Preface
Introduction: Why Study Cultural History?
A Humanities Primer: How to Understand the Arts

Chapter 1
PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS

Prehistory and Early Cultures
The Civilizations of the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley: Mesopotamia
    The Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian Kingdoms
    The Cradle of Civilization
        Writing
        Religion
        Literature
    Personal Perspective: ''A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son''
        Law
        Art and Architecture
The Civilization of the Nile River Valley: Egypt
    Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years
    A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values
        Religion
        Writing and Literature
    Personal Perspective: ''The Instruction of Amenemope''
Architecture
Sculpture, Painting, and Minor Arts
Heirs to the Mesopotamian and Egyptian Empires
The Legacy of Early Near Eastern Civilizations
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 1 Highlights

Windows on the World: 5000 - 500 B.C.

Chapter 2
AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS: THE MINOANS, THE MYCENAEANS, AND THE GREEKS OF THE ARCHAIC AGE

Prelude: Minoan Civilization, 3000 - 1300 B.C.
Beginnings: Mycenaean Civilization, 1900 - 1100 B.C.
Interlude: The Dark Ages, 1100 - 800 B.C.
The Archaic Age, 800 - 479 B.C.
    Political, Economic, and Social Structures
    The Greek Polis: Sparta and Athens
    The Persian Wars
The Emergence of Greek Genius: The Mastery of Form
    Religion
    Epic Poetry
    Personal Perspective: Sappho, ''He Seems to Be a God''; Alcaeus, ''Longing for Home and Drinking Song''
    Lyric Poetry
    Natural Philosophy
    Architecture
    Sculpture
The Legacy of Archaic Greek Civilization
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 2 Highlights

Chapter 3
CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENIC AGE

General Characteristics of Hellenic Civilization
Domestic and Foreign Affairs: War, Peace, and the Triumph of Macedonia
The Perfection of the Tradition: The Glory of Hellenic Greece
    Theater: Tragedy
        Features of the Greek Theater
    Encounter: The Representation of Blacks in Greek Art
        Tragic Drama
        Aeschylus
        Sophocles
        Euripides
    Theater: Comedy
    Music
    History
    Natural Philosophy
        The Pre-Socratics
        The Sophists
        The Socratic Revolution
        Plato
        Aristotle
    Architecture
        Sanctuaries
        The Temple: The Perfection of the Form
    Personal Perspective: Xenophon, ''Secrets of a Successful Marriage''
    Sculpture
The Legacy of Hellenic Civilization
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 3 Highlights

Windows on the World: 500 - 300 B.C.

Chapter 4
CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATION: THE HELLENISTIC AGE

The Stages of Hellenistic History
    The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States
    The Arrival and Triumph of Rome
The Cities of Hellenistic Civilization
    Pergamum
    Alexandria in Egypt
    Personal Perspective: Theocritus, ''Getting to the Concert on Time''
The Elaboration of the Greek Tradition: The Spread of Classicism to the Hellenistic World
    Drama and Literature
    Philosophy and Religion
        Cynicism
        Skepticism
        Epicureanism
        Stoicism
        Fate and the Mystery Cults
    Architecture
        The Corinthian Temple
        The Altar
    Sculpture
    Rhodes: Late Hellenistic Style
The Legacy of the Hellenistic World
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 4 Highlights

Chapter 5
ROMAN CIVILIZATION: THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CENTURIES

The Colossus of the Mediterranean World
    General Characteristics of Roman Civilization
    The Etruscan and Greek Connections
    Rome in the Age of Kings, 753-509 B.C.
    The Roman Republic, 509-31 B.C.
        The Early Republic, 509-264 B.C.
        The Middle Republic, 264-133 B.C.
        The Late Republic, 133-31 B.C.
    Growing Autocracy: Imperial Rome, 31 B.C.-A.D. 284
        Pax Romana, 31 B.C.-A.D. 193
        Civil Wars, A.D. 193-284
The Style of Pre-Christian Rome: From Greek Imitation to Roman Grandeur
    Roman Religion
    Language, Literature, and Drama
        The First Literary Period, 250-31 B.C.
        The Second Literary Period: The Golden Age, 31 B.C.-A.D. 14-200
    Personal Perspective: Marcus, Son of Cicero, ''Changing My Ways''
        The Third Literary Period: The Silver Age, A.D. 14-200
    Philosophy
        Stoicism
        Neo-Platonism
    Law
    The Visual Arts
        Architecture
    Encounter: Roman Conquests and Romance Languages
        Sculpture
        Painting and Mosaics
    Music
The Legacy of Pre-Christian Rome
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 5 Highlights

Windows on the World: 300 B.C. - A.D. 500

Chapter 6
JUDAISM AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

Judaism
    The People and Their Religion
        Egypt, Exodus, and Moses
        The Kingdom of Israel
        The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period
        The Hellenistic and Roman Periods
        Societal and Family Relationships
    Personal Perspective: Flavius Josephus, ''The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem''
    The Bible
    Early Jewish Art and Architecture
Christianity
    The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament
    Christians and Jews
    Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies
    Christians in the Roman Empire
    Personal Perspective: Vibia Perpetua, ''Account of Her Last Days Before Martyrdom''
    Early Christian Literature
    Early Christian Art
The Legacy of Biblical Judaism and Early Christianity
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 6 Highlights

Chapter 7
THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATE ROME, BYZANTIUM, AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST

The Last Days of the Roman Empire
    Diocletian’s Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity, 284-395
        The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration
        Early Christian Developments
    Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire, 395-476
    Personal Perspective: Paulina, ''Epitaph for Agorius Praetextatus''
The Transition from Classical Humanism to Christian Civilization
    Literature, Theology, and History
        The Fathers of the Church
    Personal Perspective: St. Jerome, ''Secular Education; The Fall of Rome''
        Church History
    The Visual Arts
        Architecture
        Sculpture
        Painting and Mosaics
    Music
The Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Civilization, 476-1453
    History of the Byzantine Empire
    Byzantine Culture: Christianity and Classicism
        The Orthodox Religion
        Law and History
        Architecture and Mosaics
The Early Medieval West
    The Early Middle Ages: A Romano-Germanic Christianized World
    Religion and Culture in the Early Middle Ages
        Christianity: Leadership and Organization
    Personal Perspective: Anna Comnena, ''The Arrival of the First Crusade in Constantinople''; Liudprand of Cremona, ''A Mission to the Byzantine Court''
        Literature, History, and Learning
        Music
        Architecture
        Painting: Illuminated Manuscripts

The Legacy of Late Rome, Byzantium, and the Early Medieval West
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 7 Highlights

Windows on the World: 500-1000

Chapter 8
THE WORLD OF ISLAM, 630-1517

Muhammad, The Prophet
Imperial Islam
    The Post-Muhammad Years
    The Umayyad Dynasty
    The Abbasid Dynasty
    The Seljuk Turk Empire
    Imperial Decline
Islam as Religion
    Encounter: An International Community of Scholars
Medieval Islamic Culture
    Scholarship
    Literature
        Poetry
        Prose
    Art and Architecture
        Architecture
        Painting
    Personal Perspective: Abu’l-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Marketing a Product''
    Music
The Legacy of Medieval Islam
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 8 Highlights

Chapter 9
THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIES

Feudalism
    The Feudal System and the Feudal Society
    Peasant Life
    The Rise of Towns
    The Feudal Monarchy
        The French Monarchy
        The English Monarchy
        The Holy Roman Empire
        The Papal Monarchy
Medieval Christianity and the Church
    Encounter: Pagan Vikings versus Christian Europeans
Christian Beliefs and Practices
    Religious Orders and Lay Piety
    Personal Perspective: Abelard and Heloise, ''My Sorrow and My Loss''
The Age of Synthesis: Equilibrium Between the Spiritual and the Secular
    Learning and Theology
        Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism
        Peter Abelard
        The Rise of the Universities
        Intellectual Controversy and Thomas Aquinas
    Literature
        Monastic and Feudal Writing
        Vernacular and Courtly Writing
        Dante
    Architecture and Art
        Romanesque Churches and Related Arts
        Gothic Churches and Related Arts
            Early Gothic Style, 1145-1194
            High Gothic Style, 1194-1300
    Music
The Legacy of the Christian Centuries
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 9 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1000 - 1300

Chapter 10
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES: 1300 - 1500

Hard Times Come to Europe
    Ordeal by Plague, Famine, and War
    Depopulation, Rebellion, and Industrialization
    The Secular Monarchies
    The Papal Monarchy
The Cultural Flowering of the Late Middle Ages
    Religion
    Personal Perspective: Henry Knighton,''Political and Religious Rebels''
    Theology, Philosophy, and Science
        The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna
        Duns Scotus and William of Ockham
        Developments in Science
    Literature
        Northern Italian Literature: Petrarch and Boccacio
        English Literature: Geoffrey Chaucer
        French Literature: Christine de Pizan
    Art and Architecture
        Late Gothic Architecture
        Late Gothic Sculpture
        Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends
            Illuminated Manuscripts
            The Print
            New Trends in Italy: Giotto
            Flemish Painting: Jan Van Eyck and Hans Memling
    Music
The Legacy of the Late Middle Ages
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestion for Listening
Chapter 10 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1300 - 1500

Chapter 11
THE EARLY RENAISSANCE: RETURN TO CLASSICAL ROOTS, 1400 - 1494

The Renaissance: Schools of Interpretation
Early Renaissance History and Institutions
    Italian City-States During the Early Renaissance
    Florence, the Center of the Renaissance
    The Resurgent Papcy, 1450-1500
The Spirit and Style of the Early Renaissance
    Humanism, Scholarship, and Schooling
    Personal Perspective: Laura Cereta, ''Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women''
    Thought and Philosophy
    Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting
        Artistic Ideals and Innovations
        Architecture
        Sculpture
        Painting
    Music
The Legacy of the Early Renaissance
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestion for Listening
Chapter 11 Highlights

Chapter 12
THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM, 1494 - 1564

The Rise of the Modern Sovereign State
    The Struggle for Italy, 1494-1529
    Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire
Economic Expansion and Social Developments
From High Renaissance to Early Mannerism
    Literature
        Gaspara Stampa
        Castiglione
        Machiavelli
    Painting
        Leonardo da Vinci
        Michelangelo
        Raphael
        The Venetian School: Giorgione and Titian
        The School of Parma: Parmigianino
    Sculpture
    Personal Perspective: Giorgio Vasari, ''Michelangelo Has the Last Word''
    Architecture
    Music
The Legacy of the High Renaissance and Early Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 12 Highlights

Chapter 13
NORTHERN HUMANISM, NORTHERN RENAISSANCE, RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS, AND LATE MANNERISM, 1500 - 1603

Northern Humanism
The Northern Renaissance
    Northern Renaissance Literature
        Michel de Montaigne
        William Shakespeare
    Northern Renaissance Painting
        Albrecht Dürer
        Mathias Grunewald
        Hieronymus Bosch
        Pieter Bruegel the Elder
The Breakup of Christendom: Causes of the Religious Reformations
    The Protestant Order
        Luther’s Revolt
            Luther’s Beliefs
            Social and Political Implications of Luther’s Revolt
    Personal Perspective: Albrecht Dürer, ''Fears for Luther’s Safety''
        The Reforms of John Calvin
        The Reform of the English Church
    The Counter-Reformation
        The Reformed Papacy
        New Monastic Orders
        The Council of Trent
    Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent, 1520-1603
Late Mannerism
    Spanish Painting
    Spanish Literature
    Late Mannerist Painting in Italy: Tintoretto
    Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England
The Legacy of Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 13 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1500 - 1600

Chapter 14
THE BAROQUE AGE: GLAMOUR AND GRANDIOSITY, 1600 - 1715

Absolutism, Monarchy, and the Balance of Power
    France: The Supreme Example of Absolutism
    England: From Monarchy to Republic to Limited Monarchy
    Warfare in the Baroque Period: Maintaining the Balance of Power
        The Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648
    Personal Perspective: Louis XIV, ''Reflections on Power''; Duke of Saint-Simon, ''Memoirs''
        The Wars of Louis XIV, 1665-1713
The Baroque: Variations on an International Style
    The Florid Baroque
        Architecture
        Sculpture
        Painting
    The Classical Baroque
        Architecture
        Painting
    The Restrained Baroque
        Painting
        Architecture
    Literature
        Baroque Literature in France
        Baroque Literature in England
    Music
The Legacy of the Baroque Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 14 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1600 - 1700

Chapter 15
THE BAROQUE AGE II: REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT, 1600 - 1715

Theories of the Universe before the Scientific Revolution
The Magical and the Practical in the Scientific Revolution
    Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton
        Nicolas Copernicus
        Johannes Kepler
        Galileo Galilei
        Isaac Newton
    Medicine and Chemistry
    The Impact of Science on Philosophy
        Francis Bacon
        Rene Descartes
        Blaise Pascal
    Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific Revolution
    Personal Perspective: Suzanne Gaudry, ''A Witch’s Trial''
The Revolution in Political Thought
    Natural Law and Divine Right: Grotius and Bossuet
        Absolutism and Liberalism: Hobbes and Locke
European Exploration and Expansion
Responses to the Revolutions in Thought
    Encounter: The Sinews of Trade
    The Spread of Ideas
    Impact on the Arts
The Legacy of the Revolutions in Scientific and Political Thought
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 15 Highlights

Chapter 16
THE AGE OF REASON, 1700 - 1789

The Enlightenment
    The Philosophers and Their Program
    Deism
    The Encyclopedia
    The Physiocrats
The Great Powers During the Age of Reason
    Society: Continuity and Change
    Absolutism, Limited Monarchy, and Enlightened Despotism
        France: The Successors to the Sun King
        Great Britain and the Hanoverian Kings
        Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe
Cultural Trends in the Eighteenth Century: From Rococo to Neoclassical
    The Rococo Style in the Arts
        Rococo Painting
        Rococo Interiors
        The English Response
    The Challenge of Neoclassicism
        Neoclassical Painting
        Neoclassical Architecture
    Political Philosophy
    Literature
        French Writers: The Development of New Forms
        Neoclassicism in English Literature
    Personal Perspective: Lady Mary Wortley Montague, ''Letter to Wortley, Avignon, 25 March 1744''
        The Rise of the Novel
    Music
The Legacy of the Age of Reason
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 16 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1700 - 1800

Chapter 17
REVOLUTION, REACTION, AND CULTURAL RESPONSE, 1760 - 1830

The Industrial Revolution
    Industrialization in England
    Classical Economics: The Rationale for Industrialization
Political Revolutions, 1760 - 1815
    The American Revolution
    The French Revolution
    Encounter: Slavery and the French Revolution
Reaction, 1815 - 1830
Revolutions in Art and Ideas: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism
    Neoclassicism in Literature After 1789
    Neoclassical Painting and Architecture After 1789
    Romanticism: Its Spirit and Expression
    The Romantic Movement in Literature
    Romantic Painting
    German Idealism
    The Birth of Romantic Music
    Personal Perspective: Hector Berlioz, ''This Harmonious Revolution''
The Legacy of the Age of Revolution and Reaction
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 17 Highlights

Chapter 18
THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE, 1830 - 1871

The Political and Economic Scene: Liberalism and Nationalism
    The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
    European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik
        Limited Reform in France and Great Britain
        Wars and Unification in Central Europe
    Civil War in the United States
    The Spread of Industrialism
    Encounter: The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation
Nineteenth-Century Thought: Philosophy, Religion, and Science
    Liberalism Redefined
    Socialism
    Religion and the Challenge of Science
    Personal Perspective: Charlotte Brontë, ''The First World’s Fair''; Hippolyte Taine, ''A Day at the Races, 28 May, 1861''
Cultural Trends: From Romanticism to Realism
    Literature
        The Height of French Romanticism
        Romanticism in the English Novel
        Romanticism in American Literature
        Realism in French and English Novels
        The Russian Realists
        Realism Among African American Writers
    Art and Architecture
        Neoclassicism and Romanticism After 1830
        The Rise of Realism in Art
    Photography
    Music
The Legacy of the Bourgeois Age
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 18 Highlights

Windows on the World, 1800 - 1900

Chapter 19
THE AGE OF EARLY MODERNISM, 1871 - 1914

Europe’s Rise to World Leadership
    The Second Industrial Revolution and the Making of Modern Life
    Response to Industrialism: Politics and Crisis
        Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West
    Personal Perspective: Lady Constance Lytton, ''Paying a Price for the Right to Vote''
        Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe
    Imperialism and International Relations
        The Scramble for Colonies
        The Outbreak of World War I    
Early Modernism
    Philosophy and Psychology
    Literature
        Naturalistic Literature
        Decadence in Literature
        Expressionist Literature
    The Advance of Science
    The Modernist Revolution in Art
        Impressionism
    Encounter: The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art
        Post-Impressionism
        Fauvism, Cubism, and Expressionism
        New Directions in Sculpture and Architecture
    Music: From Impressionism to Jazz
The Legacy of Early Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 19 Highlights

Chapter 20
THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM, 1914 - 1945

The Collapse of Old Certainties and the Search for New Values
    World War I and Its Aftermath
    The Great Depression of the 1930s
    The Rise of Totalitarianism
        Russian Communism
        European Fascism
    World War II: Origins and Outcome
    Personal Perspective: Elie Wiesel, ''Surviving in a Nazi Death Camp''
The Zenith of Modernism
    Experimentation in Literature
        The Novel
        Poetry
        Drama
    Philosophy and Science: The End of Certainty
    Art, Architecture, and Film
        Painting
            Abstraction
            Primitivism and Fantasy
            Expressionism
        Architecture
        Film
    Music: Atonality, Neoclassicism, and an American Idiom
The Legacy of the Age of the Masses and High Modernism
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 20 Highlights

Windows on the World: 1900 - 1945

Chapter 21
THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND BEYOND, 1945 -

From a European to a World Civilization
    The Era of the Superpowers, 1945-1970
        Postwar Recovery and the New World Order
        The Cold War
        Emergence of the Third World
    Toward a New Global Order, 1970 and Beyond
        National Issues and International Realignment
        The Post-Cold War World
The End of Modernism and the Birth of Post-Modernism
    Philosophical, Political, and Social Thought
    Science and Technology
    The Literature of Late Modernism: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama
    The Literature of Post-Modernism
    Late Modernism and the Arts
        Painting
        Sculpture
        Architecture
    Post-Modernism and the Arts
        Painting
        Sculpture
        Installation Art
        Video Art
        Architecture
    Personal Perspective: Yo-Yo Ma, ''A Journey of Discovery''
    Late Modern and Post-Modern Music
    Performance Art
    Mass Culture
A Summing Up
Key Cultural Terms
Suggestions for Further Reading
Suggestions for Listening
Chapter 21 Highlights

Windows on the World, 1945 -

APPENDIX
Writing for the Humanities: Research Papers and Essay Examinations
GLOSSARY
CREDITS
INDEX

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