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Anthropology: 2001/2002

by: ANGELONI E

Anthropology: 2001/2002

by: ANGELONI E

ISBN 13:
9780072433272
ISBN 10:
0072433272
Edition: 24th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 11/01/2000
Publisher: McGraw Hill College Div

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Summary

This compilation of public press sources examines anthropological perspectives; culture and communication; organization of society and culture; families; gender and status; religion and ritual; and sociocultural change.Including selections from Colin Turnbull, Laura Bohannan, Napoleon Chagnon, Richard Borshay Lee, Deborah Tannen and Douglas Raybeck, this reader includes both classic and contemporary anthropological studies.

To the Reader

Topic Guide

(2)

Selected World Wide Web Sites

(2)

UNIT 1 Anthropological Perspectives

Six selections examine the role of anthropologists in studying different cultures. The innate problems in developing productive relationships between anthropologists and exotic cultures are considered by reviewing a number of fieldwork experiences.

Overview

(2)

Doing Fieldwork Among the Yanomamo

(12)

Napoleon A. Chagnon

Although an anthropologist's first experience may involve culture shock, Napoleon Chagnon reports that the long process of participant observation may transform personal hardship and frustration into confident understanding of exotic cultural patterns.

Napoleon Chagnon's War of Discovery

(4)

Michael D'Antonio

Having devoted his life to studying one of the last, relatively intact cultures of the world, Napoleon Chagnon's brash style and opinions have become obstacles to his research. Now, toward the end of his career, he is forbidden to even visit the Yanomamo.

Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief

(5)

Richard Kurin

In transforming an anthropologist into one of their own, villagers of Punjab say, ``You never really know who a man is until you know who his grandfather and his ancestors were.'' In this way, Richard Kurin finds, selecting a village for fieldwork is a matter of mutual acceptance and mutual economic benefit.

Eating Christmas in the Kalahari

(4)

Richard Borshay Lee

Anthropologist Richard Barshay Lee gives an account of the misunderstanding and confusion that often accompany the cross-cultural experience. In this case, he violated a basic principle of the !Kung Bushmen's social relations---food sharing.

Cannibals of the Canyon

(10)

Douglas Preston

The issue of cannibalism has long been a problematic one for anthropologists. Depending on one's point of view, the evidence available is either a challenge to our objectivity or simply does not meet the standards of proof that are called for.

Battle of the Bones

(7)

Robson Bonnichsen

Alan L. Schneider

Recent archaeological findings have led to revolutionary new theories about the first Americans---and to a tug-of-war between scientists and contemporary Native Americans

UNIT 2 Culture and Communication

Four selections discuss communication as an element of culture. Ingrained social and cultural values have a tremendous effect on an individual's perception or interpretation of both verbal and nonverbal communication.

Overview

(2)

Language Training of Apes

(4)

E. S. Savage-Rumbaugh

The language training of apes presents a serious challenge to the long-held view that only humans can communicate symbolically. Language comprehension may, indeed, be an older evolutionary adaptation that is the ability to talk

Language, Appearance, and Reality: Doublespeak in 1984

(5)

William D. Lutz

When language is used to alter our perception of reality, its main function---that of communication between people and social groups---is in grave danger

Why Don't You Say What You Mean?

(4)

Deborah Tannen

As fundamental elements in human communication, directness is not necessarily logical or effective, and indirectness is not necessarily manipulative or insecure. Each has its place in the broader scheme of things, depending upon the culture and the relationship between the speakers

Shakespeare in the Bush

(7)

Laura Bohannan

It is often claimed that great literature has cross-cultural significance. In this article, Laura Bohannan describes the difficulties she encountered and the lessons she learned as she attempted to relate the story of Hamlet to the Tiv of West Africa in their own language

UNIT 3 The Organization of Society and Culture

Four selections discuss the influence of the environment and culture on the organization of the social structure of groups.

Overview

(2)

Understanding Eskimo Science

(3)

Richard Nelson

The traditional hunters' insights into the world of nature may be different, but they are as extensive and profound as those of modern science

Mystique of the Masai

(7)

Ettagale Blauer

Living in the midst of tourist traffic and straddling two nations struggling to modernize, the Masai have retained their traditional culture longer than virtually any other group of people in East Africa

Too Many Bananas, Not Enough Pineapples, and No Watermelon at All: Three Object Lessons in Living With Reciprocity

(4)

David Counts

Among the lessons to be learned regarding reciprocity is that one may not demand a gift or refuse it. Yet, even without a system of record-keeping or money being involved, there is a long-term balance of mutual benefit

Life Without Chiefs

(6)

Marvin Harris

Modern-day egalitarian bonds of hunters share their food---and their political power---as did their forebears. But when agriculture was invented, people settled down, produced surpluses, and began to accumulate private property. As control of a group's resources fell to select individuals, big men, chiefs, and, with time, presidents emerged

UNIT 4 Other Families, Other Ways

Five selections examine some of the influences on the family structure of different cultures. The strength of the family unit is affected by both economic and social pressures.

Overview

(2)

When Brothers Share a Wife

(4)

Melvyn C. Goldstein

While the custom of fraternal polyandry relegates many Tibetan women to spinsterhood, this unusual marriage form promotes personal security and economic well-being for its participants

Death Without Weeping

(5)

Nancy Scheper-Hughes

In the shantytowns of Brazil, the seeming indifference of mothers who allow some of their children to die is a survival strategy geared to circumstances in which only a few may live

Our Babies, Ourselves

(6)

Meredith F. Small

Cross-cultural research in child development shows that parents readily accept their society's prevailing ideology on how babies should be treated, usually because it makes sense in their environmental or social circumstances

Arranging a Marriage in India

105

(5)

Serena Nanda

Arranging a marriage in India is far too serious a business for the young and inexperienced. Instead, the parents make decisions on the basis of both families' social position, reputation, and ability to get along

Who Needs Love! In Japan, Many Couples Don't

110

(6)

Nicholas D. Kristof

Paradoxically, Japanese families seem to survive not because husbands and wives love each other more than do American couples, but rather because they perhaps love each other less. And as love marriages increase, with the compatibility factor becoming more important in the decision to marry, the divorce rate is rising

UNIT 5 Gender and Status

Six selections discuss some of the sex roles prescribed by the social, economic, and political forces of a culture.

Overview

114

(2)

Society and Sex Roles

116

(6)

Ernestine Friedl

Ernestine Friedl relates the extent of male domination over women to the degree to which men control the exchange of valued goods with people outside the family. As women gain increasing access to positions of power in industrial society, they may regain the equality that seems to have been prevalent among our foraging ancestors

The One-Child, Maybe-One-More Policy

122

(9)

Karin Evans

In its quest for economic development, China has attempted to put the brakes on population growth by means of an unevenly enforced one-child policy. Amid widespread acceptance of this policy by the people and claims of success by the government, however, an age-old cultural preference for boys has meant considerable suffering, abandonment, and even death for many of ``China's daughters.''

A Woman's Curse?

131

(4)

Meredith F. Small

Anthropologist Meredith Small's study of the ritual of seclusion surrounding women's menstrual cycles has some rather profound implications regarding human evolution, certain cultural practices, and women's health

Bundu Trap

135

(6)

Memuna M. Sillah

In discussing her childhood experiences in Sierra Leone, Memuna Sillah provides us with a glimpse of what it is like for a young girl to anticipate her own circumcision ceremony. In the ``Afterward,'' Asha Samad summarizes the various perspectives regarding this controversial issue

Where Fat Is a Mark of Beauty

141

(2)

Ann M. Simmons

In a rite of passage, some Nigerian girls spend months gaining weight and learning customs in a ``fattening room.'' A woman's rotundity is seen as a sign good health, prosperity, and feminine beauty

The Initiation of a Maasai Warrior

143

(7)

Tepilit Ole Saitoti

In virtually every society, certain rites and ceremonies are used to signify adulthood. This article describes the Maasai (Masai) circumcision ceremony that initiates an individual into adulthood

UNIT 6 Religion, Belief, and Ritual

Six selections examine the role of ritual, religion, and belief in a culture. The need to develop a religion is universal among societies.

Overview

148

(2)

Psychotherapy in Africa

150

(5)

Thomas Adeoye Lambo

Despite the technological advances and material benefits of modern medicine, traditional healing methods are found to cope more effectively with the psychological and social aspects of illness. When the old and the new forms of treatment are combined, the consequences are beneficial for both the individual and society

Lightning Sickness

155

(2)

Winifred L. Mitchell

In a small Peruvian village, a man receives recognition and prestige for the economic standing of his family. Since a woman's work has no cash value, she is judged on the basis of how well she keeps her family together---no matter how abusive and philandering her husband is

The Secrets of Haiti's Living Dead

157

(4)

Gino Del Guercio

In seeking scientific documentation of the existence of zombies, anthropologist Wade Davis found himself looking beyond the stereotypes and mysteries of voodoo and directly into a cohesive system of social control in rural Haiti

Body Ritual Among the Nacirema

161

(3)

Horace Miner

The ritual beliefs and taboos of the Nacirema provide us with a test case of the objectivity of ethnographic description and show us the extremes to which human behavior can go

Baseball Magic

164

(5)

George Gmelch

Professional baseball players, like Trobriand Islanders, often resort to magic in situations of chance and uncertainty. As irrational as it may seem, magic creates confidence, competence, and control in the practitioner

Holy Wars

169

(5)

Neil de Grasse Tyson

Whenever people have based predictions about the natural world on religious writings, they have been famously wrong. Even so, scientists have typically invoked God at the boundaries of knowledge where our sense of wonder is greatest.

UNIT 7 Sociocultural Change: The Impact of the West

Eight articles examine the influence that the developed world has had on primitive culture. Exposure to the industrial West often has disastrous effects on the delicate balance of a primitive society.

Overview

172

(2)

Why Can't People Feed Themselves?

174

(5)

Frances Moore Lappe

Joseph Collins

When colonial governments force the conversion of subsistence farms to cash crop plantations, peasants are driven onto marginal lands or into a large pool of cheap labor. In either case, the authors maintain, they are no longer able to feed themselves.

The Arrow of Disease

179

(8)

Jared Diamond

The most deadly weapon that colonial Europeans carried to other continents was their germs. The most intriguing question to answer here is why the flow of disease did not move in the opposite direction.

``Drought Follows the Plow,''

187

(6)

Brian Fagan

The African herders' lifestyle remained viable for thousands of years because they used effective strategies for coping with drought. Today, claims Brian Fagan, Western-style political and economic institutions have brought repeated crises and famines, marginalized millions of people, and killed thousands.

A Pacific Haze: Alcohol and Drugs in Oceania

193

(7)

Mac Marshall

The relatively benign use of psychoactive drugs, such as betel and kava in the Pacific Islands, is deeply rooted in cultural traditions and patterns of social interaction. Today, as a result of new drugs and disruptive social and economic changes introduced from the outside, a haze hangs over Oceania

Growing Up as a Fore

200

(5)

E. Richard Sorenson

In the context of a bountiful subsistence system, Fore children were taught spontaneous expression and exploratory freedom. Hidden within this receptive character, however, was an Achilles' heel, for it permitted the willing adoption of a cash-crop economy and a consequent reformulation of the identity and practices of the Fore

Coming to Terms With the Arctic

205

(10)

Lisa Mastny

In combining ancient hunting traditions with modern technology, Arctic indigenous people struggle to survive and to avoid destroying the resource base upon which their culture was built

Where Have All the Animals Gone?

215

(3)

John Carey

In many countries, impoverished local people have little choice but to turn to wildlife for food or income. When that happens, hunting can exact a terrible toll, not only on the wildlife but on the people's future

Care for a Dying Continent

218

(7)

Carol Ezzell

In Zimbabwe, in one of the worst cases in sub-Saharan Africa, the AIDS virus is prematurely killing a generation of adults. To fight the disease, counselors and researchers struggle against folk myths, social customs, and viral resourcefulness

Index

225

(3)

Test Your Knowledge Form

228

(1)

Article Rating Form

229

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Anthropology: 2001/2002

Anthropology: 2001/2002

9780072433272

0072433272

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Anthropology: 2001/2002

Anthropology: 2001/2002

9780072433272

0072433272

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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