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| Preface | p. xi |
| Assessment for Developing Programs and Interventions: The Big Picture | p. 1 |
| Why Conduct a Needs Assessment? | p. 2 |
| To Develop a Sense of Connection and Ownership of the Program among the Target Population | p. 2 |
| To Provide Information Needed to Seek Resources or Funding | p. 3 |
| To Identify Barriers and Limitations of a Program You Want to Implement | p. 3 |
| To Collect Baseline Dat... MORE | p. 4 |
| To Identify Programming Goals and Objectives | p. 4 |
| To Achieve the Goals of Our Profession | p. 4 |
| Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health | p. 9 |
| Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnership | p. 10 |
| Protocol for Assessing Community Excellence in Environmental Health | p. 10 |
| Precede-Proceed | p. 11 |
| Organizing Your Needs Assessment | p. 14 |
| Coalitions and Partnerships | p. 14 |
| Coalition Example | p. 17 |
| Budgets | p. 19 |
| Timelines | p. 20 |
| Summary | p. 23 |
| Paint a Picture of Your Target Population: Assessing Assets and Problems | p. 27 |
| Getting Started | p. 28 |
| Quality of Life and Health Status Assessment | p. 29 |
| Epidemiological Assessment | p. 34 |
| Selecting Health Priorities | p. 37 |
| Determining the Sources of Priority Health Problems | p. 40 |
| Selecting Behavioral and Environmental Priorities | p. 46 |
| Identifying the Contributors to Priority Behavioral and Environmental Factors | p. 50 |
| Administrative and Policy Assessment | p. 52 |
| Resource Assessment | p. 53 |
| Implementation Assessment | p. 54 |
| Policy Assessment | p. 54 |
| The Big Picture | p. 55 |
| When Needs Assessment Resources Are Tight | p. 56 |
| Some General Reminders | p. 57 |
| Summary | p. 58 |
| Data Collection Strategies for Needs Assessments and Evaluations | p. 63 |
| Deciding on Data Collection Strategies | p. 66 |
| Resources | p. 66 |
| People Characteristics | p. 67 |
| Strategies for Secondary Data Collection | p. 68 |
| Vital Statistics | p. 69 |
| Notifiable Diseases | p. 73 |
| Strategies for Primary Data Collection | p. 75 |
| Observations | p. 75 |
| Windshield Tours | p. 81 |
| Photo Voice or Photo Novella | p. 82 |
| Interviews | p. 83 |
| Individual Interviews | p. 85 |
| Group Interviews | p. 89 |
| Special Considerations for Interview Techniques | p. 91 |
| Written Surveys and Questionnaires | p. 91 |
| Special Considerations When Using Surveys and Questionnaires | p. 91 |
| Techniques for Coming to a Group Consensus | p. 95 |
| Document Review | p. 96 |
| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | p. 96 |
| Data Collection: The Big Picture | p. 97 |
| Whom to Include in Your Primary Data Collection: Sampling | p. 98 |
| Probability Sampling | p. 99 |
| Nonprobability Sampling | p. 100 |
| Human Subjects Protection and Institutional Review Boards | p. 101 |
| Summary | p. 102 |
| Program Planning: The Big Picture | p. 107 |
| Program Planning Steps | p. 108 |
| Review the Needs Assessment | p. 108 |
| Convene an Advisory Panel or Planning Committee | p. 109 |
| Assess and Establish a Budget for Program Planning | p. 110 |
| Write and Review a Mission Statement | p. 111 |
| Write and Review Program Goals and Program Objectives | p. 111 |
| Select a Theory or Theories on Which to Base Your Program | p. 111 |
| Review Other Programs to Generate Program Strategy Alternatives | p. 112 |
| Assess and Establish the Budget for Program Implementation | p. 113 |
| Estimate Time | p. 116 |
| Select Strategies and Activities | p. 116 |
| Plan Evaluation | p. 117 |
| Determine and Establish Cooperative Agreements and Linkages with Other Appropriate Community Agencies | p. 118 |
| Write Component-Specific Behavior and Learning Objectives | p. 118 |
| Pilot-Test the Intervention | p. 119 |
| Implement the Program | p. 119 |
| Logic Models | p. 121 |
| Summary | p. 124 |
| Social Marketing, Program Planning, and Implementation | p. 127 |
| Consumer Orientation | p. 128 |
| Audience (Market) Segmentation | p. 128 |
| Exchange | p. 129 |
| Marketing Mix | p. 129 |
| Product | p. 129 |
| Price | p. 131 |
| Place | p. 131 |
| Promotion | p. 132 |
| Positioning Strategy | p. 133 |
| Continuous Monitoring | p. 134 |
| VERBÖ: Another Example | p. 135 |
| Summary | p. 139 |
| The Importance and Use of Theories in Health Education and Health Promotion | p. 143 |
| What Are Theories? | p. 143 |
| Why Use Theories and Models? | p. 144 |
| How to Choose a Theory | p. 144 |
| Intrapersonal Theories | p. 147 |
| Stages of Change | p. 147 |
| Health Belief Model | p. 148 |
| Interpersonal Theories | p. 149 |
| Social Cognitive Theory | p. 149 |
| Stage Theory of Organization Change | p. 151 |
| Community Organization Theories | p. 152 |
| Other Theories | p. 152 |
| Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) | p. 152 |
| Summary | p. 153 |
| Further Reading | p. 153 |
| Identifying and Writing Mission Statements, Goals, and Objectives | p. 157 |
| What Is a Mission Statement? | p. 158 |
| Program Philosophy as the Foundation of the Mission Statement | p. 159 |
| Developing a Mission Statement | p. 160 |
| Program Goals | p. 162 |
| Healthy People Goals | p. 163 |
| Professional Philosophies and Goals of Health Education | p. 166 |
| Objectives | p. 167 |
| Types of Objectives | p. 167 |
| Levels of Objectives | p. 168 |
| Developing an Objective | p. 169 |
| Summary | p. 174 |
| Identifying Strategies and Activities | p. 177 |
| Interventions, Methods, and Strategies | p. 179 |
| General Intervention Considerations | p. 180 |
| Tailoring the Intervention | p. 180 |
| Cultural Appropriateness | p. 181 |
| Multiple Intelligences | p. 181 |
| Methods for Creating Change | p. 182 |
| Methods to Increase Knowledge | p. 182 |
| Methods to Change Attitudes | p. 183 |
| Methods to Change Social Influence | p. 183 |
| Some Common Methods for Building Skills and Self-Efficacy | p. 183 |
| Sources of Strategies and Activities | p. 184 |
| Benefits of Using Existing Materials or Curricula | p. 186 |
| Tailoring Lesson Instruction | p. 186 |
| Strategies for Health Education and Health Promotion | p. 187 |
| Summary | p. 189 |
| Program Implementation | p. 193 |
| Summary | p. 203 |
| Program Evaluation: Background and Basics | p. 205 |
| Types of Evaluation | p. 207 |
| Formative Evaluation | p. 207 |
| Summative Evaluation | p. 207 |
| Process Evaluation | p. 207 |
| Impact Evaluation | p. 209 |
| Outcome Evaluation | p. 209 |
| Conducting an Evaluation | p. 209 |
| Engage Stakeholders | p. 211 |
| Describe the Program | p. 211 |
| Conceptualize the Evaluation | p. 212 |
| Design the Evaluation | p. 216 |
| Choose and Test the Instruments and Procedures | p. 217 |
| Collect Evaluation Data | p. 218 |
| Analyze and Report Data | p. 219 |
| Make Changes to Your Program Based on the Data | p. 220 |
| Evaluate Again | p. 220 |
| Evaluation Principles | p. 220 |
| Summary | p. 221 |
| Social and Health Assessment Example: Cortland Counts | p. 225 |
| Focus Group Materials Examples | p. 229 |
| Examples of Informed Consent Materials | p. 235 |
| Evaluation Structure and Design | p. 239 |
| Glossary | p. 249 |
| Index | p. 257 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |