The cursory treatment of bias as a topic of serious consideration has resulted in a lack of easily accessible reference material. Bias and Causation organizes and clarifies the diverse and somewhat overlapping types of biases within a coherent framework. It provides a comprehensive discussion of the sources of bias in comparative studies (both randomized and observational) and how to address them, emphasizes systematic errors (i.e. bias) that affect proper interpretation of results, and draws concrete examples from biomedical and social science literature to illustrate and explain how biases arise in everyday practice. This will be a single go-to reference for scientific and legal researchers.