Rent 9780205294541 | Social Welfare : Politics and Public Policy

Summary Table of Contents

This is a leading text in social welfare policy in departments of social work, political science, administration and government; it is also used in some sociology departments. Originally written with Thomas Dye, subsequent editions by Diana DiNitto have been acknowledged as the most comprehensive orientation to social welfare available. DiNitto focuses on the political aspects of policymaking; she describes the major social welfare programs, including public assistance, Social Security, disability, health insurance, and more. She also addresses racism, sexism, gay rights, and immigration in the context of social welfare policies and programs. This new edition includes new and updated information on welfare reform (TANF), food stamps, managed care, disability, aging, the change from a budget deficit to a budget surplus, the latest figures on poverty, and the latest information on job training and employment. A full range of supplements includes an Instructor's Manual/Test Bank and a Computerized Test Bank. Student supplements include an Online Study Guide.

Preface

xiii

Politics, Rationalism, and Social Welfare

(31)

Politics and Social Welfare Policy

(9)

... MORE

Scope of Social Welfare Policy

(2)

Social Welfare Policy: A Rational Approach

(3)

Social Welfare Policy: A Political Approach

(3)

Illustration 1-1. Special Tips for the Legislative Process

(2)

The Policymaking Process

(5)

Agenda Setting

(1)

Nondecisions

(1)

The Mass Media

(1)

The Budget

(2)

Implementation

(1)

The American Public and Social Welfare

(6)

America's Capacity for Giving

(1)

Political Ideology and Social Welfare

(1)

Illustration 1-2. We Can Take Care of Our Own ... Or Can We?

(6)

PACs and Social Welfare

(3)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(2)

Government and Social Welfare

(34)

Historical Perspectives on Social Welfare

(5)

Elizabethan Poor Law

(1)

Early Relief in the United States

(1)

The Great Depression and the New Deal

(2)

The Great Society and the War on Poverty

(1)

Illustration 2-1. The Revolution No One Noticed

(2)

The Expansion of Social Welfare

(3)

The Rural-to-Urban Migration

(1)

Residency Requirements Eliminated

(1)

Welfare Rights

(1)

Cost-of-Living Adjustments

(1)

The Graying of America

(1)

Increase in Single-Parent Families

(1)

Finances in the Welfare State

(4)

Illustration 2-2. Intelligence Report: Our Low Taxes

(1)

The Legacy of ``Reaganomics''

(3)

The Supply Side

(2)

Helping the ``Truly Needy''

(4)

The States as laboratories

(1)

The Privatization of Public Services

(2)

The Reagan-Bush Finale

(1)

The Presidential Years of Bill Clinton

(8)

Smoke? Mirrors? Or a Balanced Budget?

(5)

Line by Line

(1)

Money to Burn?

(1)

Starting to Look Back at the Clinton Years

(1)

The Big Tasks Ahead

(1)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(3)

Defining Poverty: Where to Begin?

(36)

What Is Poverty?

(19)

Poverty as Deprivation

(5)

In-Kind Benefits: How Much Are They Worth?

(1)

Who Are the Poor?

(3)

Poverty as Inequality

(2)

Why Are the Poor, Poor?

(2)

Poverty as Culture

(2)

Poverty as Exploitation

(1)

Poverty as Structure

(2)

Poor and Homeless: Not Invisible Anymore

(3)

Who Are the Homeless?

(2)

Illustration 3-1. Homeless in Paradise

(4)

Affordable Housing

(3)

Illustration 3-2. Pam Jackson's New Apartment

(1)

A Fundamental Shift

(4)

Doesn't Welfare Cause Poverty?

(2)

From Poverty to Dependency

(2)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(4)

Preventing Poverty: The Social Insurance Programs

102

(31)

Preventing Poverty through Compulsory Savings

102

(9)

The Social Security Act

103

(2)

Social Security: The World's Largest Social Welfare Program

105

(2)

Even the Best-Laid Plans

107

(4)

Illustration 4-1. Social Security---Who Qualifies, and How Much Do Beneficiaries Receive?

111

(3)

Achieving the Goals of Social Security: Adequacy and Equity

113

(1)

Illustration 4-2. Will You Reap What You Sow?

114

(8)

Keeping the Wolves from the Door

118

(4)

Unemployment Compensation

122

(5)

What Is Unemployment, and Who Gets Counted as Unemployed?

123

(3)

Reforming Unemployment Compensation

126

(1)

Workers' Compensation

127

(1)

Summary

128

(1)

Notes

129

(4)

Helping the ``Deserving Poor'': Aged, Blind, and Disabled

133

(35)

Public Assistance for the Deserving Poor

133

(4)

SSI: ``Federalizing'' Public Assistance

134

(1)

How SSI Works

135

(2)

Illustration 5-1. Example of What Happens When You Are Disabled and Work Under SSI

137

(7)

Disability Determination

138

(1)

SSI Recipients, Payments, and Cost

139

(3)

SSI Hot Spots

142

(2)

Rehabilitative Services for Individuals with Disabilities

144

(3)

The Vocational Rehabilitation Program

145

(1)

Creaming

146

(1)

The Era of Civil Rights for People with Disabilities

147

(2)

From Deinstitutionalization to Normalization and Inclusion

147

(1)

The Independent Living Movement

148

(1)

A New Bill of Rights for People with Disabilities

148

(1)

Illustration 5-2. What Is Reasonable Accommodation for People with Disabilities?

149

(4)

Disability Policy for Children

153

(2)

Building a Better Policy on Disability

155

(2)

A Fair Definition

155

(1)

A Fair Policy

156

(1)

Illustration 5-3. Guidance from the EEOC in Implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act in Cases of Psychiatric Impairment

157

(2)

General Assistance: The State and Community Response to Welfare

159

(3)

Federalism and Social Welfare

162

(1)

Summary

163

(1)

Notes

164

(4)

Ending Welfare as We Knew It: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

168

(45)

From Mothers' Aid to AFDC

168

(3)

Mothers' Aid

168

(1)

Aid to Dependent Children

169

(1)

Keeping the Family Together

169

(1)

Man-in-the-House Rules

170

(1)

Trying to Make Parents Pay

171

(5)

Welfare and Work

176

(1)

Illustration 6-1. What Mothers and Fathers Think About Child Support Enforcement

177

(9)

Rehabilitation for Work

180

(1)

Job Training and WIN

181

(1)

Workfare

182

(2)

The JOBS Program

184

(2)

Why the Fuss about AFDC?

186

(1)

Recipients and Costs

186

(1)

Illustration 6-2. Why Mother Slapped Me

187

(5)

More Fact and Fiction in AFDC

190

(2)

Illustration 6-3. The Unreported Work of Mothers Receiving Public Assistance

192

(3)

An End to Welfare as We Knew It

195

(11)

Nonwelfare Approaches

195

(2)

The March to TANF Begins

197

(1)

Enter the Clinton Administration

198

(1)

Has Welfare as We Know It Ended?

199

(7)

Summary

206

(1)

Notes

207

(6)

Fighting Hunger: Nutrition Policy and Programs in the United States

213

(37)

Malnutrition Amid Plenty

213

(2)

Setting Nutritional Policy

215

(5)

Commodity Food Distribution

215

(1)

A New Food Stamp Program

216

(1)

Politics Discovers Hunger

216

(1)

Eliminating the Purchase Requirement

217

(1)

Politics Rediscovers Hunger

218

(2)

Tightening Food Stamps' Belt: The Welfare Reform of 1996

220

(1)

Food Stamp Program Operations

221

(4)

Determining Eligibility

222

(1)

Participants and Costs

223

(2)

Nutrition Programs for Younger, Older, and Disabled Americans

225

(1)

Meals for School Children

225

(1)

Illustration 7-1. A Client's View of the Food Stamp Program

226

(6)

WIC

229

(2)

Nutrition for Older Adults

231

(1)

More Nutrition Programs

231

(1)

Nutritional Politics

232

(2)

Rendering the Cash versus In Kind Debate Obsolete with EBT

233

(1)

Illustration 7-2. The Thrifty Food Plan---How Much Is It Worth?

234

(10)

How Much Fraud, Abuse, and Error in Welfare?

239

(4)

Who Should Administer Nutrition Programs?

243

(1)

Summary

244

(1)

Notes

244

(6)

Improving Health Care: Treating the Nation's Ills

250

(38)

Good Health or Medical Attention?

250

(1)

Health Care Policy Today

251

(11)

Medicaid: Health Care for Some of the Poor

252

(4)

Medicare: Health Care for Older Americans

256

(2)

Covering Medigaps

258

(4)

What Ails Medicine?

262

(11)

The Nation's Health Care Bill

263

(3)

Holding Down Public Health Care Costs

266

(3)

Is Managed Care Hazardous to Your Health?

269

(4)

Illustration 8-1. A Proposed Consumer Bill of Rights and Responsibilities

273

(1)

The Politics of Health Care for All

274

(7)

The Failed Health Security Act

275

(3)

Expanding Health Care Coverage the Incremental Way

278

(3)

Health Care---Some Ethical Dilemmas

281

(3)

Summary

284

(1)

Notes

285

(3)

Changing Paradigms in the Poverty Wars: Victories, Defeats, and Stalemates

288

(32)

The Curative Strategy in the 1960s War on Poverty

289

(1)

Illustration 9-1. Community Development: A Foundation Perspective

290

(4)

LBJ and the Economic Opportunity Act

294

(4)

Community Action

294

(1)

Youth Education

295

(1)

Legal Services

296

(1)

More Office of Economic Opportunity Projects

297

(1)

The Great Society

297

(1)

Politics Overtakes the War on Poverty

298

(2)

Why Hasn't Head Start ``Cured'' Poverty?

300

(3)

Politics, Evaluation, and Head Start

301

(1)

Years Later

302

(1)

Fueling Employment: Make-Work versus the Real Thing

303

(9)

The Job Training Partnership Act

305

(2)

Progress Towards One-Stop Shopping at the U.S. Employment Service

307

(1)

Should the Minimum Wage Get Another Raise?

308

(3)

Enterprise and Empowerment Zones

311

(1)

Illustration 9-2. Report Card on Empowerment Zones

312

(3)

Building Communities through Service

315

(1)

Summary

316

(1)

Notes

317

(3)

Providing Social Services: Help for Children, the Elderly, and People with Mental Illness

320

(40)

Social Services in the United States

320

(3)

Who Provides Social Services?

321

(1)

The Development of Social Services

322

(1)

Social Services for People with ADM Problems

323

(8)

Defining the Problems

324

(1)

Estimating Problems and Services

324

(2)

Achieving Treatment Parity

326

(1)

Finding Better Prevention and Treatment Approaches

327

(1)

Community Mental Health Centers

328

(1)

A War on Drugs or on Drug Addicts?

329

(2)

The Rights of Mental Health Service Consumers

331

(1)

Illustration 10-1. Needle-Exchange Programmes in the USA: Time to Act Now

332

(5)

Liberty or Neglect?

334

(1)

Too Much Access or Too Little?

335

(1)

From Deinstitutionalization to Recriminalization

335

(2)

Child Welfare Policy

337

(1)

Discovering Child Abuse

337

(1)

Illustration 10-2. What to Do About Helping People with Severe Mental Illness

338

(3)

Illustration 10-3. Little Mary Ellen

341

(9)

Extent of Child Maltreatment

342

(1)

Services for Abused and Neglected Children

343

(4)

Problems with the System

347

(3)

Social Services for Older Americans

350

(4)

Summary

354

(1)

Notes

355

(5)

Challenging Social Welfare: Racism and Sexism

360

(47)

Gender Inequities

360

(8)

The Feminization of Poverty

360

(3)

The Wage Gap

363

(4)

Equal Rights for Women

367

(1)

Illustration 11-1. Women in Federal and State Offices

368

(5)

Family Care

370

(1)

Sexual Harassment

371

(2)

Illustration 11-2. A Call for Lustiness: Just Say No to the Sex Police

373

(6)

No Consensus on Abortion Rights

374

(4)

Violence Against Women

378

(1)

Gay Rights

379

(4)

Blacks, Hispanics, and Social Welfare

383

(1)

Illustration 11-3. A Dialogue on Race

384

(11)

Separate But Not Equal

385

(3)

The Civil Rights Act

388

(1)

Housing and Racial Discrimination

389

(1)

Affirmative Action

390

(4)

Voting Rights

394

(1)

Native Americans and Social Welfare

395

(1)

Immigration and Social Welfare

396

(6)

Immigration Policy

396

(3)

How Much Immigration?

399

(3)

Summary

402

(1)

Notes

403

(4)

Implementing and Evaluating Social Welfare Policy: What Happens After a Law Is Passed

407

(26)

The Politics of Implementation

407

(7)

Communications

408

(2)

Resources

410

(1)

Attitudes

411

(1)

Bureaucracy

412

(2)

Evaluating Social Policy

414

(3)

Policy Evaluation as a Rational Activity

416

(1)

Illustration 12-1. Rational Evaluation: What Questions to Ask

417

(5)

The Many Faces of Program Evaluation

419

(1)

Public Hearings

419

(1)

Site Visits

419

(1)

Program Measures

419

(1)

Comparison with Professional Standards

420

(1)

Formal Research Designs

420

(2)

Illustration 12-2. Is Theory-Based Evaluation Better?

422

(4)

Policy Evaluation as a Political Activity

424

(1)

Unclear, Ambiguous Program Goals

424

(1)

Symbolic Goals

425

(1)

Unhappy Findings

425

(1)

Illustration 12-3. What to Do If Your Agency's Program Receives a Negative Evaluation

426

(4)

Program Interference

426

(1)

Usefulness of Evaluations

426

(1)

Evaluation by Whom?

427

(1)

Threats to Everyone

427

(1)

Politics at Work: Evaluating the Guaranteed Annual Income Experiments

427

(3)

Summary

430

(1)

Notes

431

(2)

Name Index

433

(2)

Subject Index

435

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