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Whole Earth Geophysics An Introductory Textbook for Geologists and Geophysicists

by: Lillie, Robert J.

Whole Earth Geophysics An Introductory Textbook for Geologists and Geophysicists

by: Lillie, Robert J.

ISBN 13:
9780134905174
ISBN 10:
0134905172
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 05/12/1998
Publisher: Pearson

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Summary

This bookOs abundant figures and exercises, combined with the straightforward, concise style of the book, put the essentials of geophysics well within reach of students whose primary training is in geology and who possess only a basic knowledge of physics.It is designed to introduce the principal geophysical phenomena and techniquesnamely seismology, gravity, magnetism, and heat flow.

Foreword

viii

(1)

Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction

(13)

Overview of Geophysical Techniques

(2)

Seismic

(1)

Potential Field

(1)

Heat Flow

(1)

Interpretation: Methods and Constraints

(5)

Methods

(1)

Constraints

(4)

Whole Earth Knowledge

(2)

Selected Bibliography

(2)

General Geophysics

(1)

Earthquake Seismology

(1)

Exploration Seismology

(1)

Deep Seismic Reflection Studies

(1)

Potential Field and Electrical Methods

(1)

Heat Flow

(1)

Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics

(31)

Major Divisions of the Earth

(2)

Classical Divisions

(1)

Modern Divisions

(1)

Lithosphere/Asthenosphere System

(4)

Physical State of Upper Mantle

(3)

Types of Plate Boundaries

(9)

Divergent Plate Boundaries

(4)

Convergent Plate Boundaries

(4)

Transform Plate Boundaries

(1)

Hotspots

(1)

Manifestations Along Plate Boundaries

(7)

Earthquakes

(1)

Volcanism

(6)

Plate Tectonic Constraints offered by Geophysical Observations

(2)

Seismic Refraction

(1)

Seismic Reflection

(1)

Earthquake

(1)

Gravity

(1)

Magnetics

(1)

Heat Flow

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Selected Bibliography

(5)

General Tectonics

(1)

Extensional Tectonic Settings

(1)

Convergent Tectonic Settings

(1)

Transform Settings

(1)

Hotspot Settings

(1)

Chapter 3 Seismic Waves

(28)

Elastic Waves

(7)

Body Wave Propagation

(3)

Velocity of Body Waves

(1)

Surface Wave Motions

(1)

Controlled Source Seismic Techniques

(18)

Travel-Time Curves

(4)

Direct, Critically Refracted, and Reflected Waves

(11)

True Velocity and Apparent Velocity

(2)

Exercises

(2)

Selected Bibliography

(1)

Chapter 4 Seismic Refraction Interpretation

(27)

Interpretation Models

(15)

Single Horizontal Interface

(2)

Several Horizontal Interfaces

(9)

Single Dipping Interface

(3)

Tectonic Interpretation of Seismic Refraction Profiles

(7)

Maps of Crustal Thickness and Uppermost Mantle Velocity

(2)

Crustal-Scale Cross Sections

(5)

Exercises

(1)

Selected Bibliography

(2)

Chapter 5 Seismic Reflection: Acquisition, Processing, and Waveform Analysis

100

(37)

What is a Seismic Section?

102

(1)

Acquisition

102

(4)

Receiver Arrays

104

(1)

Common Midpoint Method

105

(1)

Processing

106

(12)

General Processing Sequence

108

(4)

Other Processing Procedures

112

(1)

Types of Velocities

113

(4)

Multiples

117

(1)

Seismic Waveform

118

(16)

Input Seismic Signal

118

(14)

Acoustic Impedance and Reflection Coefficient

122

(3)

Noise

125

(1)

Total Seismic Trace

126

(1)

Frequency and Phase Components of Seismic Trace

126

(4)

Seismic Resolution and Definition

130

(3)

Examples of Waveforms on Seismic Profile

133

(1)

Exercises

134

(2)

Selected Bibliography

136

(1)

Chapter 6 Structural and Tectonic Interpretation of Seismic Reflection Profiles

137

(48)

Appearance of Structures on Reflection Profiles

137

(18)

1. Geometric "Migration" Effects

141

(5)

2. Velocity Effects

146

(4)

3. Raypath Bending

150

(1)

Combination of Effects 1,2, and 3

150

(3)

4. Three-Dimensional ("Sideswipe") Effects

153

(2)

Seismic Expression of Tectonic Settings

155

(25)

Continental Rift Zone

158

(4)

Mid-Ocean Ridge

162

(1)

Passive Continental Margin

163

(5)

Subduction Zone

168

(3)

Collisional Mountain Range

171

(9)

Exercises

180

(1)

Selected Bibliography

181

(4)

Chapter 7 Earthquake Seismology

185

(38)

Characteristics of Earthquakes

186

(13)

Elastic Rebound Theory

186

(1)

Location of Earthquakes

187

(2)

Strength of an Earthquake

189

(5)

Earthquake Seismograms

194

(3)

Earthquake Focal Mechanisms

197

(2)

Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics

199

(6)

Divergent and Transform Plate Boundaries

199

(2)

Convergent Plate Boundaries

201

(4)

Seismic Waves as Probes of Earth's Interior

205

(13)

Travel-Time Curves for Earthquakes

206

(5)

Major Divisions of Crust, Mantle, and Core

211

(7)

Exercises

218

(3)

Selected Bibliography

221

(2)

Chapter 8 Gravity and Isostasy

223

(61)

Earth's Gravity Field

224

(1)

Gravity Anomalies

225

(9)

Theoretical Gravity

226

(1)

Free Air Gravity Anomaly

227

(2)

Bouguer Gravity Anomaly

229

(3)

Summary of Equations for Free Air and Bouguer Gravity Anomalies

232

(2)

Measurement of Gravity

234

(3)

Absolute Gravity

235

(1)

Relative Gravity

235

(2)

Isostasy

237

(7)

Pratt and Airy Models (Local Isostasy)

237

(4)

Lithospheric Flexure (Regional Isostasy)

241

(3)

Gravity Modeling

244

(16)

Gravity Anomalies from Bodies with Simple Geometries

244

(7)

Models Using Semi-Infinite Slab Approximations

251

(9)

Tectonic Settings and Their Gravity Expressions

260

(16)

Gravity Anomalies for Regions in Local Isostatic Equilibrium

262

(8)

Gravity Anomaly Maps

270

(2)

Deviations from Local Isostasy

272

(4)

Exercises

276

(5)

Selected Bibliography

281

(3)

Chapter 9 Magnetic Interpretation

284

(27)

Earth's Magnetic Field

285

(3)

Axial Dipolar Model

285

(1)

Strength and Direction of Magnetic Field

286

(2)

Magnetization of Earth Materials

288

(5)

Types of Magnetic Behavior

291

(1)

Types of Magnetization

292

(1)

Interpretation of Induced Magnetic Anomalies

293

(4)

Geometry of Magnetic Bodies in the Subsurface

293

(4)

Paleomagnetic Studies

297

(12)

Types of Remanent Magnetization

300

(1)

Paleomagnetic Interpretation

300

(9)

Exercises

309

(1)

Selected Bibliography

310

(1)

Chapter 10 Heat Flow

311

(20)

Heat Within the Earth

312

(6)

Sources of Heat

312

(3)

Heat Transfer

315

(3)

Heat Flow Across Earth's Surface

318

(3)

Heat Flow Equation

318

(1)

Measurement of Heat Flow

319

(2)

Tectonics and Heat Flow

321

(7)

Continental Areas

321

(4)

Oceanic Regions

325

(3)

Exercises

328

(2)

Selected Bibliography

330

(1)

Appendix A Sequenced Writing Assignment for Whole Earth Geophysics Course

331

(6)

Appendix B Units, Conversions, and Abbreviations

337

(7)

Appendix C Igneous Rocks: Classification, Properties of Magmas, and Tectonic Occurrence

344

(6)

Appendix D Answers to Selected Exercises

350

(3)

Index

353

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Whole Earth Geophysics An Introductory Textbook for Geologists and Geophysicists

Whole Earth Geophysics An Introductory Textbook for Geologists and Geophysicists

9780134905174

0134905172

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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