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Ancient Lives : An Introduction to Method and Theory in Archaeology

ISBN: 9780321047908 | 0321047907
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 2/1/2000

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SummaryTable of Contents
A core text for courses in Introductory Archaeology, Method and Theory in Archaeology, and Physical Anthropology and Archaeology (as one of two texts). This wide-ranging, authoritative introduction to the most fundamental principles, methods, and theoretical approaches of archaeology is designed for the complete beginner. Using first-person experience, a conversational narrative, and unique, truly global coverage reflected in examples from all parts of the world, it paints a compelling portrait of archaeology, science, and the past. It provides students with a basic grounding in the conceptual, technical, and ethical aspects of the subject; the career opportunities it offers; and some of the spectacular, and not-so-well known, discoveries that illuminate our past.
... MORE
Prefacexv
Author's Notexxi
What Happened in Prehistory?xxii
PART I: INTRODUCING ARCHAEOLOGY
What Is Archaeology?
2(27)
How Archaeology Began
6(7)
The Discovery of Early Civilizations
7(1)
Discovery: Austen Henry Layard at Nineveh
8(1)
The Origins of Humankind
8(2)
The Origins of Scientific Archaeology
10(3)
Archaeology
13(1)
What Do Archaeologists Do?
14(2)
Doing Archaeology: A Short Guide to (Some of) the Diversity of Archaeologists
15(1)
Why Is Archaeology Important?
16(8)
Mysteries of the Past
18(1)
Doing Archaeology: Pseudoarchaeology, Or You Too Can Be an Armchair Indiana Jones!
18(1)
The Powerful Lure of the Past
19(1)
Archaeology and Human Diversity
20(2)
Archaeology as a Political Tool
22(1)
Archaeology and Economic Development
23(1)
Who Needs the Past?
24(3)
Site: Inyan Ceyaka Atonwan, Minnesota
26(1)
Summary
27(1)
Key Terms
27(1)
Guide to Further Reading
27(1)
The World Wide Web
28(1)
Culture and the Archaeological Record
29(33)
The Goals of Archaeology
31(3)
Constructing Culture History
31(1)
Reconstructing Ancient Lifeways
32(1)
Discovery: The Folsom Bison Kill Site, New Mexico
33(1)
Explaining Culture Change
33(1)
The Process of Archaeological Research
34(5)
Doing Archaeology: An Archaeologist's Ethical Responsibilities
36(1)
Research Design
36(1)
Data Acquisition
37(1)
Analysis
38(1)
Interpretation
38(1)
Publication and Curation
39(1)
Culture
39(3)
Cultural Systems
42(1)
Cultural Process
42(2)
Site: The Ain Ghazal Figurines
43(1)
The Archives of the Past: The Archaeological Record
44(2)
Context
46(5)
Doing Archaeology: Archaeological Sites
47(4)
Time and Space
51(4)
The Law of Association
51(1)
The Law of Superposition
52(3)
Preservation Conditions
55(4)
Waterlogged Sites: Ozette, Washington
56(1)
Dry Sites: Chinchorro Mummies, Northern Chile
56(1)
Cold Conditions: The Ampata Nevado Mummy, Peru
57(1)
Volcanic Ash: Ceren, San Salvador
58(1)
Summary
59(1)
Key Terms
60(1)
Guide to Further Reading
60(2)
How Old Is It?
62(29)
Cyclical and Linear Time
63(1)
Relative Chronology
64(9)
Discovery: Human Sacrifice at Teotihuacan, Mexico
65(1)
Stratigraphy and Relative Chronology
66(1)
Site: Koster, Illinois
66(1)
Artifacts and Relative Chronology
67(6)
Absolute Dating
73(16)
Historical Records, Calendars, and Objects of Known Age
74(4)
Cross-Dating
78(2)
Obsidian Hydration
80(1)
Tree-Ring Chronology
80(1)
Doing Archaeology: Principles of Tree-Ring Dating
81(2)
Radiocarbon Dating
83(1)
Doing Archaeology: Principles of Radiocarbon Dating
83(3)
Potassium-Argon Dating
86(1)
Other Dating Methods
87(1)
Doing Archaeology: Principles of Potassium-Argon Dating
87(2)
Summary
89(1)
Key Terms
90(1)
Guide to Further Reading
90(1)
How Did Cultures Change?
91(31)
Culture History
93(3)
Constructing Culture History
94(1)
Synthesis
94(1)
Discovery: Hallucinogenic Plants in the Pecos River Valley, Texas
95(1)
A Hierarchy of Archaeological Units
95(1)
Descriptive Models of Cultural Change
96(5)
Inevitable Variation
96(2)
Doing Archaeology: A Hierarchy of Archaeological Entities
98(1)
Cultural Selection
99(1)
Invention
99(1)
Diffusion
99(1)
Migration
100(1)
Analogy
101(4)
Ethnoarchaeology and Experimentation
105(2)
Ethnoarchaeology
105(1)
Experimental Archaeology
106(1)
The Scientific Method in Archaeology
107(3)
Doing Archaeology: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
109(1)
Processual Archaeology
110(5)
General Systems Theory
110(1)
Cultural Ecology
110(2)
Multilinear Cultural Evolution
112(2)
Site: Guila Naquitz Cave, Mexico
114(1)
The Archaeology of Mind
115(3)
Postprocessual Archaeology
115(1)
Cognitive-Processual Archaeology
116(2)
Summary
118(1)
Key Terms
118(1)
Guide to Further Reading
119(3)
PART II VANISHED WORLDS
Ancient Environments
122(30)
Long-and Short-Term Climatic Change
124(1)
Geoarchaeology
124(1)
Long-Term Climatic Change: The Great Ice Age
125(9)
Glacial Geology and Sea Levels
126(1)
Discovery: Akrotiri, Santorini, Greece
126(2)
Deep-Sea and Ice Cores
128(2)
The Pleistocene Framework
130(4)
Pollen Analysis
134(3)
Doing Archaeology: Pollen Analysis
135(2)
Holocene Environmental Reconstruction
137(10)
Centuries-Long Climatic Changes: The Younger Dryas and the Black Sea
138(2)
Short-Term Climatic Change: El Nino
140(3)
Tree Rings: Studying Southwestern Drought
143(2)
Doing Archaeology: Climate Variability in the Ancient Southwest
145(2)
Reconstructing Humanly Caused Environmental Change
147(2)
Site: Environmental Archaeology at Easton Down, England
148(1)
Summary
149(1)
Key Terms
150(1)
Guide to Further Reading
150(2)
PART III DISCOVERY
Finding the Past
152(32)
Finding Archaeological Sites
154(2)
Chance Discoveries
156(2)
Discovery: African-American Burial Ground, New York
156(2)
Field Survey
158(6)
Approaches to Archaeological Survey
160(1)
Doing Archaeology: Basic Types of Ground Survey
161(1)
Sampling in Archaeological Survey
162(1)
Doing Archaeology: Probability Sampling Schemes
163(1)
Remote Sensing
164(5)
Aerial Photography
164(2)
Nonphotographic Methods
166(3)
Assessing Archaeological Sites
169(7)
Recording Sites
169(2)
Maps
171(1)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
172(2)
Assessment: Surface Investigations
174(2)
Site Survey
176(1)
Subsurface Detection
176(5)
Site: Teotihuacan, Mexico
177(1)
Nonmechanical Detection
178(1)
Mechanical Detection
178(3)
Summary
181(1)
Key Terms
182(1)
Guide to Further Reading
182(2)
Digging Up the Past
184(42)
Discovery: The Dead Sea Scrolls
186(1)
Excavation Is Destruction
186(2)
Organizing Archaeological Excavations
188(2)
Multidisciplinary Research Teams
189(1)
Planning an Excavation
190(1)
Research Designs
190(3)
The Koster Site
191(2)
Types of Excavation
193(4)
Total and Selective Excavation
193(1)
Vertical and Horizontal Excavation
193(4)
How Do You Dig?
197(4)
Tools of the Trade
200(1)
Stratigraphic Observation
201(3)
Doing Archaeology: A Personal Excavation Kit
202(2)
Archaeological Recording
204(5)
Doing Archaeology: Site Records
205(4)
Analysis, Interpretation, and Publication
209(1)
Examples of Archaeological Excavation
210(7)
Small Forager Site: Koobi Fora, Northern Kenya
210(1)
Complex Open Sites, Caves and Rock Shelters: Gatecliff Rock Shelter, Nevada
211(1)
Large Occupation Mounds: Catalhoyuk, Turkey
212(1)
Forts, Earthworks, and Burial Mounds: Maiden Castle, England, and Other Sites
213(2)
Middens, Shell or Otherwise
215(1)
Underwater Archaeology: Uluburun, Turkey
215(2)
Fragile Objects
217(1)
Burials and Human Remains
217(2)
Structures and Pits
219(1)
Summary
220(3)
Key Terms
223(1)
Guide to Further Reading
223(3)
PART IV RECONSTRUCTING PAST LIVES
Artifacts of the Ancients
226(38)
Artifact Analysis
228(12)
Discovery: Celebrating Finds at Carchemish, Syria
228(1)
Classification
229(2)
Typology
231(2)
Types
233(5)
Doing Archaeology: Archaeological Types
238(1)
Quantitative Methods
239(1)
Ancient Technology
240(21)
Stone
240(6)
Doing Archaeology: Lithic Analysis
246(1)
Clay (Ceramics)
247(4)
Doing Archaeology: Ceramic Analysis
251(1)
Metals and Metallurgy
252(1)
Site: Ancient Wine at Abydos, Egypt
253(5)
Bone, Wood, Basketry, and Textiles
258(3)
Summary
261(1)
Key Terms
262(1)
Guide to Further Reading
262(2)
How Did People Live?
264(33)
Studying Subsistence
266(1)
Animal Bones (Zooarchaeology)
266(15)
Taphonomy
267(2)
Studying Animal Bones
269(1)
Comparing Bone Assemblages
270(1)
Doing Archaeology: Identifying Animal Bones
271(3)
Species Abundance and Cultural Change
274(1)
Game Animals
275(1)
Seasonal Occupation
275(3)
Domestic Animals
278(1)
Slaughtering and Butchery
278(3)
Plant Remains
281(5)
Site: Olsen-Chubbuck Bison Kill Site, Colorado
282(2)
Flotation
284(1)
Plant Phytolith Analysis
284(1)
Doing Archaeology: Flotation of Plant Remains
285(1)
Interpreting Plant Evidence (Paleoethnobotany)
286(1)
Birds, Fish, and Mollusks
286(4)
Birds
286(1)
Fish
287(1)
Mollusks
288(2)
Subsistence Data from Rock Art
290(2)
Discovery: Recording the Behistun Inscription, Iraq
291(1)
Ancient Diet
292(3)
Summary
295(1)
Key Terms
295(1)
Guide to Further Reading
295(2)
Settlement and Landscape
297(29)
Settlement Archaeology
300(2)
Discovery: Catherwood and Stephens at Copan, Honduras, 1839
300(2)
Households
302(6)
Earthquake at Kourion, Cyprus
304(1)
Excavating a Household
304(1)
Ceren, El Salvador
305(3)
Communities
308(7)
Doing Archaeology: Winter Houses at Keatley Creek, British Columbia
310(1)
Larger Communities
311(3)
Site: The Creation of the Aztec World at Teotihuacan
314(1)
Distribution of Communities
315(5)
The Savannah River Valley, Southeastern United States
316(1)
The Basin of Mexico Survey
317(1)
Geographic Information Systems at Roman Wroxeter, England
318(2)
Population
320(3)
Collapse at Copan, Honduras
320(2)
Doing Archaeology: Studying the Maya Collapse at Copan, Honduras
322(1)
Summary
323(1)
Key Terms
323(1)
Guide to Further Reading
323(3)
PART V INTERACTIONS
People of the Past
326(29)
An Individual: Otzi the Ice Man
327(2)
Social Ranking
329(5)
Doing Archaeology: DNA and Archaeology
330(4)
Gender: Men and Women
334(5)
Discovery: The Sepulcher of the Maya Lord Pacal, Palenque, Mexico
335(1)
Grinding Grain at Abu Hureyra, Syria
336(1)
The Engendered Past
337(2)
Ethnicity and Inequality
339(6)
Ideologies of Domination
339(1)
Artifacts, Social Inequality, and Resistance
340(4)
Site: War Casualties at Thebes, Egypt
344(1)
Trade and Exchange
345(8)
Types of Exchange and Trade
346(2)
Sourcing
348(1)
Doing Archaeology: Obsidian Sourcing
349(2)
A Unique Portrait of Ancient Trade: The Uluburun Ship
351(2)
Summary
353(1)
Key Terms
354(1)
Guide to Further Reading
354(1)
The Archaeology of the Intangible
355(29)
A Framework of Common Belief
356(4)
Discovery: Hiram Bingham at Machu Picchu, Peru
358(2)
Ethnographic Analogy and Rock Art
360(3)
Doing Archaeology: Copying South African Rock Paintings
361(2)
The Archaeology of Death
363(1)
Artifacts: The Importance of Context
363(5)
Site: The Shrine at Phylakopi, Greece
367(1)
Artifacts and Art Styles
368(3)
Doing Archaeology: The Ancient Maya World through Glyphs
377
Sacred Places
371(4)
Astroarchaeology and Stonehenge
375(2)
Southwestern Astronomy and Chaco Canyon
377(4)
Summary
381(1)
Key Terms
381(1)
Guide to Further Reading
381(3)
PART VI RESOURCES
So You Want to Become and Archaeologist
384(14)
Archaeology as a Profession
385(7)
Deciding to Become an Archaeologist
386(1)
Doing Archaeology: The Personal Qualities of an Archaeologist
387(1)
Gaining Fieldwork Experience
388(1)
Career Opportunities in Archaeology
388(1)
Doing Archaeology: Fieldwork Opportunities
389(2)
Academic Qualifications: Graduate School
391(1)
Thoughts on Not Becoming a Professional Archaeologist
392(2)
Our Responsibilities to the Past
394(1)
Doing Archaeology: A Simple Code of Archaeological Ethics for All
395(1)
Summary
395(1)
Guide to Further Reading
396(1)
Useful Addresses
396(2)
Glossary of Terms398(8)
Glossary of Sites and Cultures406(6)
References412(1)
Index413

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