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Worlds of History; A Comparative Reader, Volume One: To 1550

by: Kevin Reilly

Worlds of History; A Comparative Reader, Volume One: To 1550

by: Kevin Reilly

ISBN 13:
9780312402013
ISBN 10:
0312402015
Edition: 2nd
Format: Trade Paper
Copyright: 02/23/2004
Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's
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Preface

iii

Introduction

vii

1. Prehistory and the Origins of Patriarchy

Gathering, Agricultural, and Urban Societies, 20,000-3000 B.C.E.

(28)

The agricultural revolution ten thousand years ago and the urban revolution five thousand years ago were probably the two most important events in human history. Did they "revolutionize" the power of women or begin the age of male domination? Thinking in "stages" can be more useful than thinking in years.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Thinking about History in Stages

(1)

1. Natalie Angier, Furs for Evening, But Cloth Was the Stone Age Standby

(8)

2. Marjorie Shostak, From Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman

(6)

3. Elise Boulding, Women and the Agricultural Revolution

(5)

4. Gerda Lerner, The Urban Revolution: Origins of Patriarchy

(5)

Reflections

(3)

2. The Urban Revolution and "Civilization"

Mesopotamia and Egypt, 3500-1000 B.C.E.

(40)

The urban revolution created writing and interpretation, war and law, individuality and anonymity, money and taxes, paupers and kings. Did Mesopotamia and Egypt undergo the same development and changes? We have primary as well as secondary sources to find the answers.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

(1)

MAP 2.1 Early Civilizations: Egypt and Mesopotamia

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Distinguishing Primary and Secondary Sources

(1)

5. Kevin Reilly, Cities and Civilization

(9)

6. From The Epic of Gilgamesh

(10)

7. From Hammurabi's Code

(3)

8. Zahi Hawass, Love and Marriage in Ancient Egypt

(8)

9. The Instructions of Ptahhotep

(5)

Reflections

(2)

3. Identity in Caste and Territorial Societies

Greece and India, 1000-300 B.C.E.

(38)

Ancient Greece and India developed with different ideas of society. Does who we are depend on where we are or who we know? While finding out, we explore the relationship between facts and opinions, sources and interpretations.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Interpreting Primary Sources in Light of a Secondary Source

(1)

10. William H. McNeill, Greek and Indian Civilization

(7)

11. From the Rig-Veda: Sacrifice as Creation

(2)

12. From the Upanishads: Karma and Reincarnation

(2)

13. From the Upanishads: Brahman and Atman

(1)

14. From the Bhagavad Gita: Caste and Self

(5)

15. Aristotle, From The Athenian Constitution: Territorial Sovereignty

(3)

16. Thucydides, The Funeral Oration of Pericles

(6)

17. Plato, From The Republic

(10)

Reflections

106

(1)

4. Women in Classical Societies

India, China, and Rome, 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E.

107

(32)

Classical societies were largely patriarchal, but the experiences of women varied greatly both within and between the cultures of India, China, and Rome. Reading classic texts often reveals more than their authors imagined.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

107

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Using Classic Texts as Primary Sources

108

(1)

18. R.K. Narayan, From The Ramayana

108

(5)

19. From the Devi-Mahatmya

113

(5)

20. Ban Zhao, Lessons for Women

118

(5)

21. Roxann Prazniak, Ban Zhao and the End of Chinese Feudalism

123

(5)

22. Livy, Women Demonstrate against the Oppian Law

128

(5)

23. J.P.V.D. Balsdon, From Roman Women

133

(4)

Reflections

137

(2)

5. Empire and Officialdom: Bureaucracy, Law, and Individuality

China and Rome, 300 B.C.E.-300 C.E.

139

(34)

Two thousand years ago the Chinese Han dynasty and the Roman Empire spanned Eurasia. But they governed their vast realms according to different principles and with different personnel. What does the experience of individuals tell us about the history of empires?

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

139

(1)

MAP 5.1 The Qin and Han Empires

140

(1)

MAP 5.2 The Roman Empire, at 264 B.C.E. and 117 C.E.

141

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Relating the Individual and History

142

(1)

24. Valerie Hansen, The Creation of the Chinese Empire

143

(7)

25. Confucius, From The Analects

150

(4)

26. Sima Qian, The Annals of Qin

154

(4)

27. Nicholas Purcell, Rome: The Arts of Government

158

(3)

28. Plutarch, Cicero

161

(3)

29. Cicero, Letter on Provincial Government

164

(4)

30. Paul Veyne, The Roman Empire: Where Public Life Was Private

168

(3)

Reflections

171

(2)

6. Tribal to Universal Religion

Hindu-Buddhist and Judeo-Christian Traditions, 1000 B.C.E.-100 C.E.

173

(29)

Two religious traditions transformed themselves into universal religions at about the same time in two different parts of Asia as each became part of a more connected world. Their holy books reveal the changes as well as the desire to hold on to the tried and true.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

173

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Detecting Change in Primary Sources

174

(1)

31. Svetasvatara Upanishad

174

(4)

32. Buddhism: Gotama's Discovery

178

(4)

33. The Buddha's First Sermon

182

(2)

34. Buddhism and Caste

184

(2)

35. The Bible: History, Laws, and Psalms

186

(8)

36. The Hebrew Bible: Prophets and Apocalypse

194

(3)

37. Christianity: Jesus according to Matthew

197

(3)

Reflections

200

(2)

7. Encounters and Conversions: Monks and Merchants

Expansion of Salvation Religions, 400 B.C.E.-1000 C.E.

202

(36)

Christianity, Buddhism, and later, Islam, spread far across Eurasia often along the same routes in the first thousand years of the Common Era. To understand their success, we explore the evolution of religions in a larger context.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

202

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Studying Religion in Historic Context

203

(1)

MAP 7.1 The Silk Road

204

(1)

38. Jerry H. Bentley, The Spread of World Religions

205

(9)

39. Pliny Consults the Emperor Trajan

214

(3)

40. Eusebius, From Life of Constantine

217

(4)

41. Buddhism in China: From The Disposition of Error

221

(4)

42. Richard C. Foltz, The Islamization of the Silk Road

225

(7)

43. Richard W. Bulliet, Religious Conversion and the Spread of Innovation

232

(4)

Reflections

236

(2)

8. Medieval Civilizations

European, Islamic, and Chinese Societies, 600-1300 C.E.

238

(42)

Three great civilizations spanned Eurasia between 500 and 1500. Of the three, China and Islam were the strongest, Europe the weakest. But their differences can be best understood by looking separately at the social structure, economy, politics, and culture of each.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

238

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Distinguishing Social, Economic, Political, and Cultural Aspects

238

(1)

44. Feudalism: An Oath of Homage and Fealty

239

(3)

45. Manorialism: Duties of a Villein

242

(2)

46. From the Magna Carta

244

(5)

47. From the Koran

249

(5)

48. Sayings Ascribed to the Prophet

254

(2)

49. J.J. Saunders, Civilization of Medieval Islam

256

(10)

50. Ichisada Miyazaki, The Chinese Civil Service Exam System

266

(8)

51. Liu Tsung-yuan, Camel Kuo the Gardener

274

(2)

52. Rules for the Fan Lineage's Charitable Estate

276

(2)

Reflections

278

(2)

9. Love and Marriage

Medieval Societies and Cultures, 1000-1200 C.E.

280

(35)

Love and marriage make the world go 'round today, but not a thousand years ago. Love meant different things in Europe, India, Japan, and Africa, and we use cultural comparisons to find out more.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

280

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Analyzing Cultural Differences

281

(1)

53. Kevin Reilly, Love in Medieval Europe, India, and Japan

282

(9)

54. Jack Goody, Love, Lust, and Literacy

291

(8)

55. Andreas Capellanus, From The Art of Courtly Love

299

(6)

56. Murasaki Shikibu, From The Tale of Genji

305

(8)

Reflections

313

(2)

10. The First Crusade

Muslims, Christians, and Jews during the First Crusade, 1095-1102 C.E.

315

(34)

The First Crusade initiated a centuries-long struggle and dialogue between Christians and Muslims that would have a lasting impact on both. Wars are windows on cultures, but they also make moving narratives. Using the selections here, put together your own version of the story.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

315

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Analyzing and Writing Narrative

316

(1)

57. Fulcher of Chartres, Pope Urban at Clermont

316

(7)

58. Chronicle of Solomon bar Simson

323

(5)

59. Anna Comnena, From The Alexiad

328

(2)

MAP 10.1 Routes of the First Crusade

330

(4)

60. Fulcher of Chartres, The Siege of Antioch

334

(3)

61. Raymond of St. Giles, Count of Toulouse, The Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders

337

(4)

62. Ibn al-Athir, The Conquest of Jerusalem

341

(3)

63. Letter from a Jewish Pilgrim in Egypt

344

(2)

64. Fulcher of Chartres, The Latins in the Levant

346

(1)

Reflections

347

(2)

11. Ecology, Technology, and Science

Europe, Asia, and Africa, 500-1500 C.E.

349

(37)

The most important changes since the Middle Ages have been technological. Did these changes originate in Europe or South Asia? In comparing two interpretations, can images offer clues?

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

349

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY

Understanding and Evaluating Large-Scale Interpretations

350

(1)

65. Lynn White Jr., The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis

351

(11)

66. Lynda Norene Shaffer, Southernization

362

(14)

67. Image from a Cistercian Manuscript, Twelfth Century

376

(2)

68. Image from a French Calendar, Fifteenth Century

378

(2)

69. Fan Kuan, Image of a Chinese Landscape

380

(2)

70. Image of Chinese Feng-Shui Master

382

(2)

Reflections

384

(2)

12. "Barbarians" and Mongols

Mongol Eurasia, 1200-1350 C.E.

386

(40)

In the thirteenth century, the Mongols created the largest empire the world had ever known. Did they bring peace, as they claimed, or unrelieved terror, as those they conquered complained? How do you judge the past?

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

386

(1)

MAP 12.1 Mongol Invasions in the Thirteenth Century

387

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Making Moral Judgments about History

388

(1)

71. Gregory Guzman, Were the Barbarians a Negative or Positive Factor in Ancient and Medieval History?

389

(7)

72. David Morgan, From The Mongols

396

(7)

73. From The Secret History of the Mongols

403

(10)

74. John of Plano Carpini, History of the Mongols

413

(6)

75. Guyuk Khan, Letter to Pope Innocent IV

419

(2)

76. The Journey of William of Rubrick

421

(3)

Reflections

424

(2)

13. On Cities

European, Chinese, and Islamic Cities, 1000-1550 C.E.

426

(39)

Has global urbanization made us more alike or different? You evaluate two theories about urban history as you wander through some of the great cities of medieval Europe, China, and the Islamic world.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

426

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Evaluating Alternate Theses

426

(1)

77. Fernand Braudel, Towns and Cities

427

(13)

78. European Guilds and Urban Autonomy

440

(1)

Guild Recognition: Oxford Cordwainers, 1175

440

(1)

City Charter: Dunwich, 1200

441

(1)

Guilds and Government: Florence, 1224

442

(1)

79. Aidan Southall, Guilds and the Chinese City

443

(4)

80. Marco Polo, From The Travels of Marco Polo

447

(8)

81. S.D. Goitein, Cairo: An Islamic City in Light of the Geniza

455

(4)

82. Al Omari, Cairo and Niane

459

(4)

Reflections

463

(2)

14. The Spanish Conquest of Mexico

Mexico and "The Indies," 1500-1550 C.E.

465

The meeting of Cortez and Montezuma was fraught with peril for both. Similarly driven, they understood almost nothing of each other. Eyewitnesses on both sides recounted the inevitable conflict. Later generations reinterpreted it for their own times. What does it mean today?

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

465

(1)

THINKING HISTORICALLY Understanding How and Why Events Are Reinterpreted

466

(1)

83. Bernal Diaz, From The Conquest of New Spain

467

(1)

Map of Tenochtitlán (Mexico City)

470

(1)

Detail of Central Square

471

(10)

84. From The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico

481

(5)

85. Bartolomé de las Casas, From The History of the Indies

486

(7)

86. Carlos Fuentes, From The Buried Mirror

493

(1)

Indians Mining Silver

494

(1)

Three Native Americans

495

(1)

Indians Retaliating

495

(5)

87. Alfred Crosby, From Germs, Seeds, and Animals

500

(4)

Reflections

504

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Worlds of History; A Comparative Reader, Volume One: To 1550

Worlds of History; A Comparative Reader, Volume One: To 1550

9780312402013

0312402015

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Worlds of History; A Comparative Reader, Volume One: To 1550

Worlds of History; A Comparative Reader, Volume One: To 1550

9780312402013

0312402015

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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