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| Introduction to Biostatistics | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 2 |
| Some Basic Concepts | p. 2 |
| Measurement and Measurement Scales | p. 5 |
| Sampling and Statistical Inference | p. 7 |
| The Scientific Method and the Design of Experiments | p. 13 |
| Computers and Biostatistical Analysis | p. 15 |
| Summary | p. 16 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 17 |
| ... MORE | p. 18 |
| Descriptive Statistics | p. 19 |
| Introduction | p. 20 |
| The Ordered Array | p. 20 |
| Grouped Data: The Frequency Distribution | p. 22 |
| Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency | p. 38 |
| Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Dispersion | p. 43 |
| Summary | p. 54 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 56 |
| References | p. 63 |
| Some Basic Probability Concepts | p. 65 |
| Introduction | p. 66 |
| Two Views of Probability: Objective and Subjective | p. 66 |
| Elementary Properties of Probability | p. 68 |
| Calculating the Probability of an Event | p. 69 |
| Bayes' Theorem, Screening Tests, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value Positive and Negative | p. 79 |
| Summary | p. 84 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 86 |
| References | p. 91 |
| Probability Distributions | p. 93 |
| Introduction | p. 94 |
| Probability Distributions of Discrete Variables | p. 94 |
| The Binomial Distribution | p. 100 |
| The Poisson Distribution | p. 109 |
| Continuous Probability Distributions | p. 114 |
| The Normal Distribution | p. 117 |
| Normal Distribution Applications | p. 123 |
| Summary | p. 129 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 131 |
| References | p. 134 |
| Some Important Sampling Distributions | p. 135 |
| Introduction | p. 136 |
| Sampling Distributions | p. 136 |
| Distribution of the Sample Mean | p. 137 |
| Distribution of the Difference Between Two Sample Means | p. 146 |
| Distribution of the Sample Proportion | p. 151 |
| Distribution of the Difference Between Two Sample Proportions | p. 155 |
| Summary | p. 158 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 159 |
| References | p. 161 |
| Estimation | p. 162 |
| Introduction | p. 163 |
| Confidence Interval for a Population Mean | p. 166 |
| The t Distribution | p. 172 |
| Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Population Means | p. 178 |
| Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion | p. 185 |
| Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Population Proportions | p. 187 |
| Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Means | p. 189 |
| Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Proportions | p. 192 |
| Confidence Interval for the Variance of a Normally Distributed Population | p. 194 |
| Confidence Interval for the Ratio of the Variances of Two Normally Distributed Populations | p. 199 |
| Summary | p. 203 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 206 |
| References | p. 212 |
| Hypothesis Testing | p. 215 |
| Introduction | p. 216 |
| Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Mean | p. 223 |
| Hypothesis Testing: The Difference Between Two Population Means | p. 237 |
| Paired Comparisons | p. 250 |
| Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Proportion | p. 258 |
| Hypothesis Testing: The Difference Between Two Population Proportions | p. 262 |
| Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Variance | p. 265 |
| Hypothesis Testing: The Ratio of Two Population Variances | p. 268 |
| The Type II Error and the Power of a Test | p. 273 |
| Determining Sample Size to Control Type II Errors | p. 278 |
| Summary | p. 281 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 283 |
| References | p. 301 |
| Analysis of Variance | p. 305 |
| Introduction | p. 306 |
| The Completely Randomized Design | p. 308 |
| The Randomized Complete Block Design | p. 334 |
| The Repeated Measures Design | p. 346 |
| The Factorial Experiment | p. 353 |
| Summary | p. 368 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 371 |
| References | p. 404 |
| Simple Linear Regression and Correlation | p. 409 |
| Introduction | p. 410 |
| The Regression Model | p. 410 |
| The Sample Regression Equation | p. 413 |
| Evaluating the Regression Equation | p. 423 |
| Using the Regression Equation | p. 437 |
| The Correlation Model | p. 441 |
| The Correlation Coefficient | p. 442 |
| Some Precautions | p. 455 |
| Summary | p. 456 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 460 |
| References | p. 482 |
| Multiple Regression and Correlation | p. 485 |
| Introduction | p. 486 |
| The Multiple Linear Regression Model | p. 486 |
| Obtaining the Multiple Regression Equation | p. 488 |
| Evaluating the Multiple Regression Equation | p. 497 |
| Using the Multiple Regression Equation | p. 503 |
| The Multiple Correlation Model | p. 506 |
| Summary | p. 519 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 521 |
| References | p. 533 |
| Regression Analysis: Some Additional Techniques | p. 535 |
| Introduction | p. 536 |
| Qualitative Independent Variables | p. 539 |
| Variable Selection Procedures | p. 556 |
| Logistic Regression | p. 565 |
| Summary | p. 575 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 576 |
| References | p. 590 |
| The Chi-Square Distribution and the Analysis of Frequencies | p. 593 |
| Introduction | p. 594 |
| The Mathematical Properties of the Chi-Square Distribution | p. 594 |
| Tests of Goodness-of-Fit | p. 597 |
| Tests of Independence | p. 612 |
| Tests of Homogeneity | p. 623 |
| The Fisher Exact Test | p. 629 |
| Relative Risk, Odds Ratio, and the Mantel-Haenszel Statistic | p. 634 |
| Survival Analysis | p. 648 |
| Summary | p. 664 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 666 |
| References | p. 678 |
| Nonparametric and Distribution-Free Statistics | p. 683 |
| Introduction | p. 684 |
| Measurement Scales | p. 685 |
| The Sign Test | p. 686 |
| The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Location | p. 694 |
| The Median Test | p. 699 |
| The Mann-Whitney Test | p. 703 |
| The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test | p. 711 |
| The Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | p. 717 |
| The Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | p. 725 |
| The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient | p. 731 |
| Nonparametric Regression Analysis | p. 740 |
| Summary | p. 743 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 745 |
| References | p. 760 |
| Vital Statistics | p. 763 |
| Introduction | p. 764 |
| Death Rates and Ratios | p. 765 |
| Measures of Fertility | p. 772 |
| Measures of Morbidity | p. 776 |
| Summary | p. 777 |
| Review Questions and Exercises | p. 779 |
| References | p. 782 |
| Statistical Tables | p. A-1 |
| Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises | p. A-106 |
| Index | p. I-1 |
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