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The American System of Criminal Justice

by: Cole, George F.; Smith, Christopher E.

The American System of Criminal Justice

by: Cole, George F.; Smith, Christopher E.

ISBN 13:
9780495006015
ISBN 10:
0495006017
Edition: 11th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/03/2006
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

This classic best-seller, commonly referred to as "The Eagle", encourages students to become better citizens and to determine what justice means in our society as well as what role individuals play in the criminal justice system. This text examines criminal justice as an interdisciplinary endeavor, sharing elements from criminology, sociology, law, history, psychology, and political science. It challenges students to balance the mechanics and system of criminal justice with the human side of the story. Cole

Preface

xvii

PART ONE Crime and the Criminal Justice System

(140)

Crime and Justice in America

(34)

The Main Themes of This Book

(1)

Crime and Justice as Public Policy Issues

(2)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Questioning the Benefits of Imprisonment

(5)

The Role of Public Opinion

(1)

Contemporary Policies

(1)

Crime and Justice in a Democracy

(1)

Crime Control versus Due Process

(2)

The Politics of Crime and Justice

(1)

Defining Crime

(2)

Types of Crime

(6)

Visible Crime

(1)

Occupational Crime

(1)

Organized Crime

(2)

Crimes without Victims

(1)

Political Crime

(1)

Cybercrime

(1)

The Crime Problem Today

(1)

Close Up: Hate Crimes: A Threatening Version of Visible Crime

(4)

The Worst of Times?

(2)

The Most Crime-Ridden Nation?

(1)

Keeping Track of Crime

(1)

Comparative Perspective Iceland: A Country with Little Crime

(7)

Trends in Crime

(3)

A Question of Ethics

(1)

Summary

(3)

Victimization and Criminal Behavior

(32)

Crime Victimization

(5)

Who Is Victimized?

(2)

Acquaintances and Strangers

(2)

Close Up: Victimization in the Family?

(6)

The Impact of Crime

(3)

The Experience of Victims within the Criminal Justice System

(2)

Close Up: Victims' Rights

(1)

The Role of Victims in Crime

(1)

Doing Your Part: Crime Victims Assistance Volunteer

(1)

Causes of Crime

(6)

Classical and Positivist Theories

(1)

Biological Explanations

(3)

Psychological Explanations

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Dealing with Sex Offenders

(8)

Sociological Explanations

(3)

Life Course Explanations

(2)

Women and Crime

(2)

Assessing Theories of Criminality

(1)

A Question of Ethics

(1)

Summary

(3)

The Criminal Justice System

(34)

The Goals of Criminal Justice

(1)

Doing Justice

(1)

Controlling Crime

(1)

Preventing Crime

(1)

Criminal Justice in a Federal System

(4)

Two Justice Systems

(1)

Expansion of Federal Involvement

(3)

Criminal Justice as a System

(3)

The System Perspective

(1)

Characteristics of the Criminal Justice System

(2)

Operations of Criminal Justice Agencies

(3)

Police

(1)

Courts

(1)

Corrections

(1)

The Flow of Decision Making in the Criminal Justice System

(6)

Steps in the Decision-Making Process

(3)

The Criminal Justice Wedding Cake

(2)

The Criminal Justice Process: The State of Michigan Versus Christopher Jones

(4)

Crime and Justice in a Multicultural Society

(5)

Disparity and Discrimination

(1)

Explanations for Disparities

(4)

Close Up: Racial Profiling

(2)

A Question of Ethics

100

(1)

Summary

100

(2)

Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law

102

(39)

Foundations of Criminal Law

105

(6)

Substantive Law and Procedural Law

105

(1)

Sources of Criminal Law

106

(2)

Felony and Misdemeanor

108

(1)

Criminal versus Civil Law

109

(2)

Substantive Criminal Law

111

(5)

Seven Principles of Criminal Law

111

(3)

Elements of a Crime

114

(1)

Statutory Definitions of Crimes

114

(2)

Comparative Perspective: Islamic Criminal Law

116

(10)

Responsibility for Criminal Acts

119

(7)

Close Up: The Insanity Defense and Its Aftermath

126

(2)

Procedural Criminal Law

128

(8)

The Bill of Rights

129

(1)

The Fourteenth Amendment and Due Process

130

(1)

The Due Process Revolution

130

(1)

The Fourth Amendment: Protection against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures

131

(1)

The Fifth Amendment: Protection against Self-Incrimination and Double Jeopardy

132

(1)

The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel and a Fair Trial

133

(2)

The Eighth Amendment: Protection against Excessive Bail, Excessive Fines, and Cruel and Unusual Punishments

135

(1)

The Supreme Court Today

136

(2)

A Question of Ethics

138

(1)

Summary

138

(3)

PART TWO Police

141

(146)

Police

142

(38)

The Development of Police in the United States

145

(8)

The English Roots of the American Police

145

(1)

Policing in the United States

146

(7)

Law Enforcement Agencies

153

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Federal Law Enforcement and the War on Terrorism

154

(5)

Federal Agencies

154

(3)

State Agencies

157

(1)

County Agencies

158

(1)

Native American Tribal Police

158

(1)

Municipal Agencies

158

(1)

Comparative Perspective: Organization of the Police in France

159

(1)

Police Functions

160

(3)

Order Maintenance

161

(1)

Law Enforcement

162

(1)

Service

162

(1)

Implementing the Mandate

163

(1)

Organization of the Police

163

(3)

Bureaucratic Elements

164

(1)

Operational Units

164

(2)

The Police Bureaucracy and the Criminal Justice System

166

(1)

Police Policy

166

(2)

Police Actions

168

(4)

Encounters between Police and Citizens

168

(1)

Police Discretion

169

(1)

Domestic Violence

170

(2)

Close Up: Battered Women, Reluctant Police

172

(1)

Police and the Community

172

(3)

Special Populations

173

(1)

Policing in a Multicultural Society

173

(2)

Close Up: Living under Suspicion

175

(2)

Community Crime Prevention

176

(1)

Doing Your Part: Community Policing Volunteer

177

(1)

A Question of Ethics

177

(1)

Summary

178

(2)

Police Officers and Law Enforcement Operations

180

(38)

Who Are the Police?

182

(5)

Recruitment

182

(1)

The Changing Profile of the Police

183

(3)

Training

186

(1)

The Police Subculture

187

(4)

The Working Personality

188

(1)

Police Morality

189

(1)

Police Isolation

189

(1)

Job Stress

190

(1)

Police Response and Action

191

(3)

Organizational Response

192

(2)

Close Up: Holding the 911 Line

194

(2)

Productivity

194

(2)

Delivery of Police Services

196

(9)

Patrol Functions

196

(3)

Investigation

199

(4)

Special Operations

203

(2)

Issues in Patrolling

205

(6)

Assignment of Patrol Personnel

205

(5)

Community Policing

210

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Aggressive Patrol and Effective Policing

211

(3)

The Future of Patrol

213

(1)

Comparative Perspective: Patrol in Japan

214

(1)

A Question of Ethics

215

(1)

Summary

215

(3)

Policing: Contemporary Issues and Challenges

218

(38)

Police Abuse of Power

221

(6)

Use of Force

221

(3)

Corruption

224

(3)

Close Up: Police and Outside Compensation

227

(1)

Civic Accountability

228

(4)

Internal Affairs Units

228

(2)

Civilian Review Boards

230

(1)

Standards and Accreditation

230

(1)

Civil Liability Suits

231

(1)

Policing and New Technology

232

(8)

Investigative Tools

233

(5)

Weapons Technology

238

(2)

Homeland Security

240

(1)

Doing Your Part: Homeland Security

241

(5)

Preparing for Threats

241

(3)

New Laws and Controversies

244

(2)

Close Up: Swift Action Based on Limited Evidence

246

(1)

Security Management and Private Policing

247

(7)

Functions of Security Management and Private Policing

248

(2)

Private Employment of Public Police

250

(2)

The Public--Private Interface

252

(1)

Recruitment and Training

252

(2)

A Question of Ethics

254

(1)

Summary

254

(2)

Police and Constitutional Law

256

(31)

Legal Limitations on Police Investigations

259

(3)

Search and Seizure

259

(1)

Arrest

260

(1)

Warrants and Probable Cause

261

(1)

Plain View Doctrine

262

(2)

Open Fields Doctrine

263

(1)

Plain Feel and Other Senses

263

(1)

Warrantless Searches

264

(4)

Special Needs beyond the Normal Purposes of Law Enforcement

264

(2)

Stop and Frisk on the Streets

266

(2)

Close Up: Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)

268

(5)

Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest

268

(1)

Exigent Circumstances

269

(1)

Consent

270

(1)

Automobile Searches

270

(3)

Questioning Suspects

273

(2)

Miranda Rules

274

(1)

Close Up: Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)

275

(3)

The Consequences of Miranda

276

(2)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Reduction of Rights in a Time of Terrorism

278

(1)

The Exclusionary Rule

278

(5)

Application of the Exclusionary Rule to the States

279

(1)

Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule

280

(3)

A Question of Ethics

283

(1)

Summary

284

(3)

PART THREE Courts

287

(130)

Courts and Pretrial Processes

288

(28)

The Structure of American Courts

291

(2)

Effective Management of the State Courts

293

(1)

Doing Your Part: Court-Appointed Special Advocates

294

(1)

To Be a Judge

294

(4)

Who Becomes a Judge?

294

(2)

Functions of the Judge

296

(1)

How to Become a Judge

297

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Problem-Solving Courts

298

(1)

Close Up: The Image of Justice

299

(2)

From Arrest to Trial or Plea

301

(3)

Bail: Pretrial Release

304

(7)

The Reality of the Bail System

305

(1)

Bail Bondsmen

306

(1)

Setting Bail

307

(1)

Reforming the Bail System

308

(3)

Close Up: Preventive Detention: Two Sides of an Issue

311

(1)

Pretrial Detention

311

(1)

Comparative Perspective: Pretrial Detention in Russia

312

(1)

A Question of Ethics

313

(1)

Summary

313

(3)

Prosecution and Defense

316

(34)

The Prosecutorial System

319

(5)

Politics and Prosecution

319

(1)

The Prosecutor's Influence

320

(1)

The Prosecutor's Roles

321

(2)

Discretion of the Prosecutor

323

(1)

Comparative Perspective: Prosecution in Germany

324

(6)

Key Relationships of the Prosecutor

326

(4)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Community Prosecution

330

(5)

Decision-Making Policies

330

(5)

The Defense Attorney: Image and Reality

335

(5)

The Role of the Defense Attorney

335

(1)

Realities of the Defense Attorney's Job

336

(1)

The Environment of Criminal Practice

337

(2)

Counsel for Indigents

339

(1)

Close Up: The Public Defender: Lawyer, Social Worker, Parent

340

(5)

Private versus Public Defense

344

(1)

Close Up: Counsel for the Indigent in Four Locales

345

(2)

Attorney Competence

345

(2)

A Question of Ethics

347

(1)

Summary

348

(2)

Determination of Guilt: Plea Bargaining and Trials

350

(32)

The Courtroom: How It Functions

353

(4)

The Courtroom Workgroup

354

(2)

The Impact of Courtroom Workgroups

356

(1)

Plea Bargaining

357

(3)

Close Up: Banning Plea Bargaining in Tennessee

360

(4)

Exchange Relationships in Plea Bargaining

361

(1)

Tactics of Prosecutor and Defense

361

(1)

Pleas without Bargaining

362

(1)

Legal Issues in Plea Bargaining

362

(1)

Criticisms of Plea Bargaining

363

(1)

Trial: The Exceptional Case

364

(2)

Comparative Perspective: Comparing Trial Processes: France and the United States

366

(6)

Going to Trial

366

(3)

The Trial Process

369

(3)

Close Up The Peremptory Challenge Controversy

372

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Computer Simulations in the Courtroom

373

(3)

Evaluating the Jury System

375

(1)

Appeals

376

(3)

Habeas Corpus

377

(1)

Evaluating the Appellate Process

378

(1)

A Question of Ethics

379

(1)

Summary

379

(3)

Punishment and Sentencing

382

(35)

The Goals of Punishment

384

(5)

Retribution---Deserved Punishment

385

(1)

Deterrence

385

(1)

Incapacitation

386

(1)

Rehabilitation

387

(1)

New Approaches to Punishment

388

(1)

Close Up Restorative Justice in Vermont

389

(1)

Forms of the Criminal Sanction

389

(2)

Incarceration

390

(1)

Comparative Perspective: Corporal Punishment in Singapore

391

(14)

Intermediate Sanctions

396

(1)

Probation

396

(1)

Death

396

(9)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished?

405

(1)

The Sentencing Process

405

(4)

The Administrative Context of the Courts

406

(2)

Attitudes and Values of Judges

408

(1)

Presentence Report

408

(1)

Close Up Sample Presentence Report

409

(3)

Sentencing Guidelines

409

(2)

Who Gets the Harshest Punishment?

411

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Wrongful Convictions

412

(1)

A Question of Ethics

413

(1)

Summary

414

(3)

PART FOUR Corrections

417

(124)

Corrections

418

(38)

Development of Corrections

420

(10)

Invention of the Penitentiary

420

(2)

Reform in the United States

422

(4)

Reformatory Movement

426

(1)

Improving Prison Conditions for Women

427

(1)

Rehabilitation Model

428

(1)

Community Model

428

(1)

Crime Control Model

429

(1)

Organization of Corrections in the United States

430

(5)

Federal Correctional System

430

(1)

State Correctional Systems

431

(2)

Private Prisons

433

(2)

Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration

435

(3)

Origins and Evolution

435

(1)

The Contemporary Jail

436

(1)

Who Is in Jail?

437

(1)

Managing Jails

437

(1)

The Law of Corrections

438

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Direct Supervision Jails

439

(6)

Constitutional Rights of Prisoners

439

(4)

Law and Community Corrections

443

(1)

Law and Correctional Personnel

444

(1)

Correctional Policy Trends

445

(3)

Community Corrections

446

(1)

Incarceration

447

(1)

Comparative Perspective: Behind Bars in North America and Europe

448

(3)

Close Up Prison Crowding Defies Easy Fixes

451

(2)

A Question of Ethics

453

(1)

Summary

453

(3)

Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions

456

(22)

Community Corrections: Assumptions

458

(1)

Probation: Correction Without Incarceration

458

(6)

Origins and Evolution of Probation

459

(1)

Organization of Probation

460

(1)

Probation Services

461

(1)

Revocation and Termination of Probation

462

(1)

Assessing Probation

463

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions in the Community

464

(3)

Intermediate Sanctions Administered Primarily by the Judiciary

465

(2)

Comparative Perspective: Day Fines in Germany: Could the Concept Work in the United States?

467

(2)

Intermediate Sanctions Administered in the Community

467

(2)

Close Up Long Arm of the Law Has Man by the Ankle

469

(4)

Intermediate Sanctions Administered in Institutions and the Community

471

(2)

Close Up After Boot Camp, a Harder Discipline

473

(1)

Implementing Intermediate Sanctions

473

(1)

The Future of Community Corrections

474

(1)

A Question of Ethics

475

(1)

Summary

475

(3)

Incarceration and Prison Society

478

(40)

Close Up One Man's Walk through Atlanta's Jungle

480

(1)

The Modern Prison: Legacy of the Past

481

(1)

Goals of Incarceration

482

(1)

Prison Organization

483

(1)

Governing a Society of Captives

484

(3)

The Defects of Total Power

485

(1)

Rewards and Punishments

486

(1)

Gaining Cooperation: Exchange Relationships

486

(1)

Inmate Leadership

486

(1)

The Challenge of Governing Prisons

487

(1)

Correctional Officers: The Linchpin of Management

487

(1)

The Officer's Role

487

(1)

Close Up A Model Prison

488

(3)

Recruitment of Officers

489

(1)

Use of Force

490

(1)

Who is in Prison?

491

(2)

Elderly Prisoners

492

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Release of the Elderly

493

(2)

Prisoners with HIV/AIDS

493

(1)

Mentally Ill Prisoners

494

(1)

Long-Term Prisoners

494

(1)

The Convict World

495

(2)

Adaptive Roles

496

(1)

Close Up Survival Tips for Beginners

497

(2)

The Prison Economy

498

(1)

Women in Prison

499

(6)

The Subculture of Women's Prisons

500

(2)

Male versus Female Subcultures

502

(1)

Issues in the Incarceration of Women

502

(3)

Prison Programs

505

(2)

Classification of Prisoners

505

(1)

Educational Programs

506

(1)

Vocational Education

506

(1)

Prison Industries

507

(1)

Doing Your Part: Mentor to Prisoners

507

(2)

Rehabilitative Programs

508

(1)

Medical Services

508

(1)

Violence in Prison

509

(1)

Assaultive Behavior and Inmate Characteristics

509

(1)

Close Up On Prison Rape

510

(4)

Prisoner--Prisoner Violence

511

(1)

Prisoner-Officer Violence

512

(1)

Officer-Prisoner Violence

512

(1)

Decreasing Prison Violence

513

(1)

A Question of Ethics

514

(1)

Summary

514

(4)

Reentry into the Community

518

(23)

Prisoner Reentry

520

(1)

Release and Supervision

521

(1)

The Origins of Parole

521

(1)

The Development of Parole in the United States

522

(1)

Release Mechanisms

522

(1)

Comparative Perspective; Parole Release in Japan

523

(1)

Discretionary Release

523

(1)

Close Up A Roomful of Strangers

524

(3)

Mandatory Release

524

(1)

Other Conditional Release

525

(1)

Expiration Release

525

(1)

Impact of Release Mechanisms

525

(2)

Parole Supervision in the Community

527

(2)

Community Programs following Release

528

(1)

Close Up Returning to America

529

(5)

Parole Officer: Cop or Social Worker?

530

(1)

The Parole Bureaucracy

531

(1)

Adjustments to Life outside Prison

532

(1)

Revocation of Parole

533

(1)

The Reentry Problem

533

(1)

The Future of Prisoner Reentry

534

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Reentry Courts

535

(1)

Civil Disabilities of Ex-Felons

535

(1)

Pardon

536

(1)

A Question of Ethics

537

(1)

Summary

537

(4)

PART FIVE The Juvenile Justice System

541

(30)

Juvenile Justice

542

(29)

Youth Crime in the United States

544

(2)

The Development of Juvenile Justice

546

(1)

New Directions in Criminal Justice Policy: Operation Ceasefire

547

(5)

The Puritan Period (1646--1824)

548

(1)

The Refuge Period (1824--1899)

548

(1)

The Juvenile Court Period (1899--1960)

549

(1)

The Juvenile Rights Period (1960--1980)

550

(1)

The Crime Control Period (1980--Present)

551

(1)

Comparative Perspective: The Hidden Juvenile Justice System in Norway

552

(1)

The Juvenile Justice System

553

(2)

Age of Clients

553

(1)

Categories of Cases under Juvenile Court Jurisdiction

553

(2)

The Juvenile Justice Process

555

(7)

Police Interface

556

(2)

Intake Screening at the Court

558

(1)

Pretrial Procedures

558

(1)

Transfer to Adult Court

558

(1)

Adjudication

559

(1)

Disposition

560

(1)

Corrections

561

(1)

Doing Your Part: Teen Court

562

(3)

Problems and Perspectives

565

(1)

Close Up Fernando, 16, Finds a Sanctuary in Crime

566

(1)

A Question of Ethics

567

(1)

Summary

568

(3)

Appendix A Constitution of the United States: Criminal Justice Amendments

571

(1)

Appendix B Understanding and Using Criminal Justice Data

572

(7)

Glossary

579

(8)

References

587

(18)

Name Index

605

(10)

Subject Index

615

(12)

Photo Credits

627

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The American System of Criminal Justice

The American System of Criminal Justice

9780495006015

0495006017

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The American System of Criminal Justice

The American System of Criminal Justice

9780495006015

0495006017

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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