Rent 9780132615631 | The Convergence of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Multiple Identities in Counseling

Summary Table of Contents

Pre- and in-service counselors get a wealth of authoritative suggestions and practical advice for working effectively with a variety of clients from today's multiculturally diverse world. Through the author's careful examination of convergence-the intersection of race, ethnicity, gender, and other primary identity constructs within the context of counseling-readers see their roles and responsibilities as agents of transformation, while recognizing the way in which dominant cultural beliefs and values furnish and perpetuate clients' feelings in ... MORE

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Imaging Diversity	p. 1
Multiple Identities Defined	p. 1
Multicultural Counseling and Psychology Defined	p. 3
Diversity: An Overview	p. 5
A, B, and C Dimensions	p. 6
Conceptualization of the Self	p. 7
Images of Diversity	p. 8
Culture	p. 8
Race	p. 9
Ethnicity	p. 10
Gender	p. 11
Sexuality	p. 12
Disability	p. 13
Socioeconomic Class	p. 14
Spirituality	p. 15
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 16
Case Study: Desperation	p. 16
Summary	p. 19
Multicultural Competencies and Guidelines	p. 20
Multicultural Competencies	p. 21
Competency One: Counselor Awareness of Own Cultural Values and Biases	p. 21
Competency Two: Counselor Awareness of Client's Worldview	p. 21
Competency Three: Counselor Use of Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies	p. 22
Guidelines	p. 24
Diversity Training	p. 24
Assessment and Research	p. 26
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 28
Case Study: Client Identities	p. 29
Summary	p. 31
Statused Identities	p. 32
Identities as Status: The Contextual and Social Construction of Differences Model	p. 32
Assumptions of Hierarchical Socialization Patterns	p. 34
Racism	p. 35
Patriarchy	p. 39
Sexism	p. 40
Homophobia	p. 41
Able-Bodyism	p. 41
Class Elitism	p. 42
Ageism	p. 43
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 44
Case Study: The Difference Class Makes	p. 45
Summary	p. 47
Valued Cultures	p. 48
Native Americans and Alaskan Natives	p. 48
Harmony and Balance	p. 48
History	p. 49
Demography	p. 50
Social, Psychological, and Physical Health Issues	p. 52
Cultural Philosophies and Values	p. 54
Acculturation	p. 56
Case Study: A Wounded Mind	p. 58
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 59
Summary	p. 60
Latinos	p. 61
The Spanish, Portuguese, Indians, Asians, and Africans	p. 62
Demography	p. 62
Geography	p. 63
Migratory Patterns from Mexico	p. 64
Social, Psychological, and Physical Health Issues	p. 65
Migration and Acculturation	p. 66
Cultural Orientation and Values	p. 68
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 71
Case Study: Oblivious	p. 72
Summary	p. 73
People of African Descent	p. 74
History, CE 500-1500	p. 75
The Slave Trade	p. 75
Resistance to Slavery	p. 77
Demographic Trends	p. 78
Social, Psychological, and Physiological Health Issues	p. 78
Physical Appearance	p. 80
Cultural Orientation and Values	p. 81
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 85
Case Study: Anxiety Attacks	p. 85
Summary	p. 87
People of Asian Descent, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders	p. 88
Migratory Patterns	p. 89
Demography	p. 91
Social, Psychological, and Physical Health Issues	p. 92
Acculturation and Experiences in America	p. 97
Cultural Orientation and Values	p. 99
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 101
Case Study: Dual Diagnosis	p. 101
Summary	p. 104
People of the Middle East and Arab Americans	p. 105
The Africans, Asians, Europeans, and Arabs	p. 106
Muslims and Arabs: Differences and Similarities	p. 107
Migratory Patterns from the Middle East	p. 108
Demography	p. 109
Social, Psychological, and Physical Health Issues	p. 109
Cultural Orientation and Values	p. 112
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 113
Case Study: Perceptions of Dangerousness	p. 114
Summary	p. 115
Converging Identities	p. 116
Converging Race	p. 116
The Social Construction of Race	p. 116
Race and Science	p. 119
Origins of Racial Groups	p. 121
Racial and Ethnic Identity Development	p. 122
Ethnic Identity	p. 123
Native American Identity	p. 124
Asian American Identity Development	p. 125
African American Racial Identity	p. 126
Latino Identity Development	p. 128
White Racial Identity Development	p. 130
Optimal Theory Applied to Identity Development	p. 132
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 133
Case Study: Teaching Privilege to the Privileged	p. 135
Summary	p. 137
Converging Biracial and Multiracial Identities	p. 138
Definitions	p. 139
Demography	p. 139
The One-Drop Rule	p. 142
The Fluidity of Race	p. 144
Biracial and Multiracial Identity Development	p. 145
Research and Biracial and Multiracial Populations	p. 147
Biracial Identity Development	p. 147
Case Study: Denial of Self	p. 149
Summary	p. 152
Converging Gender	p. 153
Gender Definitions	p. 154
Gender and Biology	p. 155
The Social Construction of Gender	p. 155
Undoing Gender	p. 160
Sex and Gender Roles	p. 162
Gender and Emotion	p. 162
Gender and the Body	p. 164
Gender and Experiences in Therapy	p. 168
Gender Identity Models	p. 170
The Womanist Model	p. 170
White Male Identity Development Model	p. 171
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 171
Case Study: Building Rapport	p. 173
Summary	p. 175
Converging Socioeconomic Class	p. 176
The Invisibility of Class as a Variable in Counseling	p. 177
The Intersections of Class	p. 178
Class: An Identity Construct	p. 179
Middle-Class Bias and Counselor Training	p. 180
The Fluidity of Class-Status	p. 183
Middle-Class Bias and Ethical Standards	p. 184
Classism	p. 186
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 187
Case Study: Class Divide	p. 188
Summary	p. 191
Converging Sexuality	p. 192
Definitions and Terminology	p. 193
Narrative Questions	p. 197
The Importance of a Focus on Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling	p. 197
Developmental Processes	p. 200
Cass's Model of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Sexual Identity Formation	p. 201
Troiden's Homosexual Identity Development Model	p. 205
Sullivan's Model of Sexual Identity Development	p. 206
Counseling Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals of Color	p. 206
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 207
Case Study: Assigning Gender	p. 209
Summary	p. 211
Converging Disability	p. 212
Understanding Disability	p. 213
Disability Studies	p. 214
The Social Construction of Disability	p. 215
Perfection, Beauty, and the Able Body	p. 217
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 219
Case Study: Rethinking Manhood	p. 220
Summary	p. 222
Converging Spirituality	p. 223
Spirituality and Religion Defined	p. 223
Case Study: Crises of Faith	p. 224
Clinical Skills in Integrating Spirituality and Psychotherapy	p. 226
Spirituality, Therapy, and Cultural Considerations	p. 228
Diverse Healing Strategies	p. 230
Effective Lay-Led Healing	p. 230
Other Approaches	p. 232
Creative Arts	p. 232
Wellness	p. 232
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists	p. 232
Summary	p. 233
Epilogue	p. 234
References	p. 235
Name Index	p. 269
Subject Index	p. 275
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