2. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS / Ranked Distributions / Frequency Distributions / Grouped Frequency Distributions / Apparent Limits and Real Limits: What You See Versus What is Meant / Midpoint: The Center of the Class Interval / Visual Summary: Creating a Group Frequency Distribution / Cumulative Frequency / Relative Frequency and Cumulative Relative Frequency / Cumulative Percent / On the Internet: Creating a Grouped Frequency Distribution / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems

3. GRAPHS / Basics in Constructing a Graph / Frequency Histogram / Frequency Polygon / Relative Frequency Polygon / Cumulative Frequency Polygon / Cumulative Relative Frequency Polygon / Cumulative Percent Polygon / Stem and Leaf Diagrams / Changing the Shape of a Graph / Summary / Key Terms / Problems

4. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY / The Mean / The Median / The Mode / Mean, Median, or Mode: A Question of Skew / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems / Reference

5. MEASURES OF VARIABILITY / The Range / Mean Deviation / The Variance: The Mean of the Squared Deviations / Standard Deviation: The Square Root of the Variance / Computational Formulas / Calculating Variability from Grouped Frequency Distributions / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems / Reference

6. SCALED SCORES AND STANDARD SCORES: HOW TO CHANGE APPLES INTO ORANGES / Scales Scores / Adding or Subtracting a Constant: No change in Variability / Multiplying or Dividing by a Constant: A Concurrent Change in Mean and Standard Deviation / Standard Scores (z Scores) / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems

7. THE NORMAL CURVE / Characteristics of the Normal Curve / Finding Proportions and Percentages / Finding Percentiles / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems

8. CORRELATION / The Nature of Correlation / Types of Correlation: How Are Variables Related? / Degree of Correlation: How Strongly Are Variables Related? / The Correlation Coefficient / The Covariance / Computing the Correlation Coefficient / Computational Formulas for the Covariance and Correlation Coefficient / The Significance of the Correlation Coefficient / Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient: What do the Numbers Mean? / Using Table R / The Coefficient of Determination / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems / References

9. REGRESSION / Making Predictions via Linear Regression / The Regression Line: Faster Predictions / The Standard Error of the EstimateSummary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems

10. PROBABILITY THEORY AND SAMPLING / Probability Theory / Sampling / The Standard Error of the Estimate / The Central Limit Theorem / The z Test / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems

11. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN / Developing a Hypothesis / Identifying Variables / Factors in Experimental Design / Important Aspects of Experimental Design / Statistical Significance / Power / Summary / Key Terms / Problems / References

12. t TESTS / z Tests (A Review) / t Tests / Single-Sample t Tests / t Tests between Two Independent Sample Means / t Tests for Correlated Samples / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems

13. ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE / Analysis of Variance: One Test is Better Than Many / Hypothesis Testing and Analysis of Variance / Conducting an Analysis of Variance / The F Test / Computational Formula for F / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems / Reference

14. TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE / Main Effects / Interaction / Computation of Sums of Squares for Two-Way Analysis of Variance / Computation of Degrees of Freedom for Two-Way Analysis of Variance / Computation of the Mean Squares for Two-Way Analysis of Variance / Computation of the F Ratios for Two-Way Analysis of Variance / Significance of the Main Effects / Significance of the Interaction / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems / Reference

15. CHI-SQUARE AND OTHER NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS / Chi-Square / The Mann-Whitney U Test / The Wilcoxen T Test / The Kruskal-Wallis Test / Summary / Key Terms / Formulas / Problems / References /

APPENDIX A: Tables

APPENDIX B: Solutions to Odd-Numbered Problems