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Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor, InfoTrac 1-Semester, iLrn™ Printed Access Card)

by: Starr, Cecie

Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor, InfoTrac 1-Semester, iLrn™ Printed Access Card)

by: Starr, Cecie

ISBN 13:
9780495016540
ISBN 10:
0495016543
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 02/22/2006
Publisher: Brooks Cole

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Summary

There is nothing abstract about the Impacts, Issues essays that open each chapter in this book. The questions they raise about biology-related issues are likely to be relevant to you, your family and friends, and millions of other people around the world.

Invitation to Biology

What Am I Doing Here?

(1)

Life's Levels of Organization

(2)

From Small to Smaller

(1)

From Smaller to Vast

(2)

Overview of Life's Unity

(2)

DNA, The Basis of Inheritance

(1)

Energy, The Basis of Metabolism

(1)

Energy and Life's Organization

(1)

Life's Responsiveness to Change

(1)

If so Much Unity, Why so Many Species?

(2)

An Evolutionary View of Diversity

(1)

The Nature of Biological Inquiry

(1)

Observations, Hypotheses, and Tests

(1)

About the Word ``Theory''

(1)

The Power of Experimental Tests

(2)

An Assumption of Cause and Effect

(1)

Example of an Experimental Design

(1)

Example of a Field Experiment

(1)

Bias in Reporting Results

(1)

The Scope and Limits of Science

(4)

Unit One 'Cells'

Molecules of Life

Science or Supernatural?

(1)

Atoms and Their Interactions

(2)

Atoms and Isotopes

(1)

Electrons and Energy Levels

(2)

Bonds in Biological Molecules

(2)

Ion Formation and Ionic Bonding

(1)

Covalent Bonding

(1)

Hydrogen Bonding

(1)

Water's Life-Giving Properties

(2)

Polarity of the Water Molecule

(1)

Water's Temperature-Stabilizing Effects

(1)

Water's Solvent Properties

(1)

Water's Cohesion

(1)

Acids and Bases

(1)

The pH Scale

(1)

Salts and Water

(1)

Buffers Against Shifts in pH

(1)

Molecules of Life---from Structure to Function

(3)

What Is an Organic Compound?

(1)

It All Starts With Carbon's Bonding Behavior

(1)

Functional Groups

(1)

How Do Cells Build Organic Compounds?

(1)

The Truly Abundant Carbohydrates

(2)

The Simple Sugars

(1)

Short-Chain Carbohydrates

(1)

Complex Carbohydrates

(2)

Greasy, Fatty---Must Be Lipids

(2)

Fats and Fatty Acids

(1)

Phospholipids

(1)

Cholesterol and Other Sterols

(1)

Waxes

(1)

Proteins---Diversity in Structure and Function

(2)

What Is an Amino Acid?

(1)

Levels of Protein Structure

(2)

Why is Protein Structure so Important?

(2)

Just One Wrong Amino Acid

(1)

Proteins Undone---Denaturation

(2)

Nucleotides and the Nucleic Acids

(5)

How Cells Are Put Together

Animalcules and Cells Fill'd With Juices

(1)

What is ``A Cell''?

(1)

Most Cells are Really Small

(2)

Types of Microscopes

(1)

Why Aren't All Cells Big?

(1)

The Structure of Cell Membranes

(2)

A Closer Look at Prokaryotic Cells

(1)

A closer Look at Eukaryotic Cells

(5)

The Nucleus

(1)

The Endomembrane System

(2)

Mitochondria

(1)

Chloroplasts

(1)

Summary of Major Organelles

(2)

Where Did Organelles Come from?

(2)

Origin of the Nucleus and ER

(1)

Theory of Endosymbiosis

(1)

Evidence of Endosymbiosis

(1)

The Dynamic Cytoskeleton

(2)

Moving Along With Motor Proteins

(1)

Cilia, Flagella, and False Feet

(1)

Cell Surface Specializations

(5)

Eukaryotic Cell Walls

(1)

Matrixes Between Animal Cells

(1)

Cell Junctions

(3)

How Cells Work

Beer, Enzymes, and Your Liver

(1)

Inputs and Outputs of Energy

(2)

The One-Way Flow of Energy

(1)

ATP---The Cell's Energy Currency

(1)

Up and Down the Energy Hills

(1)

Inputs and Outputs of Substances

(1)

What Are Metabolic Pathways?

(1)

The Nature of Metabolic Reactions

(1)

How Enzymes Make Substances React

(3)

Lowering the Energy Hill

(1)

Help From Cofactors

(1)

How Is Enzyme Activity Controlled?

(1)

Effects of Temperature, pH, and Salinity

(1)

Diffusion and Metabolism

(1)

What Is a Concentration Gradient?

(1)

What Determines Diffusion Rates?

(1)

Working With and Against Diffusion

(2)

Passive Transport

(1)

Active Transport

(1)

Which Way will Water Move?

(2)

Osmosis

(1)

Effects of Tonicity

(1)

Effects of Fluid Pressure

(2)

Cell Burps and Gulps

(4)

Where It Starts---Photosynthesis

Sunlight and Survival

(1)

The Rainbow Catchers

(2)

Light and Pigments

(1)

Two Stages of Reactions

(1)

Light-Dependent Reactions

(2)

Light-Independent Reactions

(2)

The Sugar Factory

(1)

Different Plants, Different Pathways

(1)

Pastures of the Seas

(3)

How Cells Release Chemical Energy

When Mitochondria Spin Their Wheels

(1)

Overview of Energy-Releasing Pathways

(1)

Glycolysis---Glucose Breakdown Starts

(2)

Second and Third Stages of Aerobic Respiration

(2)

Acetyl-CoA Formation and the Krebs Cycle

(1)

Electron Transfer Phosphorylation

(1)

Anaerobic Energy-Releasing Pathways

(1)

Alcoholic Fermentation

(1)

Lactate Fermentation

(1)

Alternative Energy Sources in the Body

(2)

The Fate of Glucose at Mealtime and in Between Meals

(2)

Energy From Fats

(1)

Energy From Proteins

(1)

Connections with Photosynthesis

(4)

Unit Two Genetics

How Cells Reproduce

Henrietta's Immortal Cells

(1)

Overview of Cell Division Mechanisms

(1)

Mitosis and Meiosis

(1)

Key Points About Chromosome Structure

(1)

Introducing the Cell Cycle

(1)

Mitosis Maintains the Chromosome Number

(3)

Prophase: Mitosis Begins

(1)

Transition to Metaphase

(1)

From Anaphase Through Telophase

(2)

Division of the Cytoplasm

100

(1)

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

101

(3)

Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction

101

(1)

Two Divisions, Not One

102

(2)

How Meiosis Puts Variation in Traits

104

(2)

Crossing Over in Prophase I

104

(1)

Metaphase I Alignments

105

(1)

From Gametes to Offspring

106

(2)

Gamete Formation in Plants

106

(1)

Gamete Formation in Animals

106

(1)

More Shufflings at Fertilization

106

(2)

The Cell Cycle and Cancer

108

(5)

The Cell Cycle Revisited

108

(1)

Characteristics of Cancer

109

(3)

Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits

Menacing Mucus

112

(1)

Tracking Traits With Hybrid Crosses

113

(4)

Terms Used in Modern Genetics

113

(1)

Mendel's Experimental Approach

113

(1)

Mendel's Theory of Segregation

114

(2)

Mendel's Theory of Independent Assortment

116

(1)

Not-So-Straightforward Phenotypes

117

(3)

ABO Blood Types---A Case of Codominance

117

(1)

Incomplete Dominance

118

(1)

When Products of Two or More Gene Pairs Interact

118

(1)

Single Genes With a Wide Reach

119

(1)

Complex Variations In Traits

120

(3)

Regarding the Unexpected Phenotype

120

(1)

Continuous Variation in Populations

120

(1)

Environmental Effects on Phenotype

121

(2)

The Chromosomal Basis Of Inheritance

123

(2)

A Rest Stop on Our Conceptual Road

123

(1)

Karyotyping

123

(1)

Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes

123

(2)

Impact of Crossing Over On Inheritance

125

(1)

Human Genetic Analysis

126

(1)

Examples of Human Inheritance Patterns

127

(3)

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

127

(1)

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

128

(1)

X-Linked Recessive Inheritance

128

(2)

Structural Changes In Chromosomes

130

(1)

Major Categories of Structural Change

130

(1)

Does Chromosome Structure Evolve?

130

(1)

Change In The Number of Chromosomes

131

(2)

An Autosomal Change and Down Syndrome

131

(1)

Changes in the Sex Chromosome Number

132

(1)

Some Prospects In Human Genetics

133

(5)

Bioethical Questions

133

(1)

Choices Available

133

(4)

DNA Structure and Function

Here, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty

137

(1)

The Hunt for Fame, Fortune, and DNA

138

(2)

Early and Puzzling Clues

138

(1)

Confirmation of DNA Function

138

(1)

Enter Watson and Crick

139

(1)

DNA Structure and Function

140

(2)

DNA's Building Blocks

140

(1)

Fame and Glory

140

(2)

Patterns of Base Pairing

142

(1)

DNA Replication and Repair

142

(1)

How is a DNA Molecule Duplicated?

142

(1)

Monitoring and Fixing DNA

142

(1)

Using DNA To Clone Mammals

143

(4)

Gene Expression and Control

Ricin and Your Ribosomes

146

(1)

Making and Controlling the Cell's Proteins

147

(1)

How is RNA Transcribed from DNA?

147

(3)

Three Classes of RNA

147

(1)

The Nature of Transcription

147

(1)

Finishing Up RNA Transcripts

148

(2)

Deciphering mRNA

150

(2)

From mRNA To Protein

152

(2)

Mutated Genes and Their Protein Products

154

(2)

Common Mutations

154

(1)

How Do Mutations Arise?

154

(1)

The Proof Is in the Protein

155

(1)

Controls Over Gene Expression

156

(7)

Common Controls

156

(1)

Bacterial Control of the Lactose Operon

156

(1)

Eukaryotic Gene Controls

157

(5)

Studying and Manipulating Genomes

Golden Rice or Frankenfood?

162

(1)

A Molecular Toolkit

163

(2)

The Scissors: Restriction Enzymes

163

(1)

Cloning Vectors

163

(1)

cDNA Cloning

164

(1)

Haystacks To Needles

165

(2)

Isolating Genes

165

(1)

PCR

165

(2)

DNA Sequencing

167

(1)

First Just Fingerprints, Now DNA Fingerprints

168

(1)

Tinkering With The Molecules of Life

169

(2)

Emergence of Molecular Biology

169

(1)

The Human Genome Project

169

(1)

Genomics

170

(1)

Practical Genetics

171

(2)

Designer Plants

171

(1)

Genetically Engineered Bacteria

172

(1)

Barnyard Biotech

172

(1)

Weighing the Benefits and Risks

173

(4)

Knockout Cells and Organ Factories

174

(1)

Regarding ``Frankenfood''

174

(2)

Unit Three Evolution and Diversity

Processes of Evolution

Rise of the Super Rats

176

(1)

Early Beliefs, Confounding Discoveries

177

(4)

Questions From Biogeography

177

(1)

Questions From Comparative Morphology

177

(1)

Questions About Fossils

178

(1)

Squeezing New Evidence Into Old Beliefs

178

(1)

Voyage of the Beagle

178

(1)

Old Bones and Armadillos

179

(1)

A Key Insight---Variation in Traits

179

(2)

The Nature of Adaptation

181

(1)

Salt-Tolerant Tomatoes

181

(1)

Adaptation to What?

181

(1)

Individuals Don't Evolve, Populations Do

182

(2)

Variation in Populations

182

(1)

The ``Gene Pool''

182

(1)

Stability and Change in Allele Frequencies

183

(1)

Mutations Revisited

183

(1)

When Is A Population Not Evolving?

184

(1)

Natural Selection Revisited

185

(3)

Directional Selection

185

(1)

Selection Against or in Favor of Extreme Phenotypes

186

(2)

Maintaining Variation In A Population

188

(2)

Sexual Selection

188

(1)

Sickle-Cell Anemia---Lesser of Two Evils?

189

(1)

Genetic Drift---The Chance Changes

190

(1)

Chance Events and Population Size

190

(1)

Bottlenecks and the Founder Effect

191

(1)

Genetic Drift and Inbred Populations

191

(1)

Gene Flow---Keeping Populations Alike

191

(4)

Evolutionary Patterns, Rates, and Trends

Measuring Time

194

(1)

Fossils---Evidence of Ancient Life

195

(1)

How Do Fossils Form?

195

(1)

Fossils in Sedimentary Rock Layers

196

(1)

Interpreting the Fossil Record

196

(1)

Dating Pieces Of The Puzzle

196

(3)

Radiometric Dating

196

(1)

Placing Fossils in Geologic Time

197

(2)

Evidence From Biogeography

199

(2)

An Outrageous Hypothesis

199

(1)

A Big Connection

200

(1)

More Evidence From Comparative Morphology

201

(2)

Morphological Divergence

201

(1)

Morphological Convergence

202

(1)

Evidence From Patterns Of Development

203

(1)

Evidence From DNA, RNA, and Proteins

204

(1)

Protein Comparisons

204

(1)

Nucleic Acid Comparisons

204

(1)

Molecular Clocks

205

(1)

Reproductive Isolation, Maybe New Species

205

(3)

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

206

(2)

Interpreting the Evidence: Models for Speciation

208

(3)

Geographic Isolation

208

(1)

The Inviting Archipelagos

208

(2)

Sympatric Speciation

210

(1)

Parapatric Speciation

211

(1)

Patterns of Speciation and Extinctions

211

(2)

Branching and Unbranched Evolution

211

(1)

Evolutionary Trees and Rates of Change

211

(1)

Adaptive Radiations

212

(1)

Extinctions---End of the Line

212

(1)

Organizing Information About Species

213

(6)

Naming, Identifying, and Classifying Species

213

(1)

What's in a Name? A Cladistic View

214

(4)

Early Life

Looking for Life in All the Odd Places

218

(1)

Origin of the First Living Cells

219

(5)

Conditions On the Early Earth

219

(1)

Origin of Agents of Metabolism

220

(1)

Origin of Self-Replicating Systems

220

(1)

Origin of Cell Membranes

221

(1)

The First Cells and Beyond

222

(2)

What are Existing Prokaryotes Like?

224

(4)

General Characteristics

224

(1)

Growth and Reproduction

225

(1)

Prokaryotic Classification

225

(1)

Examples of Archaean Diversity

226

(1)

Examples of Bacterial Diversity

226

(2)

Bacterial Behavior

228

(1)

The Curiously Classified Protists

228

(6)

Flagellated Protozoans and Euglenoids

228

(1)

Radiolarians and Foraminiferans

229

(1)

The Ciliates

230

(1)

Dinoflagellates

230

(1)

Apicomplexans and Malaria

230

(1)

Diatoms, Brown Algae, and Relatives

231

(1)

Red Algae

232

(1)

Green Algae

232

(2)

Amoebozoans

234

(1)

The Fabulous Fungi

234

(5)

Characteristics of Fungi

234

(1)

Fungal Diversity

234

(1)

The Club Fungi

235

(1)

Spores and More Spores

236

(1)

Fungal Symbionts

237

(1)

The Unloved Few

238

(1)

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

239

(2)

Characteristics of Viruses

239

(1)

Viral Multiplication Cycles

240

(1)

Viroids and Prions

240

(1)

Evolution and Infectious Diseases

241

(4)

Plant Evolution

Beginnings, and Endings

244

(1)

Pioneers in a New World

245

(2)

Roots, Stems, and Leaves

245

(1)

From Haploid to Diploid Dominance

245

(1)

Seeds and Pollen Grains

246

(1)

The Bryophytes---No Vascular Tissues

247

(1)

Seedless Vascular Plants

248

(3)

Club Mosses

249

(1)

Horsetails

249

(1)

Ferns

250

(1)

The Rise of Seed-Bearing Plants

251

(1)

Gymnosperms---Plants With ``Naked'' Seeds

252

(2)

Angiosperms---the Flowering Plants

254

(2)

Deforestation in the Tropics

256

(4)

Animal Evolution

Interpreting and Misinterpreting the Past

259

(1)

Overview of the Animal Kingdom

260

(2)

Animal Origins

260

(1)

A Look at Body Plans

260

(2)

Getting Along Well Without Organs

262

(1)

Sponges

262

(1)

Cnidarians

262

(1)

Flatworms---Introducing Organ Systems

263

(1)

Annelids---Segments Galore

264

(2)

The Evolutionarily Pliable Mollusks

266

(1)

Hiding Out, Or Not

266

(1)

On the Cephalopod Need for Speed

266

(1)

Amazingly Abundant Roundworms

267

(1)

Arthropods---the Most Successful Animals

268

(4)

Keys to Success

268

(1)

Spiders and Their Relatives

269

(1)

Crustaceans

269

(1)

A Look at Insect Diversity

270

(2)

The Puzzling Echinoderms

272

(1)

Evolutionary Trends Among Vertebrates

273

(2)

Early Craniates

273

(1)

The Key Innovations

274

(1)

Major Groups of Jawed Fishes

275

(1)

Early Amphibious Tetrapods

276

(2)

The Rise of Amniotes

278

(3)

The ``Reptiles''

278

(1)

Birds

279

(1)

Mammals

280

(1)

From Early Primates to Humans

281

(9)

Origins and Early Divergences

282

(1)

The First Hominids

283

(1)

Emergence of Early Humans

284

(1)

Emergence of Modern Humans

284

(2)

Where Did Modern Humans Originate?

286

(3)

Plants and Animals: Common Challenges

Too Hot To Handle

289

(1)

Levels of Structural Organization

290

(2)

From Cells to Multicelled Organisms

290

(1)

Growth Versus Development

290

(1)

Structural Organization Has a History

290

(1)

The Body's Internal Environment

291

(1)

How Do Parts Contribute to the Whole?

291

(1)

Recurring Challenges to Survival

292

(1)

Requirements for Gas Exchange

292

(1)

Requirements for Internal Transport

292

(1)

Maintaining a Solute-Water Balance

293

(1)

Requirements for Integration and Control

293

(1)

On Variations in Resources and Threats

293

(1)

Homeostasis in Animals

293

(2)

Negative Feedback

294

(1)

Positive Feedback

295

(1)

Does Homeostasis Occur In Plants?

295

(2)

Resisting Pathogens

295

(1)

Sand, Wind, and the Yellow Bush Lupine

296

(1)

About Rhythmic Leaf Folding

296

(1)

How Cells Receive and Respond to Signals

297

(4)

Unit Four How Plants Work

Plant Form and Function

Drought Versus Civilization

300

(1)

Overview of the Plant Body

301

(3)

Three Plant Tissue Systems

301

(1)

Simple Tissues

301

(1)

Complex Tissues

302

(1)

Eudicots and Monocots---Same Tissues, Different Features

303

(1)

Primary Structure of Shoots

304

(2)

Inside the Stem

304

(1)

Leaf Structure

305

(1)

How Do Stems and Leaves Form?

306

(1)

Primary Structure of Roots

306

(2)

Secondary Growth---the Woody Plants

308

(2)

Plant Nutrients and Availability In Soil

310

(2)

Properties of Soil

310

(1)

Leaching and Erosion

311

(1)

How Do Roots Absorb Water and Mineral Ions?

312

(2)

Specialized Absorptive Structures

312

(1)

How Roots Control Water Uptake

313

(1)

Water Transport Through Plants

314

(2)

Transpiration Defined

314

(1)

Cohesion---Tension Theory

314

(2)

How Do Stems and Leaves Conserve Water?

316

(1)

The Water-Conserving Cuticle

316

(1)

Controlled Water Loss at Stomata

316

(1)

How Organic Compounds Move Through Plants

317

(5)

Plant Reproduction and Development

Imperiled Sexual Partners

321

(1)

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

322

(3)

Regarding the Flowers

322

(1)

Regarding the Pollinators

323

(1)

From Spores to Zygotes

324

(1)

From Zygotes to Seeds Packaged in Fruit

325

(2)

Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants

327

(1)

Asexual Reproduction in Nature

327

(1)

Induced Propagation

327

(1)

Patterns of Early Growth and Development

328

(2)

How Do Seeds Germinate?

328

(1)

Genetic Programs, Environmental Cues

328

(2)

Cell Communication in Plant Development

330

(2)

Major Types of Plant Hormones

330

(2)

Adjusting Rates and Directions of Growth

332

(2)

Responses to Gravity

332

(1)

Responses to Light

332

(1)

Responses to Contact

333

(1)

Responses to Mechanical Stress

333

(1)

Meanwhile, Back At the Flower

334

(1)

How Do Plants Know When to Flower?

334

(1)

Life Cycles End, and Turn Again

335

(1)

Regarding the World's Most Nutritious Plant

336

(4)

Unit Five How Animals Work

Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

It's All About Potential

339

(1)

Organization and Control in Animal Bodies

340

(1)

Four Basic Types of Tissues

340

(5)

Epithelial Tissues

340

(1)

Connective Tissues

341

(2)

Muscle Tissues

343

(1)

Nervous Tissue

343

(2)

Organ Systems Made From Tissues

345

(1)

Overview of Major Organ Systems

345

(1)

Tissue and Organ Formation

345

(1)

Skin---Example Of An Organ System

346

(4)

How Animals Move

Pumping Up Muscles

349

(1)

So What Is A Skeleton?

350

(3)

Types of Skeletons

350

(1)

Evolution of Vertebrate Skeletons

350

(2)

Bone Structure and Function

352

(1)

Where Bones Meet---Skeletal Joints

352

(1)

How Do Bones And Muscles Interact?

353

(1)

How Does Skeletal Muscle Contract?

354

(2)

Sliding-Filament Model for Contraction

355

(1)

Getting Energy for Contraction

355

(1)

Properties Of Whole Muscles

356

(5)

Muscle Tension

356

(1)

A Bad Case of Tetanic Contraction

357

(1)

What Is Muscle Fatigue?

357

(1)

What Are Muscular Dystrophies?

357

(1)

Muscles, Exercise, and Aging

358

(2)

Circulation and Respiration

Up In Smoke

360

(1)

The Nature Of Blood Circulation

361

(1)

The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems of Vertebrates Evolved Together

361

(1)

Links With the Lymphatic System

362

(1)

Characteristics Of Human Blood

362

(2)

Human Cardiovascular System

364

(3)

One Big Circuit and a Special Circuit to the Lungs

364

(1)

The Heart Is a Lonely Pumper

364

(2)

How Does Cardiac Muscle Contract?

366

(1)

Structure And Function Of Blood Vessels

367

(3)

Rapid Transport in Arteries

367

(1)

Adjusting Resistance at Arterioles

367

(1)

Measuring Blood Pressure

368

(1)

From Capillaries Back to the Heart

368

(1)

Venous Pressure

369

(1)

Cardiovascular Disorders

370

(1)

Good Clot, Bad Clot

370

(1)

The Silent Killer

370

(1)

Atherosclerosis

370

(1)

Risk Factors

371

(1)

The Nature Of Respiration

371

(3)

The Basis of Gas Exchange

371

(1)

Which Factors Influence Gas Exchange?

372

(1)

Gills of Fishes and Amphibians

372

(1)

Evolution of Paired Lungs

373

(1)

Human Respiratory System

374

(2)

The System's Many Functions

374

(1)

From Airways Into the Lungs

375

(1)

Moving Air And Transporting Gases

376

(2)

The Respiratory Cycle

376

(1)

Exchanges at the Respiratory Membrane

376

(1)

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

376

(2)

Balancing Air and Blood Flow Rates

378

(1)

When The Lungs Break Down

378

(5)

Bronchitis and Emphysema

378

(1)

Smoking's Impact

379

(3)

Immunity

The Face of AIDS

382

(1)

Integrated Responses To Threats

383

(2)

Evolution of the Body's Defenses

383

(1)

Three Lines of Defense

383

(1)

Introducing the Defenders

384

(1)

Surface Barriers

385

(2)

Intact Skin

385

(1)

Linings of Tubes and Cavities

385

(1)

An Uneasy Balance

386

(1)

The Innate Immune Response

387

(2)

Tailoring Responses To Specific Antigens

389

(3)

Features of Adaptive Immunity

389

(1)

First Step---The Antigen Alert

389

(1)

Two Arms of Adaptive Immunity

390

(1)

So Where Is Antigen Intercepted?

390

(2)

Antibodies And Other Antigen Receptors

392

(2)

B Cell Weapons---The Antibodies

392

(1)

The Making of Antigen Receptors

393

(1)

Antibody-Mediated Immune Response

394

(1)

The Cell-Mediated Immune Response

395

(2)

Defenses Enhanced Or Compromised

397

(1)

Immunization

397

(1)

Allergies

397

(1)

Autoimmune Disorders

397

(1)

Deficient Immune Responses

397

(1)

Aids: Immunity Lost

398

(5)

HIV Infection---A Titanic Struggle Begins

398

(1)

How Is HIV Transmitted?

399

(1)

What About Drugs and Vaccines?

399

(3)

Digestion, Nutrition, and Excretion

Hips and Hunger

402

(1)

The Nature Of Digestive Systems

403

(1)

Incomplete and Complete Systems

403

(1)

Correlations With Feeding Behavior

403

(1)

Human Digestive System

404

(6)

Into the Mouth, Down the Tube

404

(2)

The Stomach

406

(1)

The Small Intestine

406

(1)

How Nutrients Are Absorbed

407

(1)

Controls Over Digestion

408

(1)

The Large Intestine

409

(1)

Human Nutritional Requirements

410

(3)

Carbohydrates

410

(1)

Good Fat, Bad Fat

410

(1)

Body-Building Proteins

411

(1)

Dietary Recommendation

411

(1)

Vitamins and Minerals

412

(1)

Weighty Questions, Tantalizing Answers

413

(2)

Urinary System Of Mammals

415

(1)

Shifts in Water and Solutes

415

(1)

Components of the Human Urinary System

415

(1)

How The Kidneys Make Urine

416

(3)

Nephrons---Functional Units of Kidneys

416

(1)

Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion

416

(1)

Adjusting Urine Concentration

417

(2)

When Kidneys Break Down

419

(4)

Neural Control and the Senses

In Pursuit of Ecstasy

422

(1)

Neurons---The Great Communicators

423

(3)

Neurons and Their Functional Zones

423

(1)

Resting Membrane Potential

423

(1)

The Action Potential

424

(2)

How Messages Flow From Cell To Cell

426

(2)

Chemical Synapses

426

(1)

Synaptic Integration

427

(1)

A Sampling of Signals

427

(1)

The Paths Of Information Flow

428

(2)

Blocks and Cables of Neurons

428

(1)

Reflex Arcs

429

(1)

Types Of Nervous Systems

430

(2)

Regarding the Nerve Net

430

(1)

On the Importance of Having a Head

430

(1)

Evolution of the Spinal Cord and Brain

430

(2)

The Peripheral Nervous System

432

(1)

Somatic and Autonomic Divisions

432

(1)

Subdivisions of the Autonomic System

432

(1)

The Central Nervous System

433

(3)

The Spinal Cord

433

(1)

Regions of the Brain

434

(1)

The Blood-Brain Barrier

435

(1)

Focus on the Cerebral Cortex

435

(1)

Connections With the Limbic System

435

(1)

Drugging The Brain

436

(2)

Effects of Some Psychoactive Drugs

436

(2)

Overview Of Sensory Systems

438

(1)

Somatic Sensations

439

(1)

The Special Senses

440

(9)

Senses of Smell and Taste

440

(1)

The Sense of Vision

441

(3)

The Sense of Hearing

444

(1)

The Sense of Balance

445

(3)

Endocrine Controls

Hormones in the Balance

448

(1)

Hormones And Other Signaling Molecules

449

(3)

Categories of Signaling Molecules

449

(1)

How Hormones Exert Their Effects

450

(1)

Variations in Hormone Action

450

(2)

The Hypothalamus And Pituitary Gland

452

(1)

Posterior Pituitary Secretions

452

(1)

Anterior Pituitary Secretions

452

(1)

Abnormal Pituitary Outputs

453

(1)

Thymus, Thyroid, And Parathyroid Glands

453

(2)

Feedback Control of Thyroid Secretion

453

(1)

Parathyroid Glands and Calcium

454

(1)

Adrenal Glands And Stress Responses

455

(1)

The Pancreas And Glucose Homeostasis

456

(1)

Diabetes Mellitus

457

(1)

Hormones And Reproductive Behavior

457

(5)

The Gonads

457

(1)

The Pineal Gland

458

(3)

Reproduction and Development

Mind-Boggling Births

461

(1)

Methods Of Reproduction

462

(2)

Sexual Versus Asexual Reproduction

462

(1)

Costs of Sexual Reproduction

462

(2)

Processes Of Animal Development

464

(3)

How Tissues and Organs Form

464

(2)

Embryonic Induction

466

(1)

A Theory of Pattern Formation

466

(1)

Reproductive System Of Human Males

467

(2)

A Sperm's Journey

467

(1)

Cancers of the Prostate and Testes

468

(1)

How Sperm Form

468

(1)

Reproductive System Of Human Females

469

(3)

Overview of the Menstrual Cycle

469

(1)

Cyclic Changes in the Ovary

470

(1)

Cyclic Changes in the Uterus

471

(1)

How Pregnancy Happens

472

(2)

Sexual Intercourse

472

(1)

Fertilization

472

(1)

Preventing Pregnancy

473

(1)

Seeking or Ending Pregnancy

474

(1)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

474

(2)

Consequences of Infection

474

(1)

Major Agents of STDs

475

(1)

Human Prenatal Development

476

(7)

Cleavage and Implantation

477

(1)

Extraembryonic Membranes

477

(1)

The Role of the Placenta

478

(1)

Emergence of the Vertebrate Body Plan

479

(1)

Emergence of Distinctly Human Features

480

(2)

Mother as Provider, Protector, Potential Threat

482

(1)

From Birth Onward

483

(6)

The Process of Birth

483

(1)

Nourishing the Newborn

484

(1)

Postembryonic Development

484

(1)

Why Do We Age and Die?

484

(4)

Unit Six Ecology

Population Ecology

The Human Touch

488

(1)

Characteristics Of Populations

489

(2)

Overview of the Demographics

489

(490)

Elusive Heads To Count

490

(1)

Population Size And Exponential Growth

491

(1)

From Zero to Exponential Growth

491

(1)

What Is the Biotic Potential?

492

(1)

Limits On The Growth Of Populations

492

(3)

What Are the Limiting Factors?

492

(1)

Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth

493

(1)

Density-Dependent Controls

494

(1)

Density-Independent Factors

494

(1)

Life History Patterns

495

(3)

Life Tables

495

(1)

Patterns of Survival and Reproduction

495

(1)

Evolution of Life History Traits

496

(2)

Human Population Growth

498

(6)

Why Have Human Populations Soared?

498

(1)

Fertility Rates and Family Planning

499

(1)

Economics and Population Growth

500

(1)

Environmental Impacts of Populations

501

(2)

Community Structure and Biodiversity

Fire Ants in the Pants

503

(1)

Which Factors Shape Community Structure?

504

(1)

The Niche

504

(1)

Categories of Species Interactions

504

(1)

Mutually Beneficial Interactions

505

(1)

Competitive Interactions

506

(2)

Competitive Exclusion

506

(1)

Coexisting Competitors

507

(1)

Predator-Prey Interactions

508

(3)

Models for Predator-Prey Interactions

508

(1)

The Canadian Lynx and Snowshoe Hare

508

(1)

An Evolutionary Arms Race

509

(2)

Parasites And Parasitoids

511

(2)

Biological Control Agents

512

(1)

Changes In Community Structure Over Time

513

(2)

Ecological Succession

513

(1)

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

513

(1)

Species Interactions in Succession

514

(1)

Forces Contributing To Community Instability

515

(3)

The Role of Keystone Species

515

(1)

How Species Introductions Tip the Balance

516

(2)

Patterns Of Species Diversity

518

(1)

Mainland and Marine Patterns

518

(1)

Island Patterns

518

(1)

Conservation Biology

519

(8)

About the Newly Endangered Species

520

(1)

The Major Threats

520

(1)

Emergence of Conservation Biology

521

(5)

Ecosystems

Bye-Bye Bayou

526

(1)

The Nature Of Ecosystems

527

(3)

Overview of the Participants

527

(1)

Trophic Interactions

528

(1)

Food Webs

528

(2)

Biological Magnification In Food Webs

530

(1)

Studying Energy Flow Through Ecosystems

531

(1)

Ecological Pyramids

531

(1)

Primary Productivity

531

(1)

Global Cycling Of Water And Nutrients

532

(2)

Hydrologic Cycle

532

(1)

The Water Crisis

533

(1)

Carbon Cycle

534

(2)

Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming

536

(2)

Greenhouse Effect

536

(1)

Global Warming and Climate Change

536

(2)

Nitrogen Cycle

538

(2)

Human Impact on the Nitrogen Cycle

539

(1)

Phosphorus Cycle

540

(4)

The Biosphere

Surfers, Seals, and the Sea

543

(1)

Air Circulation And Climates

544

(4)

Global Air Circulation Patterns

544

(1)

A Fence of Wind and Ozone Thinning

545

(1)

No Wind, Lots of Pollutants, and Smog

546

(1)

Winds and Acid Rain

546

(1)

Harnessing Solar and Wind Energy

547

(1)

The Ocean, Landforms, And Climates

548

(2)

Ocean Currents and Their Effects

548

(1)

Rain Shadows and Monsoons

549

(1)

Realms Of Biodiversity

550

(7)

Deserts, Natural and Man-Made

552

(1)

Dry Shrublands, Dry Woodlands, and Grasslands

552

(2)

Broadleaf Forests

554

(1)

Coniferous Forests

554

(2)

Arctic and Alpine Tundra

556

(1)

The Water Provinces

557

(5)

Lake Ecosystems

557

(1)

Estuaries and Mangrove Wetlands

558

(1)

Rocky and Sandy Coastlines

559

(1)

Coral Reefs

559

(1)

The Open Ocean

560

(1)

Hydrothermal Vents

560

(1)

Upwelling Along Coasts

561

(1)

Applying Knowledge Of The Biosphere

562

(5)

Behavioral Ecology

My Pheromones Made Me Do It

566

(1)

So Where Does Behavior Start?

567

(5)

Genes and Behavior

567

(1)

Hormones and Behavior

567

(1)

Regarding Instinct and Learning

568

(2)

The Adaptive Value of Behavior

570

(2)

Communication Signals

572

(2)

The Nature of Communication Signals

572

(1)

Examples of Communication Displays

572

(1)

Illegitimate Signalers and Receivers

573

(1)

Mates, Offspring, And Reproductive Success

574

(2)

Sexual Selection and Mating Behavior

574

(1)

Parental Care

575

(1)

Costs And Benefits Of Social Groups

576

(2)

Cooperative Predator Avoidance

576

(1)

The Selfish Herd

576

(1)

Cooperative Hunting

576

(1)

Dominance Hierarchies

577

(1)

Regarding the Costs

577

(1)

Why Sacrifice Yourself?

578

(2)

Social Insects

578

(1)

Social Mole-Rats

578

(1)

Indirect Selection Theory

579

(1)

A Look At Primate Social Behavior

580

(1)

Human Social Behavior

581

(1)

Human Pheromones

581

(1)

Hormones and Bonding Behavior

581

(1)

Evolutionary Questions

581

Epilogue Biological Principles and the Human Imperative

Appendix I Answers to Self-Quizzes

Appendix II Answers to Genetics Problems

Appendix III Annotations to A Journal Article

Appendix IV A Plain English Map of the Human Chromosomes

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Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor, InfoTrac 1-Semester, iLrn™ Printed Access Card)

Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor, InfoTrac 1-Semester, iLrn™ Printed Access Card)

9780495016540

0495016543

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor, InfoTrac 1-Semester, iLrn™ Printed Access Card)

Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology (with CengageNOW, Personal Tutor, InfoTrac 1-Semester, iLrn™ Printed Access Card)

9780495016540

0495016543

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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