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The Western Heritage: Teaching and Learning Classroom Edition; Brief Edition

by: Kagan, Donald; Ozment, Steven E.; Turner, Frank M.

The Western Heritage: Teaching and Learning Classroom Edition; Brief Edition

by: Kagan, Donald; Ozment, Steven E.; Turner, Frank M.

ISBN 13:
9780131624733
ISBN 10:
0131624733
Edition: 4th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 03/08/2004
Publisher: Pearson College Div
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Preface

xxi

Part 1 The Foundations of Western Civilization in the Ancient World

(123)

The Birth of Civilization

(22)

Early Humans and Their Culture

(2)

The Paleolithic Age

(1)

The Neolithic Age

(1)

The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization

(1)

Early Civilizations to About 1000 B.C.E.

(11)

Mesopotamian Civilization

(6)

Egyptian Civilization

(5)

Ancient Near Eastern Empires

(2)

The Hittites

(1)

The Assyrians

(1)

The Neo-Babylonians

(1)

Palestine

(2)

The Canaanites and the Phoenicians

(1)

The Israelites

(1)

The Jewish Religion

(1)

General Outlook of Mideastern Cultures

(1)

Humans and Nature

(1)

Humans and the Gods, Law, and Justice

(1)

Toward the Greeks and Western Thought

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

The Rise of Greek Civilization

(20)

The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to About 1150 B.C.E.

(2)

The Minoans

(1)

The Mycenaeans

(2)

The Greek ``Middle Ages'' to About 750 B.C.E.

(2)

Greek Migrations

(1)

The Age of Homer

(1)

The Polis

(2)

The Development of the Polis

(1)

The Hoplite Phalanx

(1)

Expansion of the Greek World

(3)

The Greek Colony

(1)

The Tyrants (ca. 700-500 B.C.E.)

(2)

The Major States

(3)

Sparta

(1)

Athens

(2)

Life in Archaic Greece

(1)

Society

(1)

Religion

(1)

Poetry

(1)

The Persian Wars

(3)

The Persian Empire

(1)

The Ionian Rebellion

(1)

The War in Greece

(2)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Classical and Hellenistic Greece

(28)

Aftermath of Victory

(1)

The Delian League

(1)

The Rise of Cimon

(1)

The First Peloponnesian War: Athens against Sparta

(2)

The Thasian Rebellion

(1)

The Breach with Sparta

(1)

The Division of Greece

(1)

Classical Greece

(4)

The Athenian Empire

(1)

Athenian Democracy

(2)

Athenian Women: Legal Status and Everyday Life

(1)

Slavery

(1)

The Great Peloponnesian War

(1)

Causes

(1)

Strategic Stalemate

(1)

The Fall of Athens

(1)

Competition for Leadership in the Fourth Century B.C.E.

(2)

The Hegemony of Sparta

(1)

The Hegemony of Thebes: The Second Athenian Empire

(1)

The Culture of Classical Greece

(5)

The Fifth Century B.C.E.

(2)

The Fourth Century B.C.E.

(1)

Philosophy and the Crisis of the Polis

(2)

The Hellenistic World

(5)

The Macedonian Conquest

(2)

Alexander the Great

(3)

The Successors

(1)

Hellenistic Culture

(3)

Philosophy

(1)

Literature

(1)

Architecture and Sculpture

(1)

Mathematics and Science

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Key Terms

(3)

Visualizing the Past: Goddesses and the Female Form in Ancient Art

(2)

Rome: From Republic to Empire

(24)

Prehistoric Italy

(1)

The Etruscans

(1)

Dominion

(1)

Cultural Influences

(1)

Royal Rome

(1)

Government

(1)

The Family

(1)

Women

(1)

Clientage

(1)

Patricians and Plebeians

(1)

The Republic

(7)

Constitution

(3)

The Conquest of Italy

(1)

Rome and Carthage

(2)

The Republic's Conquest of the Hellenistic World

(1)

Civilization in the Early Roman Republic

(4)

Religion

(1)

Education

(1)

Slavery

(2)

Roman Imperialism: The Late Republic

(4)

The Aftermath of Conquest

(1)

The Gracchi

(3)

Marius and Sulla

(1)

The Fall of the Republic

(2)

Pompey, Crassus, Caesar and Cicero

(1)

Formation of the First Triumvirate

(1)

Julius Caesar and His Government of Rome

(1)

The Second Triumvirate and the Emergence of Octavian

(1)

Summary

(2)

Review Questions

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

The Roman Empire

(26)

The Augustan Principate

100

(2)

Administration

100

(1)

The Army and Defense

101

(1)

Religion and Morality

101

(1)

Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages

102

(2)

The Late Republic

102

(1)

The Age of Augustus

103

(1)

Imperial Rome 14--180 C.E.

104

(6)

The Emperors

104

(1)

The Administration of the Empire

105

(3)

Women of the Upper Classes

108

(1)

Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment Houses

108

(1)

The Culture of the Early Empire

109

(1)

The Rise of Christianity

110

(3)

Jesus of Nazareth

110

(1)

Paul of Tarsus

111

(1)

Organization

111

(1)

The Persecution of Christians

112

(1)

The Emergence of Catholicism

112

(1)

Rome as a Center of the Early Church

112

(1)

The Crisis of the Third Century

113

(1)

Barbarian Invasions

113

(1)

Economic Difficulties

113

(1)

The Social Order

114

(1)

Civil Disorder

114

(1)

The Late Empire

114

(6)

The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization

114

(4)

The Triumph of Christianity

118

(2)

Arts and Letters in the Late Empire

120

(1)

The Preservation of Classical Culture

120

(1)

Christian Writers

120

(1)

The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the West

121

(1)

Summary

121

(2)

Review Questions

123

(1)

Key Terms

123

(1)

Part 2 The Middle Ages, 476--1300

124

(68)

The Early Middle Ages: The Birth of Europe (476--1000)

126

(24)

On the Eve of the Frankish Ascendancy

128

(2)

Germanic Migrations

128

(1)

Fall of the Roman Empire

128

(2)

The Byzantine Empire

130

(2)

The Reign of Justinian

130

(1)

Eastern Influences

131

(1)

Islam and the Islamic World

132

(3)

Muhammad's Religion

132

(1)

Islamic Diversity

133

(1)

Islamic Empires

133

(1)

The Western Debt to Islamic Culture

134

(1)

Western Society and the Developing Christian Church

135

(2)

Monastic Culture

135

(1)

The Doctrine of Papal Primacy

136

(1)

The Division of Christendom

137

(1)

The Kingdom of the Franks

137

(7)

Merovingians and the Carolingians: From Clovis to Charlemagne

137

(2)

The Reign of Charlemagne (768-814)

139

(4)

Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom

143

(1)

Feudal Society

144

(3)

Origins

144

(1)

Vassalage and the Fief

145

(1)

Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty

146

(1)

Summary

147

(1)

Review Questions

148

(1)

Key Terms

149

(1)

The High Middle Ages: The Rise of European Empires and States (1000--1300)

150

(20)

Otto I and the Revival of the Empire

152

(1)

Unifying Germany

152

(1)

Embracing the Church

152

(1)

The Reviving Catholic Church

153

(6)

The Cluny Reform Movement

153

(1)

The Investiture Struggle: Gregory VII and Henry IV

154

(1)

The First Crusades

155

(2)

The Pontificate of Innocent III (r. 1198--1216)

157

(2)

England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214)

159

(4)

William the Conqueror

160

(1)

Henry II

160

(1)

Eleanor of Aquitaine and Court Culture

160

(1)

Popular Rebellion and Magna Carta

161

(2)

Philip II Augustus

163

(1)

France in the Thirteenth Century: The Reign of Louis IX

163

(1)

Generosity Abroad

163

(1)

Order and Excellence at Home

164

(1)

The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152-1272)

164

(4)

Frederick I Barbarossa

164

(1)

Henry VI and the Sicilian Connection

165

(1)

Otto IV and the Welf Interregnum

166

(1)

Frederick II

166

(2)

Summary

168

(1)

Review Questions

169

(1)

Key Terms

169

(1)

Medieval Society: Hierarchies, Towns, Universities, and Families (1000--1300)

170

(22)

The Traditional Order of Life

172

(6)

Nobles

172

(2)

Clergy

174

(2)

Peasants

176

(2)

Towns and Townspeople

178

(4)

The Chartering of Towns

179

(1)

The Rise of Merchants

179

(1)

Challenging the Old Lords

179

(1)

New Models of Government

180

(1)

Towns and Kings

181

(1)

Jews in Christian Society

181

(1)

Schools and Universities

182

(3)

University of Bologna

182

(1)

Cathedral Schools

183

(1)

University of Paris

183

(1)

The Curriculum

184

(1)

Women in Medieval Society

185

(2)

The Lives of Children

187

(1)

Summary

188

(1)

Review Questions

189

(1)

Key Terms

189

(3)

Visualizing the Past: The Divine in the Middle Ages

190

(2)

Part 3 Europe in Transition, 1300--1750

192

(204)

The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300--1527)

194

(18)

The Hundred Years' War and the Rise of National Sentiment

196

(4)

Causes of the War

196

(1)

Progress of the War

197

(3)

The Black Death

200

(1)

Preconditions and Causes

200

(1)

Social and Economic Consequences

200

(1)

Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church

201

(8)

The Thirteenth-Century Papacy

202

(2)

Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair

204

(1)

The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)

205

(2)

The Great Schism (1378-1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449

207

(2)

Medieval Russia

209

(1)

Politics and Society

209

(1)

Mongol Rule (1243-1480)

209

(1)

Liberation

209

(1)

Summary

210

(1)

Review Questions

211

(1)

Key Terms

211

(1)

Renaissance and Discovery

212

(24)

The Renaissance in Italy (1375--1527)

214

(7)

The Italian City-State

214

(1)

Humanism

215

(3)

Renaissance Art

218

(3)

Slavery in the Renaissance

221

(1)

Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494--1527)

221

(2)

The Treaty of Lodi

221

(1)

Charles VIII's March through Italy

221

(1)

Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family

222

(1)

Pope Julius II

222

(1)

Niccolo Machiavelli

222

(1)

Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe

223

(4)

France

224

(1)

Spain

224

(1)

England

225

(1)

The Holy Roman Empire

226

(1)

The Northern Renaissance

227

(3)

The Printing Press

227

(1)

Erasmus

227

(1)

Humanism and Reform

228

(2)

Voyages of Discovery and the New Empire in the West

230

(4)

Gold and Spices

230

(1)

The Spanish Empire in the New World

230

(1)

A Conquered World

230

(1)

The Church in Spanish America

230

(3)

The Economy of Exploitation

233

(1)

The Impact on Europe

233

(1)

Summary

234

(1)

Review Questions

235

(1)

Key Terms

235

(1)

The Age of Reformation

236

(30)

Society and Religion

238

(2)

Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Church

238

(2)

Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525

240

(4)

Justification by Faith Alone

240

(1)

The Attack on Indulgences

241

(1)

Election of Charles V

242

(1)

Luther's Excommunication and the Diet of Worms

242

(1)

Imperial Distractions: France and the Turks

243

(1)

How the Reformation Spread

243

(1)

The Peasant's Revolt

244

(1)

The Reformation Elsewhere

244

(4)

Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation

244

(1)

Anabaptists and Radical Protestants

245

(2)

John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation

247

(1)

Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation

248

(1)

The Expansion of the Reformation

248

(1)

Reaction and Resolution: The Peace of Augsburg

249

(1)

The English Reformation to 1553

249

(3)

The Preconditions of Reform

249

(1)

The King's Affair

250

(1)

The ``Reformation Parliament''

250

(1)

Wives of Henry VIII

251

(1)

The King's Religious Conservatism

251

(1)

The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI

252

(1)

Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation

252

(2)

Sources of Catholic Reform

252

(1)

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

253

(1)

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

253

(1)

The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe

254

(4)

The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions

256

(1)

The Reformation and Education

256

(2)

The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women

258

(1)

Family Life in Early Modern Europe

258

(3)

Later Marriages

258

(1)

Arranged Marriages

259

(1)

Family Size

260

(1)

Birth Control

260

(1)

Wet Nursing

260

(1)

Loving Families?

261

(1)

Literary Imagination in Transition

261

(2)

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Rejection of Idealism

261

(1)

William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age

262

(1)

Summary

263

(1)

Review Questions

264

(1)

Key Terms

265

(1)

The Age of Religious Wars

266

(22)

Renewed Religious Struggle

268

(1)

The French Wars of Religion (1562--1598)

269

(3)

Anti-Protestant Measures and the Struggle for Political Power

269

(1)

Appeal of Calvinism

270

(1)

Catherine de Medicis and the Guises

270

(1)

The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre

271

(1)

The Edict of Nantes

272

(1)

Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (R. 1556--1598)

272

(4)

Pillars of Spanish Power

272

(2)

The Revolt in the Netherlands

274

(2)

England and Spain (1553--1603)

276

(4)

Mary I

276

(1)

Elizabeth I

276

(4)

The Thirty Years' War (1618--1648)

280

(1)

Preconditions for War

280

(1)

Four Periods of War

281

(3)

Summary

284

(2)

Review Questions

286

(1)

Key Terms

287

(1)

Paths to Constitutionalism and Absolutism: England and France in the Seventeenth Century

288

(22)

Two Models of European Political Development

290

(1)

Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England

290

(8)

James I

290

(3)

Charles I

293

(2)

Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic

295

(1)

Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy

296

(1)

James II and Renewed Fears of a Catholic England

297

(1)

The ``Glorious Revolution''

298

(1)

Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France

298

(10)

Henry IV and Sully

298

(1)

Louis XIII and Richelieu

298

(2)

Young Louis XIV and Mazarin

300

(1)

The Years of Louis XIV's Personal Rule

300

(1)

King by Divine Right

301

(1)

Versailles

301

(1)

Suppression of the Jansenists

302

(1)

Government Geared for Warfare

303

(1)

Louis's Early Wars

303

(1)

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

304

(1)

Louis's Later Wars

304

(3)

Louis XIV's Legacy

307

(1)

Summary

308

(1)

Review Questions

309

(1)

Key Terms

309

(1)

New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

310

(20)

The Scientific Revolution

312

(3)

Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-centered Universe

312

(1)

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Observations

313

(1)

Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws

313

(1)

Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation

314

(1)

Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

315

(3)

Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method

315

(1)

Rene Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction

315

(1)

Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolutism

316

(1)

John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration

317

(1)

The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge

318

(2)

Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution

320

(1)

The New Science and Religious Faith

320

(2)

The Case of Galileo

320

(1)

Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith

321

(1)

The English Approach to Science and Religion

321

(1)

Continuing Superstition

322

(3)

Witch-Hunts and Panic

322

(1)

Village Origins

322

(1)

Influence of the Clergy

322

(1)

Why Women?

323

(1)

End of the Witch-Hunts

324

(1)

Summary

325

(2)

Review Questions

327

(1)

Key Terms

327

(3)

Visualizing the Past: Science, Art, and the Printing Press in Early Modern Europe

328

(2)

Successful and Unsuccessful Paths to Power (1686--1740)

330

(22)

The Maritime Powers

332

(4)

The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline

332

(1)

France after Louis XIV

333

(1)

Great Britain: The Age of Walpole

334

(2)

Central and Eastern Europe and the Ottoman Empire

336

(8)

Sweden: The Ambitions of Charles XII

338

(1)

The Ottoman Empire

338

(2)

Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority

340

(1)

The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction

341

(1)

Prussia and the Hohenzollerns

342

(2)

Russia Enters the European Political Arena

344

(5)

Birth of the Romanov Dynasty

345

(1)

Peter the Great

345

(1)

Taming the Streltsy and Boyars

345

(1)

Developing a Navy

345

(2)

Russian Expansion in the Baltic: The Great Northern War

347

(1)

Founding St. Petersburg

347

(1)

Reorganizing Domestic Administration

347

(1)

The Case of Peter's Son Aleksei

347

(1)

Reforming of Peter the Great's Final Years

348

(1)

Summary

349

(1)

Review Questions

350

(1)

Key Terms

351

(1)

Society and Economy under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century

352

(24)

Major Features of Life in the Old Regime

354

(1)

Maintenance of Tradition

354

(1)

Hierarchy and Privilege

354

(1)

The Aristocracy

354

(2)

Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege

355

(1)

Aristocratic Resurgence

356

(1)

The Land and Its Tillers

356

(1)

Peasants and Serfs

356

(1)

Family Structures and Family Economy

357

(4)

Households

357

(2)

The Family Economy

359

(1)

Women and the Family Economy

359

(1)

Children and the Family Economy

360

(1)

The Revolution in Agriculture

361

(2)

Population Expansion

363

(1)

The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century

363

(5)

A Revolution in Consumption

363

(1)

Industrial Leadership of Great Britain

364

(1)

New Methods of Textile Production

365

(1)

The Steam Engine

366

(1)

Iron Production

367

(1)

The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on Working Women

367

(1)

The Growth of Cities

368

(4)

Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization

368

(1)

Urban Classes

368

(3)

The Urban Riot

371

(1)

The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto

372

(1)

Summary

373

(1)

Review Questions

374

(1)

Key Terms

375

(1)

The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion

376

(20)

Periods of European Overseas Empires

378

(1)

Mercantile Empires

378

(2)

Mercantilist Goals

379

(1)

French-British Rivalry

379

(1)

The Spanish Colonial System

380

(1)

Colonial Government

380

(1)

Trade Regulation

380

(1)

Colonial Reform under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs

380

(1)

Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

381

(5)

The African Presence in the Americas

381

(3)

Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy

384

(1)

The Experience of Slavery

384

(2)

Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars

386

(3)

The War of Jenkins's Ear

386

(1)

The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

387

(1)

The ``Diplomatic Revolution'' of 1756

388

(1)

The Seven Years' War (1756--1763)

388

(1)

The American Revolution and Europe

389

(4)

Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue

389

(1)

The Crisis and Independence

390

(1)

American Political Ideas

391

(1)

Events in Great Britain

391

(2)

Broader Impact of the American Revolution

393

(1)

Summary

393

(2)

Review Questions

395

(1)

Key Terms

395

(1)

Part 4 Enlightenment and Revolution

396

(122)

The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought

398

(24)

The Philosophies

400

(1)

Voltaire---First Among the Philosophes

400

(1)

Formative Influences on the Enlightenment

401

(1)

Ideas of Newton and Locke

401

(1)

The Example of British Toleration and Stability

401

(1)

The Emergence of a Print Culture

401

(1)

The Encyclopedia

402

(2)

The Enlightenment and Religion

404

(3)

Deism

404

(1)

Toleration

405

(1)

Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity

405

(1)

Jewish Thinkers in the Age of Enlightenment

405

(1)

Islam in Enlightenment Thought

406

(1)

The Enlightenment and Society

407

(1)

Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law

407

(1)

The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom

407

(1)

Adam Smith on Economic Growth and Social Progress

407

(1)

Political Thought of the Philosophies

408

(3)

Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws

408

(1)

Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society

409

(2)

Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment

411

(2)

Enlightened Absolutism

413

(5)

Frederick the Great of Prussia

413

(1)

Joseph II of Austria

414

(2)

Catherine the Great of Russia

416

(1)

The Partition of Poland

417

(1)

The End of the Eighteenth Century in Central and Eastern Europe

418

(1)

Summary

418

(2)

Review Questions

420

(1)

Key Terms

421

(1)

The French Revolution

422

(24)

The Crisis of the French Monarchy

424

(1)

The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes

424

(1)

Calonne's Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables

425

(1)

Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General

425

(1)

The Revolution of 1789

425

(5)

The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly

426

(2)

Fall of the Bastille

428

(1)

The ``Great Fear'' and the Night of August 4

428

(1)

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

429

(1)

The Parisian Women's March on Versailles

429

(1)

The Reconstruction of France

430

(5)

Political Reorganization

430

(1)

Economic Policy

431

(3)

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

434

(1)

Counterrevolutionary Activity

434

(1)

The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution

435

(2)

Emergence of the Jacobins

435

(1)

The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes

436

(1)

Europe at War with the Revolution

437

(1)

Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution

438

(1)

Suppression of Reform in Britain

438

(1)

War with Europe

438

(1)

The Reign of Terror

438

(3)

The Republic Defended

438

(1)

The ``Republic of Virtue'' and Robespierre's Justification of Terror

439

(1)

Revolutionary Tribunals

440

(1)

The End of Terror

441

(1)

The Thermidorian Reaction

441

(1)

Establishment of the Directory

442

(1)

Removal of the Sans-Culottes from Political Life

442

(1)

Summary

443

(2)

Review Questions

445

(1)

Key Terms

445

(1)

The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism

446

(24)

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

448

(1)

Early Military Victories

448

(1)

The Constitution of the Year VIII

449

(1)

The Consulate in France (1799--1804)

449

(3)

Suppressing Foreign Enemies and Domestic Opposition

449

(1)

Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church

450

(1)

The Napoleonic Code

451

(1)

Establishing a Dynasty

451

(1)

Napoleon's Empire (1804--1814)

452

(1)

Conquering an Empire

452

(1)

The Continental System

453

(1)

European Response to the Empire

453

(4)

German Nationalism and Prussian Reform

454

(1)

The Wars of Liberation

454

(1)

The Invasion of Russia

455

(2)

European Coalition

457

(1)

The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement

457

(3)

Territorial Adjustments

457

(1)

The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance

458

(2)

The Romantic Movement

460

(1)

Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason

460

(2)

Rousseau and Education

460

(1)

Kant and Reason

461

(1)

Romantic Literature

462

(2)

The English Romantic Writers

463

(1)

The German Romantic Writers

463

(1)

Religion in the Romantic Period

464

(1)

Methodism

464

(1)

New Directions in Continental Religion

465

(1)

Romantic Views of Nationalism and History

465

(2)

Herder and Culture

465

(1)

Herder and History

465

(1)

Islam, The Middle East, and Romanticism

466

(1)

Summary

467

(1)

Review Questions

468

(1)

Key Terms

469

(1)

The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815--1832)

470

(22)

The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism

472

(2)

The Emergence of Nationalism

472

(1)

Early Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism

473

(1)

Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order

474

(4)

Conservative Outlooks

474

(1)

Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the Germanies

475

(1)

Postwar Repression in Great Britain

476

(2)

Bourbon Restoration in France

478

(1)

The Conservative International Order

478

(3)

The Congress System

479

(1)

The Spanish Revolution of 1820

479

(1)

Revolt Against Ottoman Rule

480

(1)

Serbian Independence

480

(1)

The Wars of Independence in Latin America

481

(3)

The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe

484

(6)

Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825

484

(2)

Revolution in France (1830)

486

(1)

Belgium Becomes Independent (1830)

487

(1)

The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832)

488

(2)

Summary

490

(1)

Review Questions

491

(1)

Key Terms

491

(1)

Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830--1850)

492

(26)

Toward an Industrial Society

494

(3)

Britain's Industrial Leadership

494

(1)

Population and Migration

494

(2)

Railways

496

(1)

The Labor Force

497

(2)

Proletarianization of Factory Workers and Urban Artisans

497

(1)

Working-Class Political Action: The Example of British Chartism

497

(2)

Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution

499

(1)

The Family in the Early Factory System

499

(1)

Women in the Early Industrial Revolution

500

(2)

Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment

500

(1)

Changing Expectations in Working-Class Marriage

500

(2)

Problems of Crime and Order

502

(1)

New Police Forces

502

(1)

Prison Reform

502

(1)

Classical Economics

503

(2)

Malthus on Population

503

(1)

Ricardo on Wages

504

(1)

Government Policies Based on Classical Economics

504

(1)

Early Socialism

505

(3)

Utopian Socialism

505

(1)

Anarchism

506

(1)

Marxism

506

(2)

1848: Year of Revolutions

508

(6)

France: The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon

508

(3)

The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted

511

(2)

Italy: Republicanism Defeated

513

(1)

Germany: Liberalism Frustrated

514

(1)

Summary

514

(3)

Review Questions

517

(1)

Key Terms

517

(1)

Part 5 Toward the Modern World

518

(144)

The Age of Nation-States

520

(24)

The Crimean War (1853--1856)

522

(1)

Reforms in the Ottoman Empire

523

(1)

Italian Unification

524

(3)

Romantic Republicans

524

(1)

Cavour's Policy

524

(1)

The New Italian State

525

(2)

German Unification

527

(3)

Bismarck

527

(2)

The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire (1870--1871)

529

(1)

France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic

530

(2)

The Paris Commune

531

(1)

The Third Republic

531

(1)

The Dreyfus Affair

532

(1)

The Habsburg Empire

532

(3)

Formation of the Dual Monarchy

533

(1)

Unrest of Nationalities

534

(1)

Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings

535

(3)

Reforms of Alexander II

535

(2)

Revolutionaries

537

(1)

Great Britain: Toward Democracy

538

(3)

The Second Reform Act (1867)

538

(1)

Gladstone's Great Ministry (1868-1874)

538

(1)

Disraeli in Office (1874-1880)

539

(1)

The Irish Question

539

(2)

Summary

541

(2)

Review Questions

543

(1)

Key Terms

543

(1)

The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I

544

(26)

Population Trends and Migration

546

(1)

The Second Industrial Revolution

546

(2)

New Industries

546

(1)

Economic Difficulties

547

(1)

The Middle Classes in Ascendancy

548

(1)

Social Distinctions within the Middle Classes

548

(1)

Late Nineteenth-Century Urban Life

549

(3)

The Redesign of Cities

550

(1)

Urban Sanitation

551

(1)

Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values

552

(1)

Varieties of Late Nineteenth-Century Women's Experiences

552

(6)

Social Disabilities Confronted by All Women

552

(2)

New Employment Patterns for Women

554

(1)

Working-Class Women

555

(1)

Poverty and Prostitution

555

(1)

Women of the Middle Class

555

(1)

The Rise of Political Feminism

556

(2)

Jewish Emancipation

558

(1)

Differing Degrees of Citizenship

559

(1)

Broadened Opportunities

559

(1)

Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I

559

(6)

Trade Unionism

559

(1)

Democracy and Political Parties

560

(1)

Karl Marx and the First International

560

(1)

Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Welfare Programs

561

(1)

France: ``Opportunism'' Rejected

561

(1)

Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism

562

(1)

Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism

563

(2)

Summary

565

(1)

Review Questions

565

(1)

Key Terms

565

(5)

Visualizing the Past: Industrialization

568

(2)

The Birth of Modern European Thought

570

(22)

The New Reading Public

572

(1)

Advances in Primary Education

572

(1)

Reading Material for the Mass Audience

572

(1)

Science at Midcentury

573

(3)

Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science

574

(1)

Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

574

(1)

Science and Ethics

575

(1)

Christianity and the Church Under Siege

576

(3)

Intellectual Skepticism

576

(1)

Conflict between Church and State

577

(1)

Areas of Religious Revival

578

(1)

The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World

578

(1)

Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought

579

(1)

Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind

579

(8)

Science: The Revolution in Physics

580

(1)

Literature: Realism and Naturalism

581

(1)

Modernism

582

(1)

Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt against Reason

583

(1)

The Birth of Psychoanalysis

583

(1)

Retreat from Rationalism in Politics

584

(1)

Racism

585

(1)

Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism

586

(1)

Women and Modern Thought

587

(2)

Antifeminism in Late-Century Thought

587

(1)

New Directions in Feminism

588

(1)

Summary

589

(1)

Review Questions

590

(1)

Key Terms

591

(1)

Imperialism, Alliances, and War

592

(28)

Expansion of European Power and the New Imperialism

594

(5)

The New Imperialism

594

(1)

Motives for the New Imperialism: The Economic Interpretation

594

(1)

Cultural, Religious, and Social Interpretations

594

(1)

Strategic and Political Interpretations: The Scramble for Africa

595

(2)

The Irrational Element

597

(2)

Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873--1890)

599

(3)

Bismarck's Leadership (1873--1890)

599

(1)

Forging of the Triple Entente (1890--1907)

600

(2)

World War I

602

(8)

The Road to War (1908-1914)

602

(2)

Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June-August 1914)

604

(2)

Strategies and Stalemate (1914-1917)

606

(4)

The Russian Revolution

610

(1)

The Provisional Government

610

(1)

Lenin and the Bolsheviks

611

(1)

The Communist Dictatorship

611

(1)

The End of World War I

611

(2)

Germany's Last Offensive

612

(1)

German Republican Government Accepts Defeat

612

(1)

Ottoman Empire: The Creation of the Modern Near East

613

(1)

The Settlement at Paris

613

(4)

The Peace

616

(1)

Evaluation of the Peace

616

(1)

Summary

617

(2)

Review Questions

619

(1)

Key Terms

619

(1)

Political Experiments of the 1920s

620

(22)

Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement

622

(2)

New Governments

622

(1)

Demands for Revision of the Paris Settlement

622

(1)

Postwar Economic Problems

622

(1)

New Roles for Government and Labor

623

(1)

The Soviet Experiment Begins

624

(3)

War Communism

624

(1)

The New Economic Policy

624

(1)

Stalin Versus Trotsky

625

(1)

The Third International

626

(1)

Women and the Family in the Early Soviet Union

626

(1)

The Fascist Experiment in Italy

627

(3)

The Rise of Mussolini

628

(1)

The Fascists in Power

629

(1)

Motherhood for the Nation in Fascist Italy

630

(1)

Joyless Victors

630

(3)

France: The Search for Security

630

(1)

Great Britain: Economic Confusion

630

(3)

Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe

633

(2)

Economic and Ethnic Pressures

633

(1)

Poland: Democracy to Military Rule

633

(1)

Czechoslovakia: Successful Democratic Experiment

633

(1)

Hungary: Turmoil and Authoritarianism

634

(1)

Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Conquest

634

(1)

Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships

634

(1)

The Weimar Republic in Germany

635

(4)

Constitutional Flaws

635

(1)

Lack of Broad Popular Support

635

(1)

Invasion of the Ruhr and Inflation

635

(1)

Hitler's Early Career

636

(2)

The Stresemann Years

638

(1)

Locarno

638

(1)

Summary

639

(2)

Review Questions

641

(1)

Key Terms

641

(1)

Europe and the Great Depression of the 1930s

642

(20)

Toward the Great Depression

644

(2)

The Financial Tailspin

644

(1)

Problems in Agriculture Commodities

645

(1)

Depression and Government Policy

645

(1)

Confronting the Great Depression in the Democracies

646

(2)

Great Britain: The National Government

646

(1)

France: The Popular Front

647

(1)

Germany: The Nazi Seizure of Power

648

(6)

Depression and Political Deadlock

649

(1)

Hitler Comes to Power

649

(2)

Hitler's Consolidation of Power

651

(1)

Reichstag Fire

651

(1)

Internal Nazi Party Purges

651

(1)

The Police State and Anti-Semitism

651

(2)

Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women

653

(1)

Nazi Economic Policy

653

(1)

Italy: Fascist Economics

654

(1)

Syndicates

654

(1)

Corporations

654

(1)

The Soviet Union: Central Economic Planning and Party Purges

654

(4)

The Decision for Rapid Industrialization

654

(1)

The Collectivization of Agriculture

655

(1)

Flight to the Soviet Cities

655

(1)

Urban Consumer Shortages

656

(1)

Foreign Reactions and Repercussions

656

(1)

The Purges

656

(2)

Summary

658

(1)

Review Questions

659

(1)

Key Terms

659

(3)

Visualizing the Past: Imperialism and Race in Modern Art

660

(2)

Part 6 Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions

662

World War II

664

(26)

Again the Road to War (1933--1939)

666

(4)

Hitler's Goals

666

(1)

Italy Attacks Ethiopia

667

(1)

Remilitarization of the Rhineland

667

(1)

The Spanish Civil War

667

(1)

Austria and Czechoslovakia

668

(1)

Munich

669

(1)

The Nazi-Soviet Pact

670

(1)

World War II (1939--1945)

670

(10)

The German Conquest of Europe

670

(1)

The Battle of Britain

671

(1)

The German Attack on Russia

672

(1)

Hitler's Plans for Europe

673

(1)

Japan and the United States Enter the War

674

(1)

The Tide Turns

675

(2)

The Defeat of Nazi Germany

677

(1)

Fall of the Japanese Empire

677

(3)

The Cost of War

680

(1)

Racism and the Holocaust

680

(2)

The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community

680

(1)

Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars

681

(1)

The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland

681

(1)

Explanations of the Holocaust

681

(1)

The Domestic Fronts

682

(3)

Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat

682

(1)

France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance

683

(1)

Great Britain: Organization for Victory

684

(1)

The Soviet Union: ``The Great Patriotic War''

684

(1)

Preparations for Peace

685

(3)

The Atlantic Charter

686

(1)

Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front

686

(1)

Yalta

687

(1)

Potsdam

687

(1)

Summary

688

(1)

Review Questions

689

(1)

Key Terms

689

(1)

The Cold War Era and the Emergence of the New Europe

690

(28)

The Emergence of the Cold War

692

(5)

Containment in American Foreign Policy

692

(1)

Soviet Assertion of Domination of Eastern Europe

693

(1)

The Postwar Division of Germany

694

(1)

NATO and the Warsaw Pact

694

(1)

The Creation of the State of Israel

694

(2)

The Korean War

696

(1)

The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union

697

(1)

The Last Years of Stalin

697

(1)

Khrushchev's Domestic Policies

697

(1)

The Three Crises of 1956

697

(1)

The Suez Intervention

697

(1)

Poland's Efforts toward Independent Action

698

(1)

Uprising in Hungary

698

(1)

Later Cold War Confrontations

698

(2)

Collapse of the 1960 Paris Summit Conference

698

(1)

The Berlin Wall

699

(1)

The Cuban Missile Crisis

699

(1)

Brezhnev and the Invasion of Czechoslovakia

699

(1)

Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire

700

(1)

Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal

700

(1)

India

700

(1)

Further British Retreat from Empire

701

(1)

The Turmoil of French Decolonization

701

(2)

France and Algeria

701

(1)

France and Vietnam

702

(1)

Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War

703

(1)

Direct U.S. Involvement

703

(1)

Western European Political Developments during the Cold War

703

(2)

Christian Democratic Parties

704

(1)

Economic Concerns within Western Europe

704

(1)

Toward Western European Unification

705

(1)

Postwar Cooperation

705

(1)

The European Economic Community

705

(1)

The European Union

705

(1)

The Brezhnev Era in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

706

(1)

The United States and Detente

706

(1)

Invasion of Afghanistan

706

(1)

Communism and Solidarity in Poland

707

(1)

Relations with the Reagan Administration

707

(1)

The Collapse of European Communism

707

(7)

Gorbachev Redirects the Soviet Union

707

(2)

1989: Year of Revolution in Eastern Europe

709

(1)

The Collapse of the Soviet Union

710

(1)

The Yeltsin Decade

711

(1)

The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War

712

(2)

Implications of the Collapse of Communism

714

(1)

Europe at the Opening of the Global Century

714

(1)

Summary

715

(2)

Review Questions

717

(1)

Key Terms

717

(1)

The West at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century

718

The Twentieth-Century Movement of People

720

(1)

Displacement Through War

720

(1)

External Migration

720

(1)

The New Muslim Population

720

(1)

European Population Trends

721

(1)

The Welfare State

721

(1)

New Patterns in the Work and Expectations of Women

722

(3)

Feminism

722

(1)

More Married Women in the Work Force

723

(1)

New Work Patterns

724

(1)

Women in the New Eastern Europe

724

(1)

Transformations in Knowledge and Culture

725

(4)

Communism and Western Europe

725

(1)

Existentialism

725

(1)

Expansion of the University Population and Student Rebellion

726

(1)

The Americanization of Europe

727

(1)

A Consumer Society

727

(1)

Environmentalism

727

(2)

The Christian Heritage

729

(1)

Neo-Orthodoxy

729

(1)

Liberal Theology

729

(1)

Roman Catholic Reform

730

(1)

Late Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer

730

(2)

The Demand for Calculating Machines

731

(1)

Early Computer Technology

731

(1)

The Development of Desktop Computers

731

(1)

The Rise of Radical Political Islamism

732

(2)

Arab Nationalism

732

(1)

The Iranian Revolution

733

(1)

Invasion of Afghanistan

733

(1)

Dispersion of Afghan Muslim Fighters

734

(1)

A Transformed West

734

(1)

Summary

735

(1)

Review Questions

736

(1)

Key Terms

736

Glossary

(1)

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The Western Heritage: Teaching and Learning Classroom Edition; Brief Edition

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The Western Heritage: Teaching and Learning Classroom Edition; Brief Edition

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0131624733

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