Ó
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, Queens, 1963
(interview) Marny Requa, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, Housekeeping Cages
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒDustingÓ
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, Dusting
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒIroning Their ClothesÓ
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, Ironing Their Clothes
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒSonnet 42Ó
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, Sonnet 42
(manuscript) ] Julia Alvarez, Four Drafts of Sonnet 42: A Poet's Writing Process
(essay) ] Julia Alvarez, On Writing ÒFirst MuseÓ
(poem) ] Julia Alvarez, First Muse
(essay) Kelli Lyon Johnson, Mapping an Identity
34. Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot's ÒThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockÓ
An Introduction to His Work
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
PERSPECTIVES on Eliot
Elisabeth Schneider, Hints of Eliot in Prufrock
Barbara Everett, The Problem of Tone in Prufrock
Michael L. Baumann, The ÒOverwhelming QuestionÓ for Prufrock
Frederik L. Rusch, Society and Character in ÒThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockÓ
Robert Sward, A Personal Analysis of ÒThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockÓ
A Thematic Case Study: Border Crossings (color insert)
(poem) Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America
(painting) William Turner, The Slave Ship
(diagram) An 18th Century Slave Ship
(poster) A 1784 Slave Auction Poster
(poem) Wole Soyinka, Telephone Conversation
(poster) Columbia Pictures, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?
(poem) Pat Mora, Legal Alien
(collage) Jacalyn L—pez Garcia, I Just Wanted to Be Me
(poem) Sandra M. Gilbert, Mafioso
(photo) ÒBaggage Examined Here,Ó Ellis Island
(poem) Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey
(album cover) Rawal Films, Ladki Pasano Hai (I Like This Girl)
(poem) Janice Mirikatani, Recipe
(photo) Chiaki Tsukumo, Girl and Licca Doll
(poem) Thomas Lynch, Liberty
(photo) Alex MacLean, Somerville, Massachusetts
35. A Thematic Case Study: Love and Longing
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband
Elizabeth Barret Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count The Ways
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
e. e. cummings, since feeling is first
]Mark Doty, The Embrace
]Billie Bolton, Memorandum
36. A Thematic Case Study: Teaching and Learning
]Robert Bly, Gratitude to Old Teachers
Linda Pastan, Pass/Fail
Paul Zimmer, Zimmer's Head Thudding Against the Blackboard
]Richard Hague, Directions for Resisting the SAT
Mark Halliday, Graded Paper
Judy Page Heitzman, A Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill
Richard Wakefield, In a Poetry Workshop
]Maggie Anderson, The Thing You Must Remember
Jeffrey Harrison, Fork
PERSPECTIVE: Jeffrey Harrison, On ÒForkÓ as a Work of Fiction
]37. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire
]Fleur Adcock, The Video
John Ciardi, Suburban
]Daisy Fried, Wit's End
]Ronald Wallace, In a Rut
Howard Nemerov, Walking the Dog
]Peter Schmitt, Friends with Numbers
]Mart'n Espada, The Community College Revises its Curriculum in Response to Changing Demographics
M. Carl Holman, Mr. Z
Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging
Bob Hicok, Spam Leaves an Aftertaste
]Thomas Lux, Commercial Leech Farming Today
]Ann Lauinger, Marvell Noir
AN ANTHOLOGY OF POEMS
38. An Album of Contemporary Poems
Michelle Boisseau, Self-Pity's Closet
Billy Collins, Marginalia
]Tony Hoagland, America
]Rachel Loden, Locked Ward, Newtown, Connecticut
]Susan Minot, My Husband's Back
Alberto R'os, The Gathering Evening
Cathy Song, A Poet in the House
William Trowbridge, Poet's Corner
39. A Collection of Poems
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
William Blake, The Garden of Love
William Blake, Infant Sorrow
Anne Bradstreet, Before the Birth of One of Her Children
]William Cullen Bryant, To a Waterfowl
]Robert Burns, The Red, Red Rose
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty
Lucille Clifton, this morning (for the girls of easter high)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream
]Richard Crashaw, An Epitaph upon a Young Married Couple, Dead and Buried Together
e. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill's
]John Donne, The Apparition
John Donne, The Flea
George Eliot [Mary Ann Evans], In a London Drawingroom
]Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Whatever Is
Thomas Hardy, Hap
George Herbert, The Collar
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
A. E. Housman, Is my team ploughing
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
]Julia Ward Howe, Battle-Hymn of the Republic
Ben Jonson, To Celia
]John Keats, The Human Seasons
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci
Yusef Komunyakaa, Slam, Dunk, and Hook
]Ted Kooser, A Death at the Office
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
]Christina Georgina Rossetti, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White
Christina Georgina Rossetti, Promises Like Pie Crusts
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold
]William Shakespeare, When forty winters shall besiege thy brow
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
]Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Indian Names
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Walt Whitman, One's-Self I Sing
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer
Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
]William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
]William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper
William Wordsworth, Mutability
William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
DRAMA
THE STUDY OF DRAMA
40. Reading Drama
Reading Drama Responsively
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Scene from Trifles
PERSPECTIVE: Susan Glaspell, From the Short Story Version of Trifles
Elements of Drama
]Michael Hollinger, Naked Lunch
Drama in Popular Forms
Larry David, ÒThe Pitch,Ó a Seinfeld Episode
PERSPECTIVE: Geoffrey O'Brien, On Seinfeld as a Moneymaker
Kari Lizer, ÒDolls and Dolls,Ó a Will & Grace Episode
41. Writing about Drama
From Reading to Writing
QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Feminist Evidence in Susan Glaspell's Trifles
42. A Study of Sophocles
Theatrical Conventions of Geek Drama
Tragedy
Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles)
PERSPECTIVES on Sophocles:
Aristotle, On Tragic Character
Sigmund Freud, On the Oedipus Complex
Sophocles, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King
Muriel Rukeyser, On Oedipus the King
David Wiles, On Oedpius the King as a Political Play
43. A Study of William Shakespeare
Shakespeare's Theater
The Range of Shakespeare's Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy
A Note on Reading Shakespeare
William Shakespeare, Othello the Moor of Venice
PERSPECTIVES on Shakespeare:
The Mayer of London, Objections to the Elizabethan Theater
Lisa Jardin, On Boy Actors in Female Roles
Samuel Johnson, On Shakespeare's Characters
Jane Adamson, On Desdemona's Role in Othello
David Bevington, On Othello's Heroic Struggle
James Kincaid, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy
44. Modern Drama
Realism
Naturalism
Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House
(Translated by Rolf Fjelde)
PERSPECTIVE: Henrik Ibsen, Notes for A Doll House
45. A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House
PERSPECTIVES for A Doll House
Anonymous, A Nineteenth-Century Husband's Letter to His Wife
Barry Witham and John Lutterbie, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House
Carol Strongin Tufts, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora
Joan Templeton, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Applying a Critical Strategy
A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: On the Other Side of the Slammed Door in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House
46. A Thematic Case Study: An Album of Contemporary Humor and Satire
]Woody Allen, Old Saybrook
Jane Anderson, The Reprimand
]David Ives, Moby-Dude, Or: The Three-Minute Whale
John Leguizamo, Mambo Mouth
]Rich Orloff, Playwriting 101: The Rooftop Lesson
A COLLECTION OF PLAYS
47. Plays for Further Reading
]David Henry Hwang, Trying to Find Chinatown
]Jane Martin, Rodeo
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
PERSPECTIVES on Death of a Salesman:
Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man
Arthur Miller, On Biff and Willy Loman
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
PERSPECTIVES on The Glass Menagerie:
Tennessee Williams, Production Notes to The Glass Menagerie
Tennessee Williams, On Theme
]August Wilson, Fences
PERSPECTIVE: David Savran, An Interview with August Wilson
CRITICAL THINKING AND WRITING
48. Critical Strategies for Reading
Critical Thinking
The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy
Formalist Strategies
Biographical Strategies
Psychological Strategies
Historical Strategies
Gender Strategies
Mythological Strategies
Reader-Response Strategies
Deconstructionist Strategies
Selected Bibliography
PERSPECTIVES on Critical Reading
Susan Sontag, Against Interpretation
Andrew P. Debicki, New Criticism and Deconstructionism: Two Attitudes in Teaching Poetry
Peter Rabinowitz, On Close Readings
Harriet Hawkins, Should We Study King Kong or King Lear?
Morris Dickstein, On the Social Responsibility of the Critic
49. Reading and Writing
The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature
Reading the Work Closely
Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking
Choosing a Topic
Developing a Thesis
Arguing about Literature
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: Arguing About Literature
Organizing a Paper
Writing a Draft
Revising and Editing
QUESTIONS FOR WRITING: A Revision Checklist
Manuscript Form
Types of Writing Assignments
Emily Dickinson, There's a certain Slant of light
A SAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION: A Reading of Emily Dickinson's
"There's a certain Slant of light"
A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: John Updike's "A&P" as a State of Mind
A SAMPLE STUDENT COMPARISON: The Struggle for Women's Self-Definition in James Joyce's "Eveline" and Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House
50. The Literary Research Paper
Choosing a Topic
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes
Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper
Revising
Documenting Sources
A SAMPLE STUDENT RESEARCH PAPER: How the Narrator Cultivates William Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily"
51. Taking Essay Examinations
Preparing for an Essay Exam
Types of Exams
Strategies for Writing Essay Exams
Glossary of Literary Terms
Indexes
Index of First Lines
Index of Authors and Titles
Index of Terms ] new to this edition
Supplemental Materials
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